王增文
摘要 人口生育率已經(jīng)大大低于更替水平, 中國(guó)陷入了“超低生育率”陷阱,而人口預(yù)期壽命的延長(zhǎng)將會(huì)進(jìn)一步加重人口老齡化格局。從歐洲16國(guó)家的人口政策來(lái)看,一方面,均鼓勵(lì)國(guó)民生育,因此,國(guó)民的生育會(huì)被認(rèn)為是一種豐厚的“福利”;另一方面,他們均采取了移民來(lái)改變?nèi)丝诶淆g化問(wèn)題。但是,對(duì)于中國(guó)這樣一個(gè)人口基數(shù)大、老齡化速度迅猛的發(fā)展中國(guó)家,是否也可以在一定意義上有所啟示呢?鑒于此,筆者引入了一個(gè)靜態(tài)開(kāi)放式的人口模型,對(duì)人口遷移率和生育率做一個(gè)權(quán)衡和取舍。通過(guò)對(duì)中歐各國(guó)人口年齡結(jié)構(gòu),人口遷移率及人口生育率的測(cè)算與對(duì)比結(jié)果,發(fā)現(xiàn)人口遷移能夠減輕移入國(guó)家和區(qū)域的人口老齡化程度;有人口遷入的國(guó)家,其人口老齡化有較強(qiáng)的減弱效應(yīng),人口年齡結(jié)構(gòu)將會(huì)達(dá)到一個(gè)均衡的狀態(tài)。移民可以在很大程度上提高人口增長(zhǎng)率,會(huì)使得人口的年齡分布更加年輕化。這對(duì)于中國(guó)人口老齡化的緩解具有很強(qiáng)的借鑒意義,筆者從在適當(dāng)?shù)姆秶鷥?nèi)提高中國(guó)內(nèi)部人口的生育率和適度“高技術(shù)”移民政策這兩個(gè)視角提出了解決中國(guó)人口老齡化問(wèn)題的建議,即一方面,應(yīng)該在適當(dāng)?shù)姆秶鷥?nèi)提高中國(guó)內(nèi)部人口的生育率。選擇適當(dāng)?shù)纳J?,進(jìn)一步落實(shí)父母“單獨(dú)”家庭的“二孩”的生育政策;另一方面,政府應(yīng)制定各種吸引政策,鼓勵(lì)國(guó)外高素質(zhì)人力資源移民中國(guó),更好的完善人力資源結(jié)構(gòu)。
關(guān)鍵詞 更替水平;權(quán)衡;人口平衡狀態(tài);老齡化;人口遷移
中圖分類號(hào) C924.24 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼 A
文章編號(hào) 1002-2104(2014)10-0114-07
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1002-2104.2014.10.016
隨著歐洲各國(guó)工業(yè)文明和社會(huì)的發(fā)展,人口驟降和老齡化趨勢(shì)不斷加強(qiáng),這使得他們開(kāi)始嘗試通過(guò)移民來(lái)改變?nèi)丝谀挲g結(jié)構(gòu)(United Nations[1]; Juham[2])。然而,中國(guó)目前也正面臨同樣的人口生育率大大低于更替水平和人口老齡化困境,并由此會(huì)導(dǎo)致將在2030年左右出現(xiàn)較為嚴(yán)重的人口負(fù)增長(zhǎng)狀態(tài)(彭秀健[3]; 彭希哲,胡湛[4]; 張熠[5])但是通過(guò)中國(guó)第六次人口普查數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)看,負(fù)增長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間會(huì)在2020年之前(國(guó)家統(tǒng)計(jì)局網(wǎng)站)出現(xiàn),這將會(huì)使得這種趨勢(shì)進(jìn)一步被提前。中國(guó)能否在這僅剩的6年的時(shí)間里做好應(yīng)對(duì)人口負(fù)增長(zhǎng)狀態(tài)呢?從歐洲16國(guó)家的人口政策來(lái)看,一方面,均鼓勵(lì)國(guó)民生育,國(guó)民的生育會(huì)是一種豐厚的“福利”;另一方面,他們均采取了“高技術(shù)”移民來(lái)改變?nèi)丝诶淆g化問(wèn)題。但是,對(duì)于中國(guó)這樣一個(gè)人口基數(shù)大、老齡化速度迅猛的發(fā)展中國(guó)家,是否也可以通過(guò)類似的模式來(lái)緩解人口結(jié)構(gòu)失調(diào)性的矛盾呢?鑒于此,筆者將結(jié)合歐洲16國(guó)的人口結(jié)構(gòu)及移民狀況來(lái)分析這一問(wèn)題。
