何 燕,石桂秀
HE Yan,SHI Gui-xiu
(1.四川大學(xué)生物治療國家重點實驗室,四川 成都610041;2.廈門大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院風(fēng)濕免疫科,福建 廈門361000)
調(diào)節(jié)性B 細胞(Breg)是一群可以降低炎癥誘導(dǎo)免疫耐受的B 細胞新亞群,在免疫耐受中起著關(guān)鍵的作用,如果缺失則會導(dǎo)致自身免疫性疾病的發(fā)生[1~3]。研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)缺乏Breg 會導(dǎo)致自身免疫性腦脊髓膜炎(EAE)[4,5]、慢性結(jié)腸炎[6]、接觸性過敏性皮炎[7]、膠原誘導(dǎo)關(guān)節(jié)炎[8,9]、非肥胖型小鼠糖尿?。?0]等疾病的癥狀惡化。Breg 主要通過分泌白細胞介素10(IL-10)來調(diào)控免疫系統(tǒng)[11~13]。在人類許多自身免疫性疾?。?3~18]中均發(fā)現(xiàn)有Breg 的參與,并且部分小鼠模型實驗證實Breg 對疾病病情控制和治療有著至關(guān)重要的作用,這為未來治療自身免疫性疾病提供了新的思路。
由于生發(fā)器官不同,B 細胞分為兩個主要的細胞亞群:B1 細胞,產(chǎn)生于胎兒肝前體細胞,主要集中在黏膜組織、胸腔和腹腔;B2 細胞,產(chǎn)生于骨髓源性前體細胞,主要集中于次級淋巴器官。Bl 細胞被認(rèn)為是先天免疫細胞,它們應(yīng)答迅速,不依賴T 細胞,可分為B1a 細胞(CDllb+CD5+)和B1b 細胞(CDllb+CD5-)。而B2 細胞又分為濾泡(Fo)B 細胞和邊緣區(qū)(MZ)B 細胞[19]。很多B1 和B2 細胞的亞群都可以誘導(dǎo)產(chǎn)生Breg 或者Breg 前體細胞。在人和小鼠中,CD19+的Breg 細胞都高表達CD1d[13]。有文獻報道CD1dhiCD5+的B 淋巴細胞具有免疫抑制功能[20],也有報道人類Breg 細胞來自于外周血CD24hiCD27+B 細胞[14]。
從緩解的關(guān)節(jié)炎模型小鼠分離的MZ 前體B 細胞T2-MZP(CD19+CD21hiCD23hiCD24hiIgDhiIgMhiCD1dhi)產(chǎn)生大量的IL-10[9]。Evans 等認(rèn)為CIA 小鼠炎癥緩解期產(chǎn)生IL-10 的MZ 和T2-MZ 細胞增多,過繼轉(zhuǎn)移T2-MZP 細胞可以阻止病情進展[9]。Breg 也可來源于FO B 細胞[21]。Mizoguchi 等認(rèn)為LPS 或者CpG 和TLR 炎癥信號刺激下固有的Breg來源于脾臟的MZ B 細胞;而獲得性Breg 是Fo B 細胞被CD40L 和/或與自身抗原結(jié)合的BCR 刺激誘導(dǎo)產(chǎn)生的[3]。也有研究者認(rèn)為所有活化的B 細胞都有發(fā)育成Breg 的潛力[22]。還有研究者認(rèn)為不同的B 細胞亞群包含了特定的B 細胞前體,是否發(fā)育為成熟的分泌IL-10 B 細胞依賴于是否被活化[23]。鑒定Breg 的來源和發(fā)育將是一個非常有挑戰(zhàn)性的工作。
Breg 通過多種機制靶向不同的免疫細胞來調(diào)控免疫應(yīng)答,這些靶向細胞包括樹突狀細胞(DC)[24]、巨噬細胞[25]以及Th1 和Th2 細胞[10]。分泌免疫抑制細胞因子IL-10 是Breg 細胞調(diào)節(jié)功能的主要方式。
在膠原誘導(dǎo)關(guān)節(jié)炎(CIA)、實驗性自身免疫腦膜炎(EAE)、非肥胖型糖尿病(NOD)和炎性腸病(IBD)模型研究中,Breg 主要是通過IL-10 來保護模型鼠,一旦B 細胞分泌IL-10 功能缺失則Breg 的保護功能消失[4]。B 細胞分泌IL-10 可以有效地抑制T 細胞增殖和炎癥因子的釋放[4,26]。很多疾病模型也證明Breg 產(chǎn)生的IL-10 對于Treg 的分化或維持很重要。
