曹瑞芬++張安錄++蔡銀鶯
摘要耕地保護(hù)不僅要確保耕地的數(shù)量不減少、而且要保證耕地的質(zhì)量和生態(tài)功能不下降。本文綜合考慮耕地的數(shù)量、質(zhì)量和生態(tài)屬性,采用加權(quán)求合法計(jì)算耕地的綜合水平,并據(jù)此采用Jenks自然斷裂點(diǎn)法將湖北省102個(gè)縣(市、區(qū))劃分為耕地赤字區(qū)、耕地平衡區(qū)以及耕地盈余區(qū),界定了縣級(jí)層面耕地保護(hù)補(bǔ)償關(guān)系。分區(qū)結(jié)果顯示:全省共有56個(gè)耕地赤字區(qū),28個(gè)耕地平衡區(qū)以及18個(gè)耕地盈余區(qū),盈余區(qū)個(gè)數(shù)僅占總樣本的18%,說明湖北省耕地資源綜合水平偏低;省內(nèi)耕地資源綜合水平差異較大,綜合水平值最高為0.209 9(鐘祥市),最低為0(江漢區(qū)、武昌區(qū)和黃石港區(qū)),平均水平為0.083 8。此外,通過構(gòu)建耕地資源綜合水平與土地財(cái)政之間的定量關(guān)系,實(shí)行跨區(qū)域的財(cái)政轉(zhuǎn)移支付,以均衡各區(qū)域的發(fā)展。研究結(jié)果表明:耕地資源綜合水平每增長1個(gè)效用值,土地財(cái)政收入約減少115.811萬元。結(jié)合分區(qū)結(jié)果和定量關(guān)系可知,18個(gè)受償區(qū)中,耕地綜合水平最高的鐘祥市得到最高的補(bǔ)償款(315.715 4萬元);56個(gè)支付區(qū)中,江漢區(qū)、武昌區(qū)和黃石港區(qū)的耕地綜合水平均為0,修正后三者的補(bǔ)償款分別為203.580 2萬元、89.371 0萬元和135.452 7萬元。此外,財(cái)政轉(zhuǎn)移支付行為具有一定的現(xiàn)實(shí)可操作性,各個(gè)縣(市、區(qū))的轉(zhuǎn)移支付額占當(dāng)年地方財(cái)政收入的比例較低,約為0.007%~3.374%,均在政府可承受的范圍之內(nèi)。研究成果能為均衡湖北省各區(qū)域的發(fā)展提供依據(jù),對(duì)于我國耕地保護(hù)的實(shí)施也具有重要的現(xiàn)實(shí)意義。
關(guān)鍵詞耕地保護(hù);補(bǔ)償分區(qū);財(cái)政轉(zhuǎn)移支付;綜合評(píng)價(jià);Jenks自然斷裂點(diǎn)法
中圖分類號(hào)F301.21 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼A文章編號(hào)1002-2104(2014)12-0014-09doi:103969/jissn1002-2104201412003
耕地保護(hù)經(jīng)濟(jì)補(bǔ)償是一種有效協(xié)調(diào)耕地保護(hù)與經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展矛盾的經(jīng)濟(jì)激勵(lì)措施[1],補(bǔ)償?shù)膶?shí)質(zhì)是一個(gè)外部性內(nèi)部化的過程[2]。國內(nèi)學(xué)者對(duì)于耕地保護(hù)經(jīng)濟(jì)補(bǔ)償機(jī)制的研究主要集中在補(bǔ)償機(jī)制的理論基礎(chǔ)[3-4]、補(bǔ)償區(qū)域的劃分[2]、補(bǔ)償標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的測算[5-10]以及補(bǔ)償效應(yīng)的分析[11]上。其中,合理劃分補(bǔ)償區(qū)域,界定區(qū)域補(bǔ)償關(guān)系,是實(shí)施耕地保護(hù)補(bǔ)償制度的前提和基礎(chǔ)。目前,應(yīng)用最廣泛的是張效軍等[12-13]提出的基于糧食安全法的耕地盈余/赤字區(qū)的劃分。周小平等[2]通過實(shí)證研究將我國31個(gè)省劃分為耕地赤字區(qū)、耕地平衡區(qū)、耕地盈余區(qū)。然而,糧食安全法僅僅考慮了耕地的數(shù)量和質(zhì)量情況,且質(zhì)量方面僅以糧食單產(chǎn)代替,不僅耕地質(zhì)量方面考慮不夠全面,而且忽略了耕地的生態(tài)屬性。