周忠凱 余剛 秦竹等
摘要:為了確定發(fā)酵床生豬養(yǎng)殖過程中氨氣的排放率,選擇彩鋼瓦和大棚膜2種結(jié)構(gòu)類型的半鐘式發(fā)酵床豬舍,利用豬舍環(huán)境數(shù)據(jù)自動監(jiān)測系統(tǒng)測定發(fā)酵床豬舍內(nèi)氨氣濃度,采用二氧化碳平衡法估算發(fā)酵床豬舍的通風量,并確定發(fā)酵床豬舍的氨氣排放率。研究結(jié)果顯示,測試期間彩鋼瓦和大棚膜豬舍內(nèi)氨氣平均濃度分別為(5.8±1.3)、(6.2±20) mg/m3;2種類型豬舍內(nèi)氨氣濃度差異不顯著,隨著季節(jié)冬-春-夏的變化而逐漸降低,冬季豬舍內(nèi)的平均氨氣濃度顯著高于春季、夏季,春季、夏季豬舍內(nèi)的氨氣濃度差異不顯著;2種類型豬舍的氨氣排放率分別為(6.7±2.0)、(7.4±05) g/(d·頭),差異不顯著,平均排放率為(7.1±0.3) g/(d·頭);冬季排放率顯著低于春季和夏季(P<0.05),春季與夏季發(fā)酵床豬舍氨氣的排放率間差異不顯著,分別為(7.5±0.2)、(8.9±0.6) g/(d·頭)。
關(guān)鍵詞:發(fā)酵床豬舍;豬舍環(huán)境;氨氣;濃度;排放率
中圖分類號: S815.9;X713 文獻標志碼: A 文章編號:1002-1302(2014)07-0210-03
收稿日期:2013-10-29
基金項目:江蘇省農(nóng)業(yè)科技自主創(chuàng)新資金[編號:CX(12)1001-04]。
作者簡介:周忠凱(1984—),男,山東茌平人,碩士,研究實習員,主要從事畜禽生產(chǎn)過程的環(huán)境質(zhì)量控制與污染物排放監(jiān)測研究。Tel:(025)84390456;E-mail:zhongkaizhou@126.com。
通信作者:余剛,男,江西石城人,博士,研究員,主要從事養(yǎng)殖設施裝備研究。Tel:(025)84390446;E-mail:yug55@163.com。氨氣是一種重要的污染性氣體,過量的氨氣排放加速了大氣中顆粒物的形成,造成生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的酸化和富營養(yǎng)化[1]。文獻顯示,我國每年畜牧養(yǎng)殖活動的氨氣排放約 5.92 Tg[2-3],全球范圍內(nèi)生豬養(yǎng)殖過程中的氨氣排放約占畜牧業(yè)氨氣總排放的15%[4]。此外,氨氣也是一種具有刺激性氣味的氣體,在畜禽生產(chǎn)過程中嚴重影響著動物的健康和福利[5],引起的臨床癥狀包括咳嗽、打噴嚏、流涎、過度淚腺分泌以及食欲喪失等[6-7]。
目前,國內(nèi)外對生豬生長過程氨氣排放的研究主要集中在漏縫水泥地面和以稻草或秸稈為墊料的生豬養(yǎng)殖豬舍。研究顯示,漏縫水泥地板豬舍排放率在4~14 g/(d·頭)[8-10],墊料型豬舍(稻草或秸稈,下同)氨氣排放率的范圍在 8.7~22.7 g/(d·頭)[11-14],墊料類型豬舍氨氣的排放顯著高于漏縫水泥地面豬舍。
近年來,經(jīng)濟適用型發(fā)酵床生態(tài)養(yǎng)殖規(guī)模逐年上升,但豬舍氨氣的排放還鮮見文獻報道。本研究選擇江蘇省農(nóng)業(yè)科學院六合動物實驗基地發(fā)酵床豬場,分別測定了2種發(fā)酵床豬舍(彩鋼瓦和大棚膜豬舍)冬季、春季和夏季3個不同季節(jié)的舍內(nèi)氨氣濃度,確定了彩鋼瓦豬舍和大棚膜豬舍的氨氣排放率,以及季節(jié)變化對氨氣排放率的影響,為進一步了解發(fā)酵床養(yǎng)殖豬舍的環(huán)境狀況,減少養(yǎng)殖過程中氨氣的排放提供依據(jù)。
1材料與方法
1.1生豬飼養(yǎng)及設施
試驗選擇彩鋼瓦和大棚膜2種不同建筑材料的半鐘樓式結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)酵床豬舍,彩鋼瓦結(jié)構(gòu)豬舍長×寬×高為30 m×9 m×3.0 m,大棚膜結(jié)構(gòu)豬舍為30 m×9 m×3.5 m,詳細結(jié)構(gòu)見參考文獻[15]。豬舍豬欄排列方式為單列式,北墻設有 1.2 m 寬過道,采用自然通風方式,大棚式發(fā)酵床豬舍通風由卷簾控制;彩鋼瓦結(jié)構(gòu)豬舍北側(cè)有4個窗戶,南側(cè)通風口由卷簾控制,舍內(nèi)安裝高壓噴霧降溫設備。