還有一些Breg 亞群也可通過TGF-β 的表達來下調(diào)炎癥免疫反應(yīng)[10,27]。類似于IL-10、TGF-β 可以抑制T 細胞分泌炎癥因子并阻止抗原提呈細胞(APC)的功能。此外,TGF-β 也可通過誘導(dǎo)靶細胞的凋亡進行免疫應(yīng)答負(fù)調(diào)節(jié)[28]。此外,Sugimoto 等提出B 細胞分泌的IL-12 也具有免疫調(diào)節(jié)功能[29]。細胞之間相互作用也是Breg 行使調(diào)節(jié)功能的一種方式。CD1d 是主要組織相容性復(fù)合體(MHC)Ⅰ樣分子,負(fù)責(zé)將脂類抗原提呈給自然殺傷T(NKT)細胞[30,31]。B 細胞表面CD1d 分子的上調(diào)與B 細胞介導(dǎo)的腸膜炎抵抗相關(guān)[6]。Amu 等證實在渦蟲介導(dǎo)的過敏性氣管炎保護模型中,保護機制是CD1dhiBreg 細胞依賴的[32]。CD40 信號也許與B 細胞的抑制機制相關(guān)。B 細胞活化后表達CD40L[33],CD40-CD40L 的相互作用可抑制T 細胞從而對結(jié)腸炎有抑制作用[34]。B 細胞表面另一對共刺激分子CD80 和CD86 也與B 細胞抑制功能相關(guān)。CD80 和CD86 是B7 共刺激受體。它們與靶細胞表面的細胞毒T 淋巴細胞相關(guān)抗原4(CTLA-4)或CD28 的相互作用對于Treg 細胞活化相當(dāng)重要[35]。對于通過Treg 細胞的產(chǎn)生和富集而導(dǎo)致的EAE 康復(fù)來說B 細胞表達B7 分子對于Treg 的生成具有重要作用[36]。而B 細胞表達B7 分子也可通過抑制效應(yīng)T細胞增殖而抑制結(jié)腸炎[34]。也有實驗證明在與靶細胞表面受體相互作用時,Breg 細胞可通過上調(diào)Fas 配體(FasL)和程序性死亡配體1(PD-L1)從而直接誘導(dǎo)靶細胞凋亡。LPS 刺激的B 細胞表達FasL 導(dǎo)致Th1 細胞凋亡從而保護NOD 小鼠避免自發(fā)糖尿?。?0]。Lundy 等在小鼠關(guān)節(jié)炎模型中證明CD5+B 細胞高表達FasL 并通過FasL 介導(dǎo)的直接殺傷作用使得T 細胞凋亡[37]。在雌激素保護EAE 模型中,不僅表達IL-10 的調(diào)節(jié)B 細胞增加,B 細胞表面的PD-L1 也上調(diào)[38]。
Breg 的分化機制目前還沒有明確。鑒于分泌IL-10 是目前Breg 細胞主要標(biāo)志,以下主要總結(jié)免疫細胞分泌產(chǎn)生IL-10 的分子機制,可能為Breg 分化分子機制研究提供思路。Toll 樣受體2(TLR-2)激動劑可以誘導(dǎo)抗原提呈細胞分泌IL-10[39~42]。TLR 通 過 活 化ERK 調(diào) 節(jié)IL-10 的 表 達[39,43~45]。Shun-ichiro Ota 在2011 ACR/ ARHP 年度科學(xué)會議上報告在CpG 誘導(dǎo)B 細胞產(chǎn)生IL-10 實驗中使用多種信號通路抑制劑,發(fā)現(xiàn)ERK、p38 MAPK、PI3K和STAT3 的抑制劑能顯著降低Breg 的誘導(dǎo)。NFκB1 缺陷巨噬細胞在TLR 刺激后IL-10 表達水平低于對照細胞[46]。B 細胞缺失STIM1 和STIM2 蛋白在BCR 信號刺激后不能產(chǎn)生活化T 細胞核因子(NFAT)從而不能產(chǎn)生分泌IL-10[47]。BAFF 處理B 細胞產(chǎn)生顯著增加的分泌IL-10 B 細胞。
效應(yīng)T 細胞和調(diào)節(jié)T 細胞的平衡對于維持免疫的動態(tài)平衡至關(guān)重要,在自身免疫病中Treg 的作用也都被相繼報道。最近,許多研究也發(fā)現(xiàn)Breg 在自身免疫病中起重要作用[48]。