耕地保護(hù)不僅要確保耕地的數(shù)量不減少、而且要保證耕地的質(zhì)量和生態(tài)功能不下降。鑒于此,本文以湖北省的102個(gè)縣(市、區(qū))為例,綜合考慮耕地的數(shù)量、質(zhì)量和生態(tài)特性,采用加權(quán)求和法計(jì)算耕地的綜合水平,并據(jù)此界定縣級(jí)區(qū)域間的耕地保護(hù)補(bǔ)償關(guān)系;此外,通過構(gòu)建耕地綜合水平與土地財(cái)政之間的定量關(guān)系,實(shí)行跨區(qū)域的財(cái)政轉(zhuǎn)移支付,以豐富我國耕地保護(hù)經(jīng)濟(jì)補(bǔ)償?shù)睦碚摵图夹g(shù)知識(shí)。
1研究方法與數(shù)據(jù)處理
1.1耕地資源綜合評(píng)價(jià)
1.1.1確定評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)
耕地的數(shù)量由耕地面積來反映。影響耕地質(zhì)量的因素有很多,主要包括自然因素和社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)因素[14-16],我國耕地質(zhì)量等級(jí)調(diào)查與評(píng)定工作自1999年部署實(shí)施,歷時(shí)十年,其通過對(duì)農(nóng)用地自然質(zhì)量、土地利用水平、土地經(jīng)濟(jì)水平進(jìn)行逐級(jí)修正,綜合評(píng)定了農(nóng)用地的質(zhì)量等別。因此,采用耕地質(zhì)量等級(jí)調(diào)查與評(píng)定成果來反映耕地的質(zhì)量水平更具有科學(xué)性和說服力。耕地的生態(tài)水平可根據(jù)其產(chǎn)生的生態(tài)效益[17]進(jìn)行衡量。反映耕地資源綜合水平的指標(biāo)體系如表1所示。
曹瑞芬等:耕地保護(hù)經(jīng)濟(jì)補(bǔ)償分區(qū)及財(cái)政轉(zhuǎn)移支付中國人口·資源與環(huán)境2014年第12期
表1耕地綜合水平指標(biāo)一覽表
1.3土地財(cái)政與耕地綜合水平計(jì)量分析
國土資源部數(shù)據(jù)顯示,2010年我國土地出讓金占地方財(cái)政收入的比例再創(chuàng)新高,為76.6%,反映了地方政府對(duì)土地財(cái)政的極度依賴[21]。然而,耕地保護(hù)區(qū)域的新增建設(shè)用地指標(biāo)受到一定的限制,勢必會(huì)影響當(dāng)?shù)卣耐恋刎?cái)政收入,進(jìn)而損害其經(jīng)濟(jì)福利。因此,構(gòu)建土地財(cái)政與耕地保護(hù)之間的定量關(guān)系,結(jié)合分區(qū)結(jié)果,實(shí)行跨區(qū)域的財(cái)政轉(zhuǎn)移支付,對(duì)于我國耕地保護(hù)的實(shí)施具有重要的現(xiàn)實(shí)意義。
1.3.1變量選擇
筆者所關(guān)心的是耕地保護(hù)對(duì)土地財(cái)政是否有影響以及影響的程度有多大,其中,耕地保護(hù)水平采用前文計(jì)算的耕地資源綜合水平來反映;土地財(cái)政收入包含土地出讓金收入和土地相關(guān)稅收收入,由于土地相關(guān)稅收收入在土地財(cái)政收入中占的比重較小,吳群等[22] 指出耕地占用稅和城市土地使用稅之和僅占土地出讓金不到10%,因此選用土地出讓金收入代替土地財(cái)政收入。
影響土地財(cái)政收入的因素有很多,具體可分為制度因素和經(jīng)濟(jì)因素,其中制度因素主要指地方財(cái)權(quán)和事權(quán)的不平衡程度。1994年分稅制改革對(duì)地方政府產(chǎn)生了較大影響,一方面地方政府的財(cái)政收入比重下降,另一方面政府的事權(quán)支出范圍卻越來越大,負(fù)擔(dān)也越來越重。地方事權(quán)和財(cái)權(quán)的不平衡迫使地方政府把眼光投向了土地這塊肥肉[23],土地財(cái)政逐漸成為地方政府的“第二財(cái)政”。因此,財(cái)權(quán)和事權(quán)越不平衡的地區(qū),對(duì)土地財(cái)政的依賴越強(qiáng),其土地財(cái)政規(guī)模也相對(duì)較大。鑒于此,選取地方財(cái)權(quán)和事權(quán)的不平衡程度作為自變量。采用地方人均財(cái)政收支比與全國人均中央財(cái)政收支比的比值來衡量:地方事權(quán)和財(cái)權(quán)的不平衡程度=(地方人均財(cái)政支出/全國人均中央財(cái)政支出)/(地方人均財(cái)政收入/全國人均中央財(cái)政收入)。