1 文獻(xiàn)綜述
從目前已有的人口增長(zhǎng)理論和人口模型來(lái)看,其假設(shè)均是人口的增長(zhǎng)是指數(shù)形式的(Keyfitz[6]; Espenshade. et al[7]; 賈紹鳳, 孟向京[8]; 朱農(nóng), 曾昭俊[9]; 胡鞍鋼[10]),這不符合實(shí)際狀況,特別是當(dāng)把人口預(yù)測(cè)和優(yōu)化目標(biāo)區(qū)間設(shè)定在30年以上時(shí),研究結(jié)果將會(huì)產(chǎn)生很大的偏差,使得研究結(jié)論失真。盡管不同的靜態(tài)模型可以用不同的方程表達(dá),這也能夠提供一定的解釋力,但是這些模型的構(gòu)建是在人口遷移率為常數(shù)的前提下展開(kāi)的(Mitra[11];Schmertmann[12];唐家龍,馬忠東[13];王桂新等[14];陳沁,宋錚[15])。實(shí)際上,人口遷移并不總是常數(shù)的形式,遷移率與人口的年齡規(guī)模是成正比的(Rogers[16])。為了使得研究更加符合現(xiàn)實(shí)人口遷移狀況,本文假定,正向或負(fù)向的隊(duì)列凈遷移與人口出生狀況是成正比的。這將便于我們分析生育和遷移變量組的均衡點(diǎn)。本文采用了人口封閉狀態(tài)下的相關(guān)方程對(duì)人口增長(zhǎng)率和年齡分布進(jìn)行分析和測(cè)算。
在文章的第二部分,我們將隊(duì)列凈遷移與人口出生狀況成正比的假設(shè)引入模型,并且采用歐洲16國(guó)及中國(guó)的相關(guān)人口數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)對(duì)遷移生存函數(shù)作經(jīng)驗(yàn)分析。第三部分,筆者將重點(diǎn)分析凈遷移對(duì)出生率的影響效應(yīng),并且將測(cè)算生育-遷移的均衡點(diǎn),也就是生育和遷移的動(dòng)態(tài)變化形成的人口相對(duì)靜止?fàn)顟B(tài)。進(jìn)一步地,筆者將基于北歐國(guó)家的相關(guān)人口數(shù)據(jù)給出經(jīng)驗(yàn)估計(jì)的結(jié)果。采用北歐福利國(guó)家的人口撫養(yǎng)比數(shù)據(jù),分析移民對(duì)人口老齡化趨勢(shì)的影響效應(yīng)。最后一部分,筆者將針對(duì)中國(guó)相對(duì)靜態(tài)人口格局和人口老齡化趨勢(shì)進(jìn)行總結(jié),然后,從兩個(gè)視角提出解決中國(guó)人口老齡化問(wèn)題建議。
讓?duì)?0,可以得到靜態(tài)人口的特殊形式,表1結(jié)果表明,目前的遷移水平對(duì)歐洲16國(guó)家人口增長(zhǎng)率產(chǎn)生了正向效應(yīng)。接下來(lái),筆者將重點(diǎn)通過(guò)歐洲典型國(guó)家人口結(jié)構(gòu)變化情況來(lái)分析人口增長(zhǎng)均衡的問(wèn)題。上文中我們提到,近似的穩(wěn)定狀態(tài)在F=1時(shí),并且在不存在人口遷移的狀況下是成立的,但如果存在人口的遷移,情況將會(huì)產(chǎn)生較大變化。
從圖1可以看出,如果北歐4國(guó)中,挪威的生育率降到0.70,則在目前生育概率和生育分布不變的情況下,凈遷移率應(yīng)該達(dá)到0.35左右來(lái)維持這種平穩(wěn)狀態(tài)。數(shù)組已經(jīng)用“*”標(biāo)在圖中,北歐4國(guó)的相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)可通過(guò)表1展現(xiàn)出來(lái),挪威生育和凈遷移率數(shù)組為(0.84,0.28),瑞典為(0.76,0.34),丹麥和芬蘭分別為(0.78,0.14)和(0.78,0.12),而中國(guó)的生育和凈遷移數(shù)組為(1.18,0.15)。挪威數(shù)組值在其均衡曲線的上方,芬蘭和丹麥顯著性的在其均衡曲線的下方,瑞典基本上位于其均衡曲線上,這說(shuō)明瑞典穩(wěn)定狀態(tài)的人口增長(zhǎng)率趨于零。這種橫向比較表明,從長(zhǎng)期來(lái)看,人口遷移對(duì)人口增長(zhǎng)具有顯著性的影響,但是對(duì)于不同的國(guó)家影響程度也是有較大差別的。要達(dá)到穩(wěn)定狀態(tài),丹麥的人口凈遷移應(yīng)該達(dá)到0.28,但芬蘭的人口凈遷移應(yīng)該達(dá)到0.39,這種差異性取決于不同國(guó)家的H(x)函數(shù)的變化值。
