夏金皆
普通高中課程標準實驗教科書英語模塊1第三單元和第五單元中有這樣兩個句子:
She gave me a determined look—the kind that said she would not change her mind. 她堅定地看了我一眼,那眼神說明她不會改變主意。
The last thirty years have seen the greatest number of laws stopping our rights and progress, until today we have reached a stage where we have almost no rights at all. 過去30年來所出現(xiàn)的大量法律剝奪我們的權利,阻擋我們進步,一直到今天,我們還處在幾乎什么權利都沒有的階段。
上兩例中的謂語said和have seen都屬于修辭格中的擬人用法。擬人就是把事物當作人來寫。把人的特點賦予事物或某種抽象概念。第二例中的主語The last thirty years是一個時間概念,卻被賦予了視覺,使之能“見證(have seen)許多法律阻止我們的權利和進步”。為幫助大家更好地理解這類句子和擬人的修辭手法,現(xiàn)將動詞擬人用法歸類分析如下:
1. bring表示“帶來”。例如:
Haste does not bring success. 欲速則不達。
Every minute or two has brought new arrivals. 每一兩分鐘都有一些人來。
Spring rains bring summer flowers. 春雨引來夏花開。
2. see, find, discover, witness等表示“見證”,give a glimpse of表示“瞥見”。例如:
The 5th century saw the end of the Roman Empire in the west. 五世紀見證了西方羅馬帝國的滅亡。(Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English,1988)
Many ancient civilisations saw the value of bringing back plants from distant lands. 許多古老文化都懂得從遙遠的地方把植物帶回來的價值。(NSEFC Book 9, Unit 4)
This old house has seen better days. 這座老房子曾有過風光的日子。
Dusk found him crying in the street because he was hungry. 黃昏時分,有人看到他餓了,在街上哭。
A phone call to Baoding discovered that Bashis parents had already searched for the “body” in 50 wells. 一個電話打到保定,結果發(fā)現(xiàn)八喜的父母已經在五十口井里打撈過他的尸體。
A blush witnessed her shy disposition. 她臉紅證明她個性害羞。(《英漢多功能詞典》,外研社/建宏)
The last of the 19th century witnessed the steady improvement in the means of travel. 19世紀末見證了交通方式穩(wěn)定進步。
Visits to places of historic interest gave glimpses of Chinas past. 參觀名勝古跡能瞥見中國歷史。
3. 將人的動作賦予事物、動物或抽象概念。
①dance表示“跳舞”, 在擬人手法中表示“上下波動”。例如:
The waves danced in the sunlight. 波浪在陽光下起伏。(Longman Dictionary of Contem porary English, 1988)
②escape表示“逃離”,在擬人手法中,escape ones notice表示“未被注意,忽視”,escape ones memory表示“忘記”。例如:
It might have escaped your notice, but Im very busy at the moment. 也許你沒注意到,可我此刻忙得不可開交。(Oxford Advanced Learners English Dictionary Seventh edition)
③greet表示“歡迎,迎接”。例如:
A surprising sight greeted her eyes. 一個驚人的景象呈現(xiàn)在她眼前。(《大學英語語法》,徐廣聯(lián),華東理工大學出版社,2005)
Cheers and embraces greeted the heroes as they stepped down from the plane. 英雄們走下飛機時,受到人們的熱烈歡迎和擁抱。(《大學英語語法》,徐廣聯(lián),華東理工大學出版社,2005)
④kiss表示“吻”。例如:
A soft wind kissed the tree-tops. 微風輕吻著樹稍。(Thorndike-Century Junior Dictionary, 1955)
⑤look at表示“看”,通過擬人的方式間接地表達“關注”之意。例如:endprint
Architecture looks at the man-made living environment. 建筑關注人造的生活環(huán)境。(SEFC Book2)
⑥tear up表示“撕毀,撕碎”,通過擬人手法表示“破壞”的意思。例如:
The hungry flames tore up the building faster than anything I had seen. 大火以我從未見到過的速度吞噬著房屋。(《大學英語語法》,徐廣聯(lián),華東理工大學出版社,2005)
The wind tore up several trees. 風把幾棵樹連根拔起。(《英漢大詞典》,陸谷孫,上海譯文出版社,1993)
⑦die表示“死”,通過擬人的方式表達“消失”的意思。例如:
A bad thing never dies. 壞事遺臭萬年。
⑧swim表示“游泳”,通過擬人的方式表達“飄蕩”的意思。例如:
I had been working on math for the whole afternoon and the numbers swam before my eyes. 我做了一整下午的數(shù)學題,結果眼前晃動的全是數(shù)字。(2012年高考全國卷)
4. 將人的認知活動賦予事物、動物或抽象概念。用know, see, understand, realize等表示“明白,懂得”。例如:
Like knows like. 惺惺相惜。
The frog in the well knows nothing of the great ocean. 坐井觀天。
Many a mans reputation would not know his character if they met on the street. 一個人的名聲與品德并不總會一致。
Only time knows how valuable time is. 只有時間才知道時間多么珍貴。
5. 讓事物、動物或抽象概念賦予人的表述活動。read, say表示“讀作,讀數(shù)是,說明”, speak表示“說服力”。例如:
The clock reads three oclock sharp. 時鐘上的讀數(shù)是三點整。
The notice says, “Keep out”. 告示上寫著“禁止入內”。
Actions speak louder than words. 事實勝于雄辯。
6. 用事物作主語,用protest, suffer, hate, like, dislike等詞作謂語,表述者假借事物抒發(fā)人的感受。例如:
Poetry suffers in translation—and the readers suffers with it。詩歌在翻譯中受損——讀者也因此遭殃。
My computer is protesting about how Im using it too much. 計算機在抗議我用得太多。
The apple was too sour, my teeth didnt like it. 蘋果太酸,牙齒不舒服。
7. 用“have+人或動物的器官”給人提出警示。例如:
Walls have ears. 小心隔墻有耳。
Bad news has wings. 好事不出門,壞事傳千里。
8. 工具等作主語,用cut, write, wash等說明其質量。例如:
The cloth washes long. 這種布料耐洗。
The pen writes smoothly. 這支筆很流暢。
在這類擬人句中,部分是因為動作沒有明確的執(zhí)行者,于是將原本用在賓語中的名詞用作主語,充當動作的執(zhí)行者,使句子變得更加生動。endprint