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      袖狀胃切除術(shù)后減重及2型糖尿病緩解的機制

      2014-08-15 00:44:13仲明惟劉少壯張光永王琰珉閆治波胡三元
      腹腔鏡外科雜志 2014年1期
      關(guān)鍵詞:排空瘦素食欲

      仲明惟,劉少壯,張光永,王琰珉,張 翔,劉 騰,閆治波,胡三元

      (山東大學齊魯醫(yī)院,山東 濟南,250012)

      世界衛(wèi)生組織預(yù)測,截至2008年,全球14 億成人超重,其中有超過5 億的肥胖患者[1]。在美國,肥胖成年人的比例為30%[2];2030年此指數(shù)將增加到50%[3]。肥胖問題不僅僅出現(xiàn)在成人中,在兒童中同樣存在。據(jù)統(tǒng)計,美國有17%的肥胖兒童[2],至2030年可能增加到30%[3],其中75%的兒童成年后依然有肥胖的困擾[4]。肥胖對于2 型糖尿病、高血壓、高血脂、動脈粥樣硬化、心力衰竭、腫瘤、肝臟疾病、睡眠呼吸暫停綜合征、不孕癥、關(guān)節(jié)退行性變、抑郁癥及癡呆等疾病而言,是一個主要的危險因素[5-7]。據(jù)2010年統(tǒng)計,我國成年人超重率為30. 6%,男性、女性分別為31. 5%、29.7%;肥 胖 率 為12. 0%,男 性 與 女 性 分 別 為11. 9%、12.1%,且超重率及肥胖率均呈上升趨勢[8]。

      2 型糖尿病可引起血管并發(fā)癥,使過早死亡的發(fā)生率顯著增加[9-12]。WHO 預(yù)測2000~2030年全球人口數(shù)將增加37%,而糖尿病患者將增加114%[12]。國際糖尿病聯(lián)盟(international diabetes federation,IDF)統(tǒng)計,截至2013年,糖尿病患病人數(shù)為3.82 億,預(yù)計至2035年將增長到5.92 億[13]。不可忽視的是,糖尿病的巨大后備軍——糖耐量受損人數(shù)將從2010年的3.44 億增至2030年的4.72 億[14]。IDF 報告指出80%的糖尿病負擔來自中低收入國家[13],其中60%來自亞洲[15]。近年,我國糖尿病發(fā)病率迅速增加,據(jù)統(tǒng)計,2010年我國≥18 歲的居民糖尿病患病率為9.65%,其中男性為10.24%,女性為9.04%[16]。

      1954年,Kremen 與Linner 等報道了首例空回腸旁路術(shù)(jejunoileal bypass,JIB),此后又出現(xiàn)了多種減重手術(shù),如膽胰轉(zhuǎn)流術(shù)(biliopancreatic diversion,BPD)合并/不合并十二指腸轉(zhuǎn)位術(shù)(duodenal switch,DS)、可調(diào)節(jié)胃束帶術(shù)(adjustable gastric banding,AGB)、Roux-en-Y 胃旁路術(shù)(Roux-en-Y gastric bypass,RYGB)、袖狀胃切除術(shù)(sleeve gastrectomy,SG)等。雖然膽胰轉(zhuǎn)流/十二指腸轉(zhuǎn)位術(shù)BPD/DS 較RYGB 具有更好的減肥效果,但其術(shù)后營養(yǎng)不良的相關(guān)并發(fā)癥較多[17-19]。Griffen 等進行的隨機對照研究顯示,相較RYGB,JIB 具有更高的并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率,且減肥效果弱于RYGB[20]。此外的兩項對照研究也得到了相似的結(jié)果[21-22]。因此,在20 世紀80年代,JIB 已很少應(yīng)用于減重手術(shù)中。雖然隨機對照研究顯示,術(shù)后5年RYGB 的減重效果明顯優(yōu)于腹腔鏡可調(diào)節(jié)胃束帶術(shù)(laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding,LAGB)[23-24],但鑒于RYGB 較長的手術(shù)時間及較高的圍手術(shù)期并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率,LAGB 仍被廣泛應(yīng)用于臨床。近年,有隨機對照研究顯示,SG 與RYGB 的短期減重效果相當[25-26];而SG 的操作相對簡單,且發(fā)生并發(fā)癥的可能性小。