發(fā)酵床體采用地下式,床體墊料厚度為80 cm,由鋸木屑、稻殼、碎果樹條等組成。每頭生豬所占面積2.5~3.5 m2;育成育肥豬飼養(yǎng)時間為60日齡到180日齡,共計約120 d,進舍體質(zhì)量平均20 kg,出欄體質(zhì)量90~100 kg;生豬飼養(yǎng)采用自由采食方式,飲水采用鴨嘴式自動飲水系統(tǒng)。
1.2氨氣濃度的測定
為確定發(fā)酵床育肥豬舍內(nèi)氨氣濃度和排放率,于2012年1月6日—2012年9月3日期間對2種發(fā)酵床豬舍冬季、春季、夏季舍內(nèi)氨氣濃度進行了連續(xù)測定。氨氣濃度測試和數(shù)據(jù)接收系統(tǒng)由江蘇省農(nóng)業(yè)科學院農(nóng)業(yè)設施與裝備研究所制造[15],氨氣濃度碳傳感器選用氨氣傳感器檢測模塊(上海菲克蘇工具有限公司),濃度測量范圍0~70 mg/m3,工作溫度范圍-20~50 ℃,工作濕度范圍0~95%,測量精度±0.1 mg/m3。2種豬舍分別選取1個氨氣測試點,室外選取1個測試點,測定的數(shù)值在豬舍內(nèi)收集和顯示,并通過無線傳輸設備傳輸?shù)诫娔X,數(shù)據(jù)采集間隔為10 min。
1.3氨氣排放率的估算及數(shù)據(jù)分析
測定氨氣的排放率,需要測量豬舍內(nèi)外氨氣的濃度和畜禽舍的通風量。本試驗通風量以及排放率的計算根據(jù)Dong等提供的方法[14,16-18],2種豬舍冬季、春季和夏季的通風量數(shù)據(jù)已經(jīng)計算出[15],分別為:(1)彩鋼瓦結(jié)構(gòu)為642、3 877、5 137m3/h;(2)大棚膜結(jié)構(gòu)為929、3 638、3 783 m3/h。
3結(jié)論與討論
氨氣的排放受到地板類型、糞便清除系統(tǒng)、舍內(nèi)氣候條件的影響。研究顯示,漏縫水泥地板飼養(yǎng)方式雖然對糞尿進行了分離和清除,但是在高濕熱環(huán)境以及較高的飼養(yǎng)密度條件下,導致大量的糞便無法完全清除干凈,使得該飼養(yǎng)方式氨氣量居高不下[20-21]。通過降低舍內(nèi)溫度和通風量可一定程度上降低舍內(nèi)氨氣的排放量,但卻受到季節(jié)性的制約[22]。此外,相關(guān)研究表明,墊料型豬舍內(nèi)氨氣的排放受到舍內(nèi)墊料的使用量和墊料特性的影響,氨氣的排放量明顯偏高。因此,探索新型的養(yǎng)殖模式和廢棄物管理方式成為降低氨氣排放的主要方法。
本研究中發(fā)酵床豬舍氨氣平均排放率為7.1 g/(d·頭),遠低于文獻中墊料型豬舍氨氣8.7~22.7 g/(d·頭)的排放率,而與漏縫地板水泥地面豬舍氨氣排放率較為接近。綜合分析認為,主要原因有以下2個因素:(1)由于發(fā)酵床普遍采用鋸末和稻殼(體積比7 ∶3)為墊料,鋸末多孔的結(jié)構(gòu)和稻殼疏松的特性使得墊料床體透氣性好,對氨氣吸附性能增強;(2)在有氧條件下,經(jīng)發(fā)酵床菌群的硝化或去硝化作用,使得糞便中氮元素的轉(zhuǎn)移向多元化發(fā)展,銨離子可轉(zhuǎn)化為硝態(tài)氮或有機氮,減少了氨氣的揮發(fā)[23-24]。endprint
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[22]Jeppsson K H. Diurnal variation in ammonia,Carbon dioxide and water vapour emission from an un-insulated,deep litter building for growing/finishing pigs[J]. Biosystems Engineering,2002,81(2):213-223.
[23]Hellebrand H J,Kalk W D. Emission of methane,nitrous oxide,and ammonia fromdung windrows[J]. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems,2001,60(1/2/3):83-87.