5 結(jié)論與建議
本文中,通過(guò)對(duì)歐洲16國(guó)及中國(guó)相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)的分析和模型變量的估計(jì),我們測(cè)度了人口遷移和其生育率的相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)和指標(biāo),建立了穩(wěn)定狀態(tài)的人口模型。在生育率和凈遷移率相對(duì)穩(wěn)定的動(dòng)態(tài)條件下,研究?jī)烧咧g的變化關(guān)系。本文假定的是一個(gè)開(kāi)放的人口系統(tǒng),在這個(gè)系統(tǒng)里面,人口遷移率與生育率是成正比的,人口的流入具有穩(wěn)定性。實(shí)際上,一個(gè)國(guó)家的人口也是有一定的流出率的,其與人口的規(guī)模也是成正比的。在這種情況下,一個(gè)不變的凈流動(dòng)率假設(shè)暗含了流入人口的規(guī)模是可容納人口規(guī)模的線性函數(shù)。從這個(gè)視角來(lái)看,這兩種假設(shè)沒(méi)有看上去的差異那么大。凈遷移水平和移民生存函數(shù)對(duì)人口年齡分布結(jié)構(gòu)有顯著性的影響。研究結(jié)果能夠在更大程度上否定人口遷移能夠加重當(dāng)?shù)厝丝诶淆g化趨勢(shì)的可能性。然而,這種效應(yīng)具有敏感性。移民可以在很大程度上提高人口增長(zhǎng)率,這會(huì)使得人口的年齡分布更加年輕化。但是,如果控制人口增長(zhǎng)率,增加的人口在會(huì)低生育率的條件下,使得人口分布更加趨于老齡化,因?yàn)檫w入的人口總是比新生人口更加老化。我們最期望的結(jié)果是人口的老齡化是由于人均預(yù)期壽命的延長(zhǎng)。然而,如果人口老齡化的發(fā)生是因?yàn)槿丝诘呢?fù)增長(zhǎng),這是我們不愿意看到的結(jié)果。
從廣義的生態(tài)學(xué)意義上來(lái)看,盡管我們會(huì)認(rèn)為正的人口增長(zhǎng)率是不可持續(xù)的,但是通過(guò)減少人口的凈遷移來(lái)規(guī)避人口急劇下降問(wèn)題,會(huì)減少處于工作年齡的人口的贍養(yǎng)負(fù)擔(dān),從而增加他們的福利,這是可行的。但是,如果還有增長(zhǎng)的空間,那么,日益增長(zhǎng)的凈遷移能夠顯著性的降低人口老齡化狀態(tài),對(duì)于一個(gè)具有較低凈遷移率的國(guó)家,其人口老齡化程度相當(dāng)于該國(guó)家人均預(yù)期壽命延長(zhǎng)幾年甚至十幾年而導(dǎo)致的人口老齡化狀態(tài)。但是對(duì)于大部分歐洲國(guó)家,這種效應(yīng)是在遞減的。他們已經(jīng)把這種“移民效應(yīng)”發(fā)揮到最大作用了,其穩(wěn)定的人口增長(zhǎng)已經(jīng)為正。如果他們目前期望在不加劇人口老齡化的條件下通過(guò)降低凈遷移率,那么唯一的選擇就是增加本國(guó)人口的生育率。
我們假設(shè)移民和本國(guó)人口生育對(duì)于人口老齡化的緩解具有同等重要的地位,這種假定是合理的。因?yàn)檫^(guò)去的移民是目前穩(wěn)定的人口基礎(chǔ)。然而,如果移民有更高的生育率,那么這些國(guó)家的老齡化率將會(huì)比預(yù)測(cè)的更小。鑒于上述對(duì)歐洲16國(guó)家的人口結(jié)構(gòu)、移民狀況和老齡化趨勢(shì)的均衡分析,并結(jié)合中國(guó)的實(shí)際狀況,本文認(rèn)為,這對(duì)于中國(guó)人口老齡化的緩解具有很強(qiáng)的借鑒意義。可以從兩個(gè)視角解決中國(guó)人口老齡化問(wèn)題。
5.1 在適當(dāng)?shù)姆秶鷥?nèi)提高中國(guó)內(nèi)部人口的生育率