      SG 或腹腔鏡袖狀胃切除術(shù)(laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy,LSG)是限制性減重手術(shù),它最初是為高風險手術(shù)患者設(shè)計的減重手術(shù)的第一步,此后可轉(zhuǎn)為RYGB 等其他術(shù)式。LSG 的中期減重效果優(yōu)于LAGB[27-29],甚至可以與RYGB 相媲美。據(jù)報道,LSG 的額外體重丟失百分比(% excess body weight loss,%EWL)可達63%~75%。LSG 術(shù)后2 型糖尿病的緩解率可達82%~84%[26-27,30-32]。但同其他限制性減重手術(shù)一樣[33-37],LSG 的長期減重效果或許并不樂觀。有報道稱,LSG 術(shù)后5年可出現(xiàn)體重反彈[38-39]。盡管如此,LSG 的效果仍然明顯優(yōu)于其他純限制性減重手術(shù)。因此,我們有理由相信,相對其他純限制性手術(shù)而言,LSG 具有獨特的減重及緩解2 型糖尿病的機制。本文通過回顧SG 減重及緩解2型糖尿病機制的相關(guān)文獻,對其減重及緩解2 型糖尿病的機制進行說明。

      1 SG和/或LSG術(shù)后相關(guān)激素的改變

      有報告顯示,在大鼠靜脈或腦室內(nèi)予以胃促生長素(Ghrelin)后,胃酸分泌、胃動力呈劑量依賴性增加[40-41],從而促進了攝食的增加及食欲的增強。研究顯示,2 型糖尿病患者血漿中Ghrelin 水平低于正常水平[42]。目前,Ghrelin 的生理作用尚未完全解釋清楚。LSG 術(shù)后可引起Ghrelin 的下降[25-26,43-46]。但在其他的限制性減重手術(shù)中Ghrelin 表現(xiàn)為無明顯變化甚至升高[47-53]。有對比研究發(fā)現(xiàn),分別檢測LSG、LAGB 術(shù)后1 個月及12 個月血中Ghrelin 的濃度,LSG術(shù)后患者血中Ghrelin 的濃度明顯下降,而LAGB 術(shù)后血中Ghrelin 的濃度是上升的,且這種上升與體重的減輕是呈比例的[45]。這種血中Ghrelin 濃度的差異可能是LSG 減重效果優(yōu)于LAGB 的原因之一。動物實驗中也有相似結(jié)果,大鼠SG術(shù)后Ghrelin 濃度明顯降低,而AGB 術(shù)后Ghrelin 的濃度升高。此研究還認為,LSG 術(shù)后Ghrelin 的敏感性是升高的,而AGB 術(shù)后Ghrelin 的敏感性無明顯變化[46]。另有LSG 與RYGB 的對比研究表明,雖然兩種術(shù)式的減重效果相當,但LSG 術(shù)后空腹Ghrelin 水平是降低的,而RYGB 術(shù)后空腹Ghrelin 水平無明顯變化。LSG 與其他的限制性減重手術(shù)相比,它切除了胃底。而胃底是Ghrelin 分泌的主要部位。LSG 術(shù)中完全胃底切除是非常重要的。研究表明,胃底的不完全切除可作為單一因素影響LSG 術(shù)后Ghrelin 水平的升高、體重的反彈,甚至需再次手術(shù)切除膨脹的胃底[54]。

      雖然LSG 未對腸道進行操作,但LSG 術(shù)后某些腸道激素的水平還是發(fā)生了變化。目前認為,腸道激素的變化在RYGB 術(shù)后體重減輕及2 型糖尿病緩解的機制中具有重要作用。同樣,在其他的減重手術(shù)包括LSG 術(shù)中,腸道激素的變化對于體重減輕及2 型糖尿病的緩解可能也起到了非常重要的作用。