[24]盛清凱,武英,趙紅波,等. 發(fā)酵床養(yǎng)殖墊料組分的變化規(guī)律[J]. 西南農(nóng)業(yè)學報,2010,23(5):1703-1705.endprint
[14]Dong H,Kang G,Zhu Z,et al. Ammonia,methane,and carbon dioxide concentrations and emissions of a hoop Grower-finisher swine barn[J]. Transactions of the ASABE,2009,52(5):1741-1747.
[15]周忠凱,秦竹,余剛,等. 發(fā)酵床育肥豬舍內(nèi)濕熱環(huán)境與通風狀況研究[J]. 江蘇農(nóng)業(yè)學報,2013,29(3):592-598.
[16]Dong H,Zhu Z,Shang B,et al. Greenhouse gas emissions from swine barns of various production stages in suburban Beijing,China[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2007,41(11):2391-2399.
[17]Blanes V,Pedersen S. Ventilation flow in pig houses measured and calculated by carbon dioxide,moisture and heat balance equations[J]. Biosystems Engineering,2005,92(4):483-493.
[18]Amon B,Kryvoruchko V,F(xiàn)rhlich M,et al. Ammonia and greenhouse gas emissions from a straw flow system for fattening pigs:housing and manure storage[J]. Livestock Science,2007,112(3):199-207.
[19]朱志平,康國虎,董紅敏,等. 墊料型豬舍春夏育肥季節(jié)的氨氣和溫室氣體狀況測試[J]. 中國農(nóng)業(yè)氣象,2011,32(3):356-361.
[20]Blanes-Vidal V,Hansen M N,Pedersen S,et al. Emissions of ammonia,methane and nitrous oxide from pig houses and slurry:Effects of rooting material,animal activity and ventilation flow[J]. Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment,2008,124(3/4):237-244.
[21]Haeussermann A,Hartung E,Gallmann E,et al. Influence of season,ventilation strategy,and slurry removal on methane emissions from pig houses[J]. Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment,2006,112(2/3):115-121.
[22]Jeppsson K H. Diurnal variation in ammonia,Carbon dioxide and water vapour emission from an un-insulated,deep litter building for growing/finishing pigs[J]. Biosystems Engineering,2002,81(2):213-223.
[23]Hellebrand H J,Kalk W D. Emission of methane,nitrous oxide,and ammonia fromdung windrows[J]. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems,2001,60(1/2/3):83-87.
[24]盛清凱,武英,趙紅波,等. 發(fā)酵床養(yǎng)殖墊料組分的變化規(guī)律[J]. 西南農(nóng)業(yè)學報,2010,23(5):1703-1705.endprint
[14]Dong H,Kang G,Zhu Z,et al. Ammonia,methane,and carbon dioxide concentrations and emissions of a hoop Grower-finisher swine barn[J]. Transactions of the ASABE,2009,52(5):1741-1747.
[15]周忠凱,秦竹,余剛,等. 發(fā)酵床育肥豬舍內(nèi)濕熱環(huán)境與通風狀況研究[J]. 江蘇農(nóng)業(yè)學報,2013,29(3):592-598.
[16]Dong H,Zhu Z,Shang B,et al. Greenhouse gas emissions from swine barns of various production stages in suburban Beijing,China[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2007,41(11):2391-2399.
[17]Blanes V,Pedersen S. Ventilation flow in pig houses measured and calculated by carbon dioxide,moisture and heat balance equations[J]. Biosystems Engineering,2005,92(4):483-493.
[18]Amon B,Kryvoruchko V,F(xiàn)rhlich M,et al. Ammonia and greenhouse gas emissions from a straw flow system for fattening pigs:housing and manure storage[J]. Livestock Science,2007,112(3):199-207.
[19]朱志平,康國虎,董紅敏,等. 墊料型豬舍春夏育肥季節(jié)的氨氣和溫室氣體狀況測試[J]. 中國農(nóng)業(yè)氣象,2011,32(3):356-361.
[20]Blanes-Vidal V,Hansen M N,Pedersen S,et al. Emissions of ammonia,methane and nitrous oxide from pig houses and slurry:Effects of rooting material,animal activity and ventilation flow[J]. Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment,2008,124(3/4):237-244.
[21]Haeussermann A,Hartung E,Gallmann E,et al. Influence of season,ventilation strategy,and slurry removal on methane emissions from pig houses[J]. Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment,2006,112(2/3):115-121.
[22]Jeppsson K H. Diurnal variation in ammonia,Carbon dioxide and water vapour emission from an un-insulated,deep litter building for growing/finishing pigs[J]. Biosystems Engineering,2002,81(2):213-223.
[23]Hellebrand H J,Kalk W D. Emission of methane,nitrous oxide,and ammonia fromdung windrows[J]. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems,2001,60(1/2/3):83-87.
[24]盛清凱,武英,趙紅波,等. 發(fā)酵床養(yǎng)殖墊料組分的變化規(guī)律[J]. 西南農(nóng)業(yè)學報,2010,23(5):1703-1705.endprint