4.1 Breg 與系統(tǒng)性紅斑狼瘡(SLE) Amano 證實在小鼠狼瘡模型中存在有調(diào)節(jié)功能的B 細胞[15]。另外SLE 患者外周血中B10 和B10 前體細胞比正常人要增多[14]。但是,SLE 患者的Breg 在功能上有缺陷,對CD40 的刺激沒有應(yīng)答并產(chǎn)生較少的IL-10 而 且 不 能 抑 制T 細 胞 增 殖[13]。過 繼 轉(zhuǎn) 移CD1dhiCD5+脾臟B 細胞到CD19 缺陷的狼瘡易感小鼠(NZB/W 小鼠)中可以延長小鼠存活時間[49]。過繼轉(zhuǎn)移體外anti-CD40 刺激的T2 B 細胞給NZB/W小鼠可以改善小鼠腎臟疾病,體內(nèi)直接用anti-CD40處理也可以使已發(fā)生的狼瘡逆轉(zhuǎn)[50]。
4.2 Breg 與類風(fēng)濕性關(guān)節(jié)炎(RA) 有關(guān)人類RA中Breg 的報道比較少,但是和狼瘡患者一樣,RA 患者外周血的B10 和B10 前體細胞都比正常人多[14]。目前,有關(guān)RA 疾病的實驗主要是在CIA 模型鼠上實施。不同研究組發(fā)現(xiàn)分泌IL-10 的B 細胞可以阻止關(guān)節(jié)炎的病情進展[8,9,51]。
4.3 Breg 與多發(fā)性硬化(MS) MS 患者外周血用CD40 刺激后產(chǎn)生的分泌IL-10 的CD27-B 細胞比正常對照少。EAE 是模擬人類MS 疾病的小鼠模型。用B 細胞缺陷小鼠造EAE 模型,該模型鼠不能自愈并發(fā)展成慢性疾病[5]。近幾年的一些研究也證實分泌IL-10 的B 細胞在EAE 模型鼠自愈保護效應(yīng)中起作用[4,21,52]。在EAE 急性期,B 細胞的動態(tài)平衡被改變,調(diào)節(jié)性B 細胞比例明顯減少[53]。
4.4 Breg 與炎性腸病(IBD) TCRα 缺陷小鼠自發(fā)UC 樣慢性腸炎,Mizoguchi 等發(fā)現(xiàn)部分B 細胞與疾病啟動無關(guān)但是可以抑制炎癥[54]。這些B 細胞存在于慢性腸道炎癥過程中,上調(diào)CD1d 的表達并釋放IL-10[6]。過繼轉(zhuǎn)移實驗證實了B 細胞通過釋放IL-10 以及誘導(dǎo)調(diào)節(jié)T 細胞來實行保護功能[6,34,55]。許多其他學(xué)者的研究也證實B 細胞可以調(diào)節(jié)UC 樣腸炎的炎癥反應(yīng)[26,55,56]。
4.5 Breg 與I 型糖尿病(T1D) NOD 小鼠被人們用來研究T1D 疾病。體外活化的B 細胞可以使NOD 小鼠免于疾病維持耐受[10,57]。在發(fā)病前從小重復(fù)移植BCR 活化的B 細胞可以降低發(fā)病或延遲發(fā)?。?7]。移植體外LPS 刺激的活化B 細胞可以保護NOD 小鼠使其不自發(fā)糖尿?。?0]。
免疫細胞的免疫效應(yīng)與調(diào)節(jié)功能的平衡是維持健康狀態(tài)的重要因素。調(diào)節(jié)B 細胞是新發(fā)現(xiàn)的具有調(diào)節(jié)功能的細胞群。在正常免疫系統(tǒng)中Breg 通過釋放炎癥抑制因子以及誘導(dǎo)靶細胞凋亡來控制效應(yīng)細胞的活化。Breg 調(diào)節(jié)免疫的靶細胞可以是DC或巨噬細胞也可以是T 細胞。它們也可以通過誘導(dǎo)Treg 細胞來調(diào)節(jié)免疫應(yīng)答。越來越多的實驗證明Breg 可能在自身免疫性疾病發(fā)生過程中起著重要的作用。目前自身免疫性疾病的治療大多投入到Treg 上,如果直接誘導(dǎo)Breg,再由Breg 間接影響包括Treg 在內(nèi)的很多靶細胞可能治療效果會更好。因此,研究清楚它在疾病發(fā)生發(fā)展中的作用和機理將為臨床疾病的治療提供一種新的靶點。
[1]Fillatreau S,Gray D,Anderton SM.Not always the bad guys:B cells as regulators of autoimmune pathology[J].Nat Rev Immunol,2008,5:391-397.