      酪酪肽(peptide YY,PYY)是一種可抑制食欲的腸道激素,可抑制嚙齒類動物、靈長類動物及人類的攝食[55]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),LSG 術(shù)后1 周可觀測到餐后PYY 水平的升高[25]。而LSG 術(shù)后餐后PYY 水平的升高至少可持續(xù)到術(shù)后12 個月[26,56],且其升高水平與RYGB 術(shù)后相當[25-26,56]。胰高血糖素樣肽-1(glucagon-like peptide-1,GLP-1)是30 個氨基酸的多肽,是目前所知最強的葡萄糖依賴型的胰島素分泌促進激素。GLP-1 是隨食物在腸道的消化吸收過程而分泌的,食物刺激腸道后,腸道L 細胞分泌GLP-1,糖類、脂類刺激作用最強,正常人餐后5~30 min 內(nèi),血漿中GLP-1 的濃度顯著上升[57]。GLP-1 可促進胰島素的生物合成與分泌,刺激胰島β細胞的增殖與分化,抑制胰島細胞凋亡,抑制胰高血糖素分泌,抑制餐后胃排空等作用[58-61]。LSG 術(shù)后同樣可觀測到餐后GLP-1 水平的升高,但這種升高并不如RYGB 術(shù)后明顯[25-26]。目前這些腸道激素水平升高的機制尚未明確。

      1994年,F(xiàn)riedman 等對肥胖的研究作出了巨大貢獻。他們發(fā)現(xiàn)了瘦素——一種肥胖相關(guān)基因的產(chǎn)物,而這種物質(zhì)在肥胖與2 型糖尿病的發(fā)展中具有重要作用[62]。瘦素(leptin)主要由脂肪細胞產(chǎn)生,通過與下丘腦內(nèi)特異受體結(jié)合來減少神經(jīng)肽Y(NPY)的表達,從而調(diào)節(jié)食欲與能量代謝。Leptin可增強骨骼肌內(nèi)葡萄糖的攝取與氧化,減少肝糖原的輸出。在肥胖、糖尿病個體中,血液leptin 水平明顯增加,可能由于存在leptin 抵抗的原因。此時高水平的瘦素并未發(fā)揮降低體重、血糖的作用。目前認為,在肥胖患者中,高水平的瘦素并不能抑制食欲,對于食欲的抑制還依賴于瘦素的敏感性[63]。目前在人體實驗中,均發(fā)現(xiàn)SG 術(shù)后leptin 水平降低[64]。但有報道稱,在動物實驗中雖然leptin 的水平也降低,但在下丘腦瘦素、黑皮質(zhì)素-4 受體的表達及腹膜內(nèi)瘦素敏感性中,并未觀察到相應(yīng)的改變[65],提示瘦素抵抗可能并未得到改善。

      目前很多研究結(jié)果支持這種SG 術(shù)后相關(guān)激素水平的改變有助于減重及2 型糖尿病的緩解,但這些激素的作用機制及SG 術(shù)后這些激素的改變原因仍需進一步探索。

      2 SG和/或LSG術(shù)后胃腸道動力學的改變對能量攝入的影響及其與某些腸道激素改變的相互作用

      較早的研究認為,胃旁路術(shù)后胃排空的速度是減慢的,但這種胃排空的減慢與體重的減輕無關(guān)[66-67]。目前,我們普遍認為,RYGB 及SG 術(shù)后胃排空速度是增加的[68]。胃排空速度的改變與某些胃腸道激素分泌存在相互作用,并對能量的攝入產(chǎn)生重要影響。

      研究表明,胃排空對于食欲及能量的攝取均有影響[69-72]。雖然從直覺上而言,快速胃排空應(yīng)導(dǎo)致食欲增強,但事實上,胃排空的速度對于食欲控制是一個復(fù)雜過程。當食物進入胃并隨后排入腸道時,胃的膨脹、營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)刺激小腸的物理及化學感受器、胃腸道分泌的各種激素等多種因素共同參與食欲及飽腹感的調(diào)節(jié),從而控制能量的攝入,抑制餐后進食行為[73-74]。胃的膨脹可通過刺激胃的張力感受器,并將信號傳入大腦,從而完成對食欲的調(diào)節(jié)[75-76]。胃竇的膨脹及飽腹感的聯(lián)系是非常緊密的[77-78]。此外,進食量與上一餐的胃殘留內(nèi)容物的量是呈反比的[79]。