經(jīng)濟(jì)因素主要指地區(qū)的競爭程度,公共財(cái)政預(yù)算收入是衡量地區(qū)競爭程度的重要指標(biāo)。公共預(yù)算收入越大,可用于公共服務(wù)的支出就會(huì)越多,從而營造出良好的生產(chǎn)和生活環(huán)境,進(jìn)而對(duì)外產(chǎn)生強(qiáng)大的吸引力。公共財(cái)政預(yù)算收入與土地財(cái)政收入預(yù)期存在正相關(guān)關(guān)系。另外,根據(jù)王克強(qiáng)等[24]的研究結(jié)果可知,人均播種面積是影響土地財(cái)政收入的重要因素,其通過影響征地制度和出讓制度來影響土地財(cái)政收入。
1.3.2模型設(shè)定
根據(jù)多數(shù)已有的計(jì)量模型研究[25],本文采用多元線性回歸模型。具體公式如下:
式中:α為經(jīng)濟(jì)修正系數(shù);h為區(qū)域補(bǔ)償類型,分為支付區(qū)和受償區(qū);i代表研究區(qū)域i。
2實(shí)證分析
2.1研究區(qū)域概況與數(shù)據(jù)獲取
湖北省位于長江中游、洞庭湖以北,是華中地區(qū)較為發(fā)達(dá)的省份之一,且地勢平坦,土壤肥沃,歷來是我國重要的糧棉油生產(chǎn)基地。近年來,隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)的快速發(fā)展,湖北省的耕地?cái)?shù)量和質(zhì)量呈現(xiàn)出減少和下降的趨勢,耕地資源保護(hù)受到前所未有的嚴(yán)峻挑戰(zhàn),嚴(yán)重威脅到我國的糧食安全。1996-2010年間,耕地面積由1996年的494.954萬hm2減少到2010年的481.225萬hm2,糧食總產(chǎn)量由1996年的2 484.4萬t減少到2010年的2 315.80萬t。
各個(gè)縣(市、區(qū))的耕地面積采用湖北省在“第二次全國土地調(diào)查”(簡稱“二調(diào)”)中的調(diào)查成果;耕地質(zhì)量水平參照《中國耕地質(zhì)量等級(jí)調(diào)查與評(píng)定(湖北卷)》[19]中農(nóng)用地等別分縣(市、區(qū))面積統(tǒng)計(jì)情況,并通過相關(guān)計(jì)算獲??;耕地生態(tài)水平依據(jù)其產(chǎn)生的生態(tài)效益來核算,涉及的數(shù)據(jù),如,主要糧食作物的單產(chǎn)、播種面積和全國平均價(jià)格等,通過查閱《中國農(nóng)產(chǎn)品價(jià)格調(diào)查年鑒2009》、《湖北統(tǒng)計(jì)年鑒2009》和《湖北農(nóng)村統(tǒng)計(jì)年鑒2009》等獲取??紤]到縣域?qū)用孀钚碌母孛娣e數(shù)據(jù)較難獲取,研究區(qū)域的耕地面積采用湖北省在“全國第二次土地調(diào)查”中的調(diào)查成果,而全國第二次土地調(diào)查自2007年7月1日開始,到2009年初完成,其調(diào)查成果主要反映了2008年的土地利用情況,因此,為保證研究時(shí)點(diǎn)的一致性,其他相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)均采用2008年數(shù)據(jù)。此外,回歸模型中相關(guān)變量如,地方公共財(cái)政預(yù)算收入、地方事權(quán)和財(cái)權(quán)的不平衡程度涉及的地方政府財(cái)政收入和支出通過查閱《湖北省統(tǒng)計(jì)年鑒2009》獲取;各縣(市、區(qū))新增建設(shè)用地面積來自湖北省國土資源廳提供的建設(shè)用地審批臺(tái)賬;2007-2010年湖北省市級(jí)層面的土地出讓金通過查閱2008-2011年《中國國土資源年鑒》獲取。
2.2結(jié)果分析
2.2.1效用值分區(qū)