[2]Bouaziz JD,Yanaba K,Tedder TF.Regulatory B cells as inhibitors of immune responses and inflammation[J].Immunol Rev,2008:201-214.
[3]Mizoguchi A,Bhan AK.A case for regulatory B cells[J]. J Immunol,2006,2:705-710.
[4]Fillatreau S,Sweenie CH,McGeachy MJ,et al.B cells regulate autoimmunity by provision of IL-10[J].Nat Immunol,2002,10:944-950.
[5]Wolf SD,Dittel BN,Hardardottir F,et al. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis induction in genetically B cell-deficient mice[J].J Exp Med,1996,6:2271-2278.
[6]Mizoguchi A,Mizoguchi E,Takedatsu H,et al.Chronic intestinal inflammatory condition generates IL-10-producing regulatory B cell subset characterized by CD1d upregulation[J].Immunity,2002,2:219-230.
[7]Mangan NE,F(xiàn)allon RE,Smith P,et al. Helminth infection protects mice from anaphylaxis via IL-10-producing B cells[J]. J Immunol,2004,10:6346-6356.
[8]Mauri C,Gray D,Mushtaq N,et al. Prevention of arthritis by interleukin 10-producing B cells[J].J Exp Med,2003,4:489-501.
[9]Evans JG,Chavez-Rueda KA,Eddaoudi A,et al. Novel suppressive function of transitional 2 B cells in experimental arthritis[J].J Immunol,2007,12:7868-7878.
[10]Tian J,Zekzer D,Hanssen L,et al. Lipopolysaccharide-activated B cells down-regulate Th1 immunity and prevent autoimmune diabetes in nonobese diabetic mice[J].J Immunol,2001,2:1081-1089.
[11]Shlomchik MJ,Craft JE,Mamula MJ.From T to B and back again:positive feedback in systemic autoimmune disease[J].Nat Rev Immunol,2001,2:147-153.
[12]Harris DP,Haynes L,Sayles PC,et al. Reciprocal regulation of polarized cytokine production by effector B and T cells[J]. Nat Immunol,2000,6:475-482.
[13]Blair PA,Norena LY,F(xiàn)lores-Borja F,et al. CD19(+)CD24(hi)CD38(hi)B cells exhibit regulatory capacity in healthy individuals but are functionally impaired in systemic Lupus Erythematosus patients[J].Immunity,2010,1:129-140.
[14]Iwata Y,Matsushita T,Horikawa M,et al.Characterization of a rare IL-10-competent B-cell subset in humans that parallels mouse regulatory B10 cells[J].Blood,2011,2:530-541.
[15]Amano H,Amano E,Moll T,et al.The Yaa mutation promoting murine lupus causes defective development of marginal zone B cells[J].J Immunol,2003,5:2293-2301.
[16]Duddy M,Niino M,Adatia F,et al.Distinct effector cytokine profiles of memory and naive human B cell subsets and implication in multiple sclerosis[J].J Immunol,2007,10:6092-6099.
[17]Ramgolam VS,Sha Y,Marcus KL,et al.B cells as a therapeutic target for IFN-beta in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis[J].J Immunol,2011,7:4518-4526.
[18]Correale J,F(xiàn)arez M,Razzitte G.Helminth infections associated with multiple sclerosis induce regulatory B cells[J].Ann Neurol,2008,2:187-199.
[19]Hardy RR,Hayakawa K. B cell development pathways[J]. Annu Rev Immunol,2001:595-621.