      這些研究表明,加速胃排空,降低胃內(nèi)張力可能導(dǎo)致過多的食物攝入。然而,除了胃的膨脹外,營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)進入小腸對于食欲及飽腹感也至關(guān)重要[80]。營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)進入小腸后可刺激多種腸肽的釋放,這些腸肽釋放入血并間接地通過迷走神經(jīng)抑制食欲[81-82]。進食后,位于十二指腸、空腸的I 細胞可釋放膽囊收縮素(cholecystokinin,CCK)[83],而主要位于末端小腸的L 細胞可釋放GLP-1、PYY。GLP-1、PYY 對于食物的攝取均有雙相反應(yīng)[82]。營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)對十二指腸的刺激很有可能產(chǎn)生一種或幾種神經(jīng)和/或體液信號,這些信號作用于遠端小腸,刺激GLP-1 與PYY 的早期釋放[84-87]。而隨后才是營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)直接作用于末端小腸從而導(dǎo)致GLP-1 及PYY 的分泌[82-88]。餐后早期,快速的胃排空與血漿CCK[89-90]、GLP-1[85,91]、PYY[90-92]水平直接相關(guān)。

      進一步研究證實,GLP-1 的釋放對于胃排空的速度而言存在一個閾值[85]。雖然GLP-1、PYY、CCK 的釋放會抑制胃排空[93],但這種胃排空抑制的途徑對于刺激腸道控制攝食而言并不是必需的[74,94],而是很有可能直接作用于飽腹感中樞[74,94-95]。相反,Ghrelin 可加快胃排空速度[96]。Ghrelin 可促進胃排空,而快速的胃排空與較低的Ghrelin 濃度有關(guān)[97-98],較低的Ghrelin 濃度反過來又與食欲的降低有關(guān)[97]。這些研究表明,胃排空速度減慢可能會在增加并延長胃膨脹的同時,延遲或減少CCK、GLP-1、PYY 的釋放。這樣雖然胃膨脹所引起的飽腹感會增加,但傳入大腦的腸道飽脹信號卻會降低[99]。食糜較快的從胃小囊中排出被認為在RYGB 術(shù)后厭食相關(guān)的神經(jīng)體液調(diào)節(jié)中起了重要作用[91,100-101]。而SG 術(shù)后胃排空速度同RYGB 術(shù)后一樣也是加快的[68]。研究認為,SG 雖然未造成十二指腸的曠置,但加速的胃排空可能參與了術(shù)后GLP-1[102]及PYY[58]等分泌的增加。SG 作為一種減重手術(shù),其中期減重效果優(yōu)于LAGB[27-29],甚至可與RYGB 相媲美。LSG 術(shù)后2 型糖尿病的緩解率可達82%~84%[26-27,30-32],并具有操作簡單、術(shù)后并發(fā)癥少等優(yōu)點。但截至目前,SG 的減重及緩解2 型糖尿病的機制尚未明確。本課題組目前正從事SG 后減重及2 型糖尿病緩解機制的相關(guān)研究。我們認為,SG 術(shù)后胃腸道動力學及相關(guān)激素水平的改變可能分別作為其減重及2 型糖尿病緩解機制的一部分,也可能在二者相互作用的基礎(chǔ)上共同參與到減重及2 型糖尿病緩解的機制中。今后的研究應(yīng)進一步闡釋其胃腸道動力、相關(guān)激素改變的原因及這些改變具體是通過何種途徑作用的。通過進一步的研究,我們希望給肥胖及2 型糖尿病的治療帶來新的啟示,甚至進一步揭示肥胖與2 型糖尿病的發(fā)病原因,以指導(dǎo)肥胖及2 型糖尿病的預(yù)防。

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