Repayment咸安區(qū)1.318 9羅田縣2.854 6青山區(qū)88.066 8鐘祥市315.715 4長陽土家族自治縣1.292 4建始縣2.620 4黃州區(qū)20.843 0監(jiān)利縣127.892 3華容區(qū)3.629 8通城縣4.322 7西塞山區(qū)52.066 2曾都區(qū)223.327 8沙市區(qū)3.548 4英山縣4.615 6下陸區(qū)48.088 7襄陽區(qū)252.820 4梁子區(qū)1.823 5咸豐縣3.124 0鐵山區(qū)47.211 7天門市184.986 8巴東縣1.421 7??悼h4.133 9五峰土家族自治縣12.823 7棗陽市170.202 6鄂城區(qū)4.194 8宦恩縣3.497 1興山縣22.562 9沙洋縣156.563 3鄖縣1.009 8洪山區(qū)17.443 3鶴峰縣10.760 7公安縣83.170 7襄城區(qū)5.544 1丹江口市8.714 1猇亭區(qū)115.510 4潛扛市208.850 1竹山縣1.377 8房縣3.397 3點(diǎn)軍區(qū)35.597 0仙桃市147.259 4掇刀區(qū)6.428 9竹溪縣4.169 3伍家崗區(qū)79.198 6京山縣99.662 7赤壁市5.039 3通山縣5.299 2西陵區(qū)104.043 5宜城市55.212 7團(tuán)風(fēng)縣2.039 1來風(fēng)縣4.829 8張灣區(qū)18.990 9麻城市27.458 7東西湖區(qū)16.850 1漢南區(qū)29.246 3茅箭區(qū)54.436 7漢川市47.164 4鄖西縣1.572 5秭歸縣8.450 0神農(nóng)架林區(qū)22.983 0松滋市16.173 3樊城區(qū)16.159 8宜都市25.518 3江漢區(qū)203.580 2黃陂區(qū)15.433 6夷陵區(qū)8.151 9漢剛區(qū)52.473 2武昌區(qū)89.371 0廣水市11.834 0遠(yuǎn)安縣8.771 8江岸區(qū)34.255 8黃石港區(qū)135.452 7洪湖市7.973 6崇陽縣3.825 8硚口區(qū)43.771 3(1)湖北省耕地資源綜合水平偏低。102個(gè)樣本中,大部分樣本集中在耕地綜合水平虧損區(qū),約占總樣本的55%。湖北省糧棉油生產(chǎn)基地的地位開始動(dòng)搖,嚴(yán)重威脅著我國的糧食安全。該研究結(jié)論與前人的研究結(jié)論基本一致,曲福田等[26]通過分析不同糧食分區(qū)的耕地占用動(dòng)態(tài)得出,自2002年開始,湖北省的人均糧食生產(chǎn)水平已經(jīng)低于全國人均糧食生產(chǎn)水平,也就是說湖北省已經(jīng)由一個(gè)傳統(tǒng)的糧食主產(chǎn)區(qū)變成了糧食主銷區(qū)。
(2)省內(nèi)耕地綜合水平差異明顯。其中,綜合水平值最高為0.209 9(鐘祥市),最低為0(江漢區(qū)、武昌區(qū)和黃石港區(qū)),平均水平為0.083 8。低分值區(qū)域大部分為12個(gè)省轄市的城市轄區(qū),其中武漢市的大部分轄區(qū)分值均較低;高分值區(qū)域主要是湖北省的糧食生產(chǎn)大縣和糧棉油生產(chǎn)基地,如鐘祥、監(jiān)利、仙桃、天門和潛江等。
(3)結(jié)合分區(qū)結(jié)果和定量關(guān)系知,全省共有18個(gè)縣(市、區(qū))可以獲得耕地保護(hù)經(jīng)濟(jì)補(bǔ)償款,其中耕地綜合水平最高的鐘祥市得到最高的補(bǔ)償款(315.715 4萬元);同時(shí),共有56個(gè)縣(市、區(qū))需要支付補(bǔ)償款,其中,江漢區(qū)、武昌區(qū)和黃石港區(qū)的綜合水平均為0,修正后,三者的補(bǔ)償款分別為203.580 2萬元、89.371 0萬元和135.452 7萬元。
(4)財(cái)政轉(zhuǎn)移支付行為具有一定的現(xiàn)實(shí)可操作性。分析轉(zhuǎn)移支付額與當(dāng)年地方財(cái)政收入之間的關(guān)系可知,各個(gè)縣(市、區(qū))的轉(zhuǎn)移支付額占當(dāng)年地方財(cái)政收入的比例較低,約為0.007%~3.374%,均在政府可承受的范圍之內(nèi)。
3.2討論