從目前中國(guó)人口的更替水平來(lái)看,中國(guó)已經(jīng)陷入了“超低生育率”陷阱。在未來(lái)50年中國(guó)不單單是勞動(dòng)力人口快速下降,老齡化比率會(huì)迅速提高。而且隨著中國(guó)社會(huì)保障制度的完善和保障水平的提高,人口的生育模式以及生育理念會(huì)進(jìn)一步的改變。按照發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的相關(guān)生育狀況來(lái)看,隨著社會(huì)保障水平提高,生育率會(huì)逐漸下降。這會(huì)與目前及今后中國(guó)逐步依賴內(nèi)部消費(fèi)來(lái)驅(qū)動(dòng)經(jīng)濟(jì)的快速發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略是相悖的,會(huì)嚴(yán)重影響中國(guó)的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展。本文認(rèn)為,應(yīng)該在適當(dāng)?shù)姆秶鷥?nèi)提高中國(guó)內(nèi)部人口的生育率。選擇適當(dāng)?shù)纳J?,進(jìn)一步落實(shí)父母“單獨(dú)”家庭的“二孩”的生育政策。從而,在適當(dāng)?shù)姆秶鷥?nèi)提高中國(guó)內(nèi)部人口的生育率。
5.2 制定各種吸引政策,鼓勵(lì)國(guó)外高素質(zhì)人力資源移民中國(guó),更好的完善人力資源結(jié)構(gòu)
在這方面,我們可以參照歐洲的做法,很長(zhǎng)一段時(shí)間以來(lái),歐洲國(guó)家通過(guò)比較優(yōu)勢(shì),不斷地從發(fā)展中國(guó)家中獲得優(yōu)質(zhì)勞動(dòng)力資源,我們稱之為“高技術(shù)”移民,這些人力資源不僅僅是處于勞動(dòng)力年齡的人口,更多的還是在科技上有高能力的受到良好教育的人力資源。實(shí)際上,歐洲很多國(guó)家中擁有高度發(fā)達(dá)的經(jīng)濟(jì)及科技和信息是因?yàn)樗麄兏叨劝l(fā)達(dá)的教育培養(yǎng)的以及通過(guò)比較優(yōu)勢(shì)獲得國(guó)外優(yōu)秀勞動(dòng)力人口建立起來(lái)的,不是簡(jiǎn)單的勞動(dòng)力人口堆積。而且一個(gè)國(guó)家只有擁有了高素質(zhì)的人力資源,才能站在經(jīng)濟(jì)和信息化的制高點(diǎn),而不僅僅是擁有勞動(dòng)力。因此, 本文建議,中國(guó)應(yīng)該制定更多的吸引政策,鼓勵(lì)國(guó)外高素質(zhì)人力資源移民中國(guó),更好的完善中國(guó)人力資源結(jié)構(gòu),從而為中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)的快速健康發(fā)展做出更大的貢獻(xiàn)。
目前,中國(guó)的勞動(dòng)力人口結(jié)構(gòu),遠(yuǎn)未達(dá)到優(yōu)化狀態(tài),特別是隨著中國(guó)人均預(yù)期壽命的
延長(zhǎng),退休年齡并未得到相應(yīng)程度的提升,目前法定退休年齡仍然維持在20世紀(jì)50年代的
水平。為延長(zhǎng)職工的法定退休年齡,優(yōu)化勞動(dòng)力人口結(jié)構(gòu),本文認(rèn)為,應(yīng)逐步建立激勵(lì)性的
彈性退休機(jī)制。允許勞動(dòng)力人口在退休年齡、退休方式及退休收入方面具有一定的彈性。這
方面,可以借鑒歐美等發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的彈性退休金制度,來(lái)設(shè)定和優(yōu)化適合中國(guó)的激勵(lì)性彈性退
休機(jī)制,也就是通過(guò)退休年齡段的選擇、工資稅的差異及階梯式的替代率來(lái)達(dá)到激勵(lì)勞動(dòng)
力人口延遲退休的目的。勞動(dòng)力人口可以自主選擇一個(gè)年齡段退休,相應(yīng)地享受不同替代率
水平的養(yǎng)老金水平,最終使得勞動(dòng)力人口結(jié)構(gòu)得到優(yōu)化。
(編輯:常 勇)
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Studying on Population Aging Problem of Migration and Fertility Rate in the State
of Steady Population
WANG Zengwen1,2
(1.School of Public Management Nanjing, Nanjing University of Finances and Economics, Nanjing Jiangsu 210023,China;
2.Institute of Urban Development Studies, Nanjing University of Finances and Economics, Nanjing Jiangsu 210023,China)