[20]Yanaba K,Bouaziz JD,Haas KM,et al. A regulatory B cell subset with a unique CD1dhiCD5+phenotype controls T cell-dependent inflammatory responses[J].Immunity,2008,5:639-650.
[21]Lampropoulou V,Hoehlig K,Roch T,et al. TLR-activated B cells suppress T cell-mediated autoimmunity[J]. J Immunol,2008,7:4763-4773.
[22]Lampropoulou V,Calderon-Gomez E,Roch T,et al. Suppressive functions of activated B cells in autoimmune diseases reveal the dual roles of Toll-like receptors in immunity[J].Immunol Rev,2010,1:146-161.
[23]DiLillo DJ,Matsushita T,Tedder TF. B10 cells and regulatory B cells balance immune responses during inflammation,autoimmunity,and cancer[J].Ann N Y Acad Sci 2010,1183:38-57.
[24]Matsushita T,Horikawa M,Iwata Y,et al. Regulatory B cells(B10 cells)and regulatory T cells have independent roles in controlling experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis initiation and late-phase immunopathogenesis[J].J Immunol,2010,4:2240-2252.
[25]Wong SC,Puaux AL,Chittezhath M,et al. Macrophage polarization to a unique phenotype driven by B cells[J].Eur J Immunol,2010,8:2296-2307.
[26]Dalwadi H,Wei B,Schrage M,et al. B cell developmental requirement for the G alpha i2 gene[J].J Immunol,2003,4:1707-1715.
[27]Parekh VV,Prasad DV,Banerjee PP,et al. B cells activated by lipopolysaccharide,but not by anti-Ig and anti-CD40 antibody,induce anergy in CD8+T cells:role of TGF-beta 1[J].J Immunol,2003,12:5897-5911.
[28]Takenoshita S,F(xiàn)ukushima T,Kumamoto K,et al. The role of TGFbeta in digestive organ disease[J].J Gastroenterol,2002,12:991-999.
[29]Sugimoto K,Ogawa A,Shimomura Y,et al.Inducible IL-12-producing B cells regulate Th2-mediated intestinal inflammation[J].Gastroenterology,2007,1:124-136.
[30]Chiu YH,Park SH,Benlagha K,et al. Multiple defects in antigen presentation and T cell development by mice expressing cytoplasmic tail-truncated CD1d[J].Nat Immunol,2002,1:55-60.
[31]Borg NA,Wun KS,Kjer-Nielsen L,et al. CD1d-lipid-antigen recognition by the semi-invariant NKT T-cell receptor[J].Nature,2007,7149:44-49.
[32]Amu S,Saunders SP,Kronenberg M,et al. Regulatory B cells prevent and reverse allergic airway inflammation via FoxP3-positive T regulatory cells in a murine model[J]. J Allergy Clin Immunol,2010,5:1114-1124 e1118.
[33]Wykes M,Poudrier J,Lindstedt R,et al.Regulation of cytoplasmic,surface and soluble forms of CD40 ligand in mouse B cells[J].Eur J Immunol,1998,2:548-559.
[34]Mizoguchi E,Mizoguchi A,Preffer FI,et al. Regulatory role of mature B cells in a murine model of inflammatory bowel disease[J].Int Immunol,2000,5:597-605.
[35]Fife BT,Bluestone JA.Control of peripheral T-cell tolerance and autoimmunity via the CTLA-4 and PD-1 pathways[J]. Immunol Rev,2008,224:166-182.
[36]Mann MK,Maresz K,Shriver LP,et al. B cell regulation of CD4+CD25+T regulatory cells and IL-10 via B7 is essential for recovery from experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis[J]. J Immunol,2007,6:3447-3456.
[37]Lundy SK,F(xiàn)ox DA.Reduced Fas ligand-expressing splenic CD5+B lymphocytes in severe collagen-induced arthritis[J]. Arthritis Res Ther,2009,4:R128.
[38]Bodhankar S,Wang C,Vandenbark AA,et al.Estrogen-induced protection against experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis is abrogated in the absence of B cells[J].Eur J Immunol,2011,4:1165-1175.