耕地保護(hù)經(jīng)濟(jì)補(bǔ)償分區(qū)是構(gòu)建耕地保護(hù)經(jīng)濟(jì)補(bǔ)償機(jī)制的重要環(huán)節(jié)。目前,區(qū)域耕地保護(hù)補(bǔ)償分區(qū)中,應(yīng)用最廣泛的是基于糧食安全法的耕地盈余/赤字區(qū)的劃分[12-13]。然而,糧食安全法僅僅考慮了耕地的數(shù)量和質(zhì)量情況,且質(zhì)量方面僅以糧食單產(chǎn)代替。近年來,耕地資源的生態(tài)功能越來越引起學(xué)術(shù)界的關(guān)注,以耕地生態(tài)承載力供需關(guān)系為切入點(diǎn),研究耕地保護(hù)經(jīng)濟(jì)補(bǔ)償分區(qū)逐漸成為學(xué)者們研究的熱點(diǎn)[27-28]。耕地保護(hù)不僅要確保耕地的數(shù)量不減少、而且要保證耕地的質(zhì)量和生態(tài)功能不下降,本文基于耕地綜合水平的區(qū)域劃分方法為研究耕地保護(hù)經(jīng)濟(jì)補(bǔ)償分區(qū)提供了一個(gè)新的視角。此外,筆者進(jìn)一步量化了土地財(cái)政與耕地綜合水平之間的關(guān)系,并結(jié)合分區(qū)結(jié)果,實(shí)行跨區(qū)域的財(cái)政轉(zhuǎn)移支付。研究成果對(duì)于我國耕地保護(hù)的實(shí)施具有重要的現(xiàn)實(shí)意義。然而,受篇幅限制,本文僅僅研究了湖北省內(nèi)各縣(市、區(qū))之間的耕地保護(hù)經(jīng)濟(jì)補(bǔ)償機(jī)制,牛海鵬等[11]將耕地保護(hù)的經(jīng)濟(jì)補(bǔ)償機(jī)制分為區(qū)內(nèi)經(jīng)濟(jì)補(bǔ)償機(jī)制和區(qū)際經(jīng)濟(jì)補(bǔ)償機(jī)制,其中,區(qū)際經(jīng)濟(jì)補(bǔ)償又分為省際經(jīng)濟(jì)補(bǔ)償、市際經(jīng)濟(jì)補(bǔ)償和縣際經(jīng)濟(jì)補(bǔ)償,后期可將進(jìn)一步與全國各省聯(lián)系起來,探究省際經(jīng)濟(jì)補(bǔ)償機(jī)制,建立層次分明,一體化的區(qū)際經(jīng)濟(jì)補(bǔ)償體系。此外,由于土地出讓金收入在縣域?qū)用嫔想y以獲取,筆者選取與土地出讓金收入高度相關(guān)的新增建設(shè)用地面積搭建起耕地綜合水平與土地財(cái)政收入之間的關(guān)系,這樣的考慮有一定的道理,但可能使得估計(jì)結(jié)果存在一定的誤差,后期可進(jìn)一步通過各種途徑收集湖北省縣域?qū)用娴耐恋爻鲎尳鹗杖?,以保證估計(jì)結(jié)果更加精準(zhǔn)可靠。
(編輯:徐天祥)
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Economic Compensation Partition for Cultivated Land Protection and
Fiscal Transfer Payment: Take Hubei Province as Example
CAO RuifenZHANG AnluCAI Yinying
(College of Land Management, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan Hubei 430070, China)
AbstractThe target of cultivated land protection is to ensure not only the quantity but also the quality and ecological function of arable land. With considering the quantity, quality and ecological attribute of arable land, this study calculates the comprehensive level of cultivated land by employing weight sum method, and on this basis, divides 102 counties (cities, districts) of Hubei Province into the deficit area, balance area, and surplus area of cultivated