Abstract
Birth rate is well below replacement level; China is coming into a state of ‘super low fertility trap, while populations life expectancy will further aggravate the aging of the population pattern. From the point of view of 16 European countries population policy, we can see that, on the one hand, they have been encouraging the birth, and, therefore, the national family planning will be considered a huge ‘welfare; they also take migration measure to change population aging problem, which also can bring the enlightenment in a certain sense for Chinese. In view of this, the author introduces an open static state population model to make a balance and tradeoff for the migration rate and the fertility rate. Through the comparison results of the population age structure, population migration calculation and the fertility rate of EU countries, we found that the population migration can reduce the extent of the aging of the population on a nation or region; the aging trend of the population have been weakened strongly for a country with immigrant population, and the population age structure will be achieved a balanced state. Migration can improve population growth rate to a large extent, which can make the age distribution of population be much younger. It has great valuable reference significance for China, the author proposes some suggestions to solve the problem of Chinas aging population from two angles, and one is the raising of Chinese internal population birth rate; the other is the moderate for ‘high tech immigration policy in the proper range. On the one hand, we should improve the Chinese internal population birth rate in the proper range and select the appropriate growth model, and we should further implement the ‘second children fertility policy; on the other hand, the government should formulate various attractive policies to encourage foreign immigrants highquality human resources, which also can improve Chinese human resources structure.