[39]Dillon S,Agrawal A,Van Dyke T,et al.A Toll-like receptor 2 ligand stimulates Th2 responses in vivo,via induction of extracellular signal-regulated kinase mitogen-activated protein kinase and c-Fos in dendritic cells[J].J Immunol,2004,8:4733-4743.
[40]Edwards AD,Manickasingham SP,Sporri R,et al.Microbial recognition via Toll-like receptor-dependent and-independent pathways determines the cytokine response of murine dendritic cell subsets to CD40 triggering[J].J Immunol,2002,7:3652-3660.
[41]Netea MG,Sutmuller R,Hermann C,et al.Toll-like receptor 2 suppresses immunity against Candida albicans through induction of IL-10 and regulatory T cells[J].J Immunol,2004,6:3712-3718.
[42]Hu X,Paik PK,Chen J,et al. IFN-gamma suppresses IL-10 production and synergizes with TLR2 by regulating GSK3 and CREB/AP-1 proteins[J].Immunity,2006,5:563-574.
[43]Yi AK,Yoon JG,Yeo SJ,et al.Role of mitogen-activated protein kinases in CpG DNA-mediated IL-10 and IL-12 production:central role of extracellular signal-regulated kinase in the negative feedback loop of the CpG DNA-mediated Th1 response [J]. J Immunol,2002,9:4711-4720.
[44]Kaiser F,Cook D,Papoutsopoulou S,et al.TPL-2 negatively regulates interferon-beta production in macrophages and myeloid dendritic cells[J].J Exp Med,2009,9:1863-1871.
[45]Agrawal A,Dillon S,Denning TL,et al.ERK1-/- mice exhibit Th1 cell polarization and increased susceptibility to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis[J].J Immunol,2006,10:5788-5796.
[46]Banerjee A,Gugasyan R,McMahon M,et al.Diverse Toll-like receptors utilize Tpl2 to activate extracellular signal-regulated kinase(ERK)in hemopoietic cells[J].Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A,2006,9:3274-3279.
[47]Matsumoto M,F(xiàn)ujii Y,Baba A,et al. The calcium sensors STIM1 and STIM2 control B cell regulatory function through interleukin-10 production[J].Immunity,2011,5:703-714.
[48]Lemoine S,Morva A,Youinou P,et al.Regulatory B cells in autoimmune diseases:how do they work?[J].Ann N Y Acad Sci,2009,1173:260-267.
[49]Watanabe R,Ishiura N,Nakashima H,et al.Regulatory B cells(B10 cells)have a suppressive role in murine lupus:CD19 and B10 cell deficiency exacerbates systemic autoimmunity [J]. J Immunol,2010,9:4801-4809.
[50]Blair PA,Chavez-Rueda KA,Evans JG,et al. Selective targeting of B cells with agonistic anti-CD40 is an efficacious strategy for the generation of induced regulatory T2-like B cells and for the suppression of lupus in MRL/lpr mice[J].J Immunol,2009,6:3492-3502.
[51]Gray M,Miles K,Salter D,et al. Apoptotic cells protect mice from autoimmune inflammation by the induction of regulatory B cells[J].Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,2007,35:14080-14085.
[52]Matsushita T,F(xiàn)ujimoto M,Hasegawa M,et al. Inhibitory role of CD19 in the progression of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by regulating cytokine response [J]. Am J Pathol,2006,3:812-821.
[53]Lee-Chang C,Lefranc D,Salleron J,et al. Susceptibility to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis is associated with altered Bcell subsets distribution and decreased serum BAFF levels[J].Immunol Lett,2011,1-2:108-117.
[54]Mizoguchi A,Mizoguchi E,Smith RN,et al. Suppressive role of B cells in chronic colitis of T cell receptor alpha mutant mice[J]. J Exp Med,1997,10:1749-1756.
[55]Wei B,Velazquez P,Turovskaya O,et al.Mesenteric B cells centrally inhibit CD4+T cell colitis through interaction with regulatory T cell subsets[J].Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,2005,6:2010-2015.
[56]Ostanin DV,Pavlick KP,Bharwani S,et al. T cell-induced inflammation of the small and large intestine in immunodeficient mice[J].Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol,2006,1:G109-119.
[57]Hussain S,Delovitch TL.Intravenous transfusion of BCR-activated B cells protects NOD mice from type 1 diabetes in an IL-10-dependent manner[J].J Immunol,2007,11:7225-7232.