land with method of Jenks natural breaks optimization, thus defining the compensation relations among counties. Zoning results in 56 counties of deficit area, 28 counties of balance area, and 18 counties of surplus area. Only 18% of counties are surplus area, which indicates that the comprehensive level of cultivated land in Hubei Province is low. And the interprovincial difference of comprehensive level of cultivated land is large, for example, Zhongxiang has the highest value of 0.209 9; on the contrary, Jianghan, Wuchang and Huangshigang have the lowest value of 0. Besides, the average is 0.083 8. Furthermore, we measure the amounts of fiscal transfer payment among regions to equalize the regional development through estimating the quantitative relationship between comprehensive level of arable land and land financial revenue. The results indicate that, land financial revenue reduces 115.811 million yuan with a unit increment of utility value. Lastly, combined with the partition result and quantitative relationship, it shows that, among the 18 repayment districts, Zhongxiang which has the highest comprehensive level of cultivated land gets the highest compensation of 315.715 4 million yuan; among the 56 payments areas, Jianghan, Wuchang and Huangshigang which have the lowest comprehensive level about 0, need give compensation of RMB 2 035 802, 893 710 and 1 354 527, respectively. In addition, the amount of transfer payment in each county (city, district) only accounts for a small proportion of the local government revenue, about 0.007 to 3.374%, and all are within the governments affordable range, so it is realistic to implement the transfers payment. It is concluded that cultivated land protection zones and fiscal transfer payments will provide a basis of equalizing the development of each region in Hubei Province, and have an important practical significance for the cultivated land protection in China.