Key words replacement level; balance; state of population balance; aging; population migration
Studying on Population Aging Problem of Migration and Fertility Rate in the State
of Steady Population
WANG Zengwen1,2
(1.School of Public Management Nanjing, Nanjing University of Finances and Economics, Nanjing Jiangsu 210023,China;
2.Institute of Urban Development Studies, Nanjing University of Finances and Economics, Nanjing Jiangsu 210023,China)
Abstract
Birth rate is well below replacement level; China is coming into a state of ‘super low fertility trap, while populations life expectancy will further aggravate the aging of the population pattern. From the point of view of 16 European countries population policy, we can see that, on the one hand, they have been encouraging the birth, and, therefore, the national family planning will be considered a huge ‘welfare; they also take migration measure to change population aging problem, which also can bring the enlightenment in a certain sense for Chinese. In view of this, the author introduces an open static state population model to make a balance and tradeoff for the migration rate and the fertility rate. Through the comparison results of the population age structure, population migration calculation and the fertility rate of EU countries, we found that the population migration can reduce the extent of the aging of the population on a nation or region; the aging trend of the population have been weakened strongly for a country with immigrant population, and the population age structure will be achieved a balanced state. Migration can improve population growth rate to a large extent, which can make the age distribution of population be much younger. It has great valuable reference significance for China, the author proposes some suggestions to solve the problem of Chinas aging population from two angles, and one is the raising of Chinese internal population birth rate; the other is the moderate for ‘high tech immigration policy in the proper range. On the one hand, we should improve the Chinese internal population birth rate in the proper range and select the appropriate growth model, and we should further implement the ‘second children fertility policy; on the other hand, the government should formulate various attractive policies to encourage foreign immigrants highquality human resources, which also can improve Chinese human resources structure.
Key words replacement level; balance; state of population balance; aging; population migration
Studying on Population Aging Problem of Migration and Fertility Rate in the State
of Steady Population
WANG Zengwen1,2
(1.School of Public Management Nanjing, Nanjing University of Finances and Economics, Nanjing Jiangsu 210023,China;
2.Institute of Urban Development Studies, Nanjing University of Finances and Economics, Nanjing Jiangsu 210023,China)
Abstract
Birth rate is well below replacement level; China is coming into a state of ‘super low fertility trap, while populations life expectancy will further aggravate the aging of the population pattern. From the point of view of 16 European countries population policy, we can see that, on the one hand, they have been encouraging the birth, and, therefore, the national family planning will be considered a huge ‘welfare; they also take migration measure to change population aging problem, which also can bring the enlightenment in a certain sense for Chinese. In view of this, the author introduces an open static state population model to make a balance and tradeoff for the migration rate and the fertility rate. Through the comparison results of the population age structure, population migration calculation and the fertility rate of EU countries, we found that the population migration can reduce the extent of the aging of the population on a nation or region; the aging trend of the population have been weakened strongly for a country with immigrant population, and the population age structure will be achieved a balanced state. Migration can improve population growth rate to a large extent, which can make the age distribution of population be much younger. It has great valuable reference significance for China, the author proposes some suggestions to solve the problem of Chinas aging population from two angles, and one is the raising of Chinese internal population birth rate; the other is the moderate for ‘high tech immigration policy in the proper range. On the one hand, we should improve the Chinese internal population birth rate in the proper range and select the appropriate growth model, and we should further implement the ‘second children fertility policy; on the other hand, the government should formulate various attractive policies to encourage foreign immigrants highquality human resources, which also can improve Chinese human resources structure.
Key words replacement level; balance; state of population balance; aging; population migration