Key wordscultivated land protection; compensation partition; fiscal transfer payment; comprehensive evaluation; Jenks natural breaks optimization
[23]孔善廣.分稅制后地方政府財(cái)事權(quán)非對(duì)稱性及約束激勵(lì)機(jī)制變化研究[J].經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)體制比較,2007,(1):36-42.[Kong Shanguang. Study on the Asymmetry of Local Governments Responsibility and Resource After the TaxSharing Reform and the Changes of Incentive Mechanism[J]. Comparative Economic & Social Systems, 2007, (1): 36-42.]
[24]王克強(qiáng),胡海生,劉紅梅.中國地方土地財(cái)政收入增長影響因素實(shí)證研究:基于1995-2008年中國省際面板數(shù)據(jù)的分析[J].財(cái)經(jīng)研究,2012,38(4):112-121.[Wang Keqiang, Hu Haisheng, Liu Hongmei. Empirical Study on Influential Factors of Local Land Financial Revenue Growth in China: Analysis Based on InterProvince Panel Data from 1995 to 2008[J]. Journal of Finance and Economics, 2012, 38(4): 112-121.]
[25]曲福田,陳江龍,陳雯.農(nóng)地非農(nóng)化經(jīng)濟(jì)驅(qū)動(dòng)機(jī)制的理論分析與實(shí)證研究[J].自然資源學(xué)報(bào),2005,20(2):231-239.[Qu Futian, Chen Jianglong, Chen Wen. Theoretical and Empirical Study on the Land Conversion Economic Driving Forces[J]. Journal of Natural Resources, 2005, 20(2): 231-240.]
[26]曲福田,朱新華.不同糧食分區(qū)耕地占用動(dòng)態(tài)與區(qū)域差異分析[J].中國土地科學(xué),2008,22(3):34-40.[Qu Futian, Zhu Huaxin. A Study of the Conversion of Cultivated Land in Various Grain Areas and Regional Difference[J]. China Land Science, 2008, 22(3): 35-40.]
[27]崔理想,陳興鵬,許新宇,等.高臺(tái)縣所轄鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)耕地生態(tài)足跡動(dòng)態(tài)分析[J].干旱地區(qū)農(nóng)業(yè)研究,2012,30(4):213-216.[Cui Lixiang, Chen Xingpeng, Xu Xinyu, et al. Dynamic Analysis of Ecological Footprint of Cultivated Land in Gaotais Towns[J]. Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas, 2012, 30(4): 213-216.]
[28]施開放,刁承泰,孫秀峰,等.基于耕地生態(tài)足跡的重慶市耕地生態(tài)承載力供需平衡研究[J].生態(tài)學(xué)報(bào),2013,33(6):1872-1879.[Shi Kaifang, Diao Chengtai, Sun Xiufeng, et al. Ecological Balance Between Supply and Demand in Chongqing City Based on Cultivated Land Ecological Footprint Method[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2013, 33(6): 1872-1879.]
Economic Compensation Partition for Cultivated Land Protection and
Fiscal Transfer Payment: Take Hubei Province as Example
CAO RuifenZHANG AnluCAI Yinying
(College of Land Management, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan Hubei 430070, China)
AbstractThe target of cultivated land protection is to ensure not only the quantity but also the quality and ecological function of arable land. With considering the quantity, quality and ecological attribute of arable land, this study calculates the comprehensive level of cultivated land by employing weight sum method, and on this basis, divides 102 counties (cities, districts) of Hubei Province into the deficit area, balance area, and surplus area of cultivated land with method of Jenks natural breaks optimization, thus defining the compensation relations among counties. Zoning results in 56 counties of deficit area, 28 counties of balance area, and 18 counties of surplus area. Only 18% of counties are surplus area, which indicates that the comprehensive level of cultivated land in Hubei Province is low. And the interprovincial difference of comprehensive level of cultivated land is large, for example, Zhongxiang has the highest value of 0.209 9; on the contrary, Jianghan, Wuchang and Huangshigang have the lowest value of 0. Besides, the average is 0.083 8. Furthermore, we measure the amounts of fiscal transfer payment among regions to equalize the regional development through estimating the quantitative relationship between comprehensive level of arable land and land financial revenue. The results indicate that, land financial revenue reduces 115.811 million yuan with a unit increment of utility value. Lastly, combined with the partition result and quantitative relationship, it shows that, among the 18 repayment districts, Zhongxiang which has the highest comprehensive level of cultivated land gets the highest compensation of 315.715 4 million yuan; among the 56 payments areas, Jianghan, Wuchang and Huangshigang which have the lowest comprehensive level about 0, need give compensation of RMB 2 035 802, 893 710 and 1 354 527, respectively. In addition, the amount of transfer payment in each county (city, district) only accounts for a small proportion of the local government revenue, about 0.007 to 3.374%, and all are within the governments affordable range, so it is realistic to implement the transfers payment. It is concluded that cultivated land protection zones and fiscal transfer payments will provide a basis of equalizing the development of each region in Hubei Province, and have an important practical significance for the cultivated land protection in China.
Key wordscultivated land protection; compensation partition; fiscal transfer payment; comprehensive evaluation; Jenks natural breaks optimization
[23]孔善廣.分稅制后地方政府財(cái)事權(quán)非對(duì)稱性及約束激勵(lì)機(jī)制變化研究[J].經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)體制比較,2007,(1):36-42.[Kong Shanguang. Study on the Asymmetry of Local Governments Responsibility and Resource After the TaxSharing Reform and the Changes of Incentive Mechanism[J]. Comparative Economic & Social Systems, 2007, (1): 36-42.]
[24]王克強(qiáng),胡海生,劉紅梅.中國地方土地財(cái)政收入增長影響因素實(shí)證研究:基于1995-2008年中國省際面板數(shù)據(jù)的分析[J].財(cái)經(jīng)研究,2012,38(4):112-121.[Wang Keqiang, Hu Haisheng, Liu Hongmei. Empirical Study on Influential Factors of Local Land Financial Revenue Growth in China: Analysis Based on InterProvince Panel Data from 1995 to 2008[J]. Journal of Finance and Economics, 2012, 38(4): 112-121.]
[25]曲福田,陳江龍,陳雯.農(nóng)地非農(nóng)化經(jīng)濟(jì)驅(qū)動(dòng)機(jī)制的理論分析與實(shí)證研究[J].自然資源學(xué)報(bào),2005,20(2):231-239.[Qu Futian, Chen Jianglong, Chen Wen. Theoretical and Empirical Study on the Land Conversion Economic Driving Forces[J]. Journal of Natural Resources, 2005, 20(2): 231-240.]
[26]曲福田,朱新華.不同糧食分區(qū)耕地占用動(dòng)態(tài)與區(qū)域差異分析[J].中國土地科學(xué),2008,22(3):34-40.[Qu Futian, Zhu Huaxin. A Study of the Conversion of Cultivated Land in Various Grain Areas and Regional Difference[J]. China Land Science, 2008, 22(3): 35-40.]
[27]崔理想,陳興鵬,許新宇,等.高臺(tái)縣所轄鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)耕地生態(tài)足跡動(dòng)態(tài)分析[J].干旱地區(qū)農(nóng)業(yè)研究,2012,30(4):213-216.[Cui Lixiang, Chen Xingpeng, Xu Xinyu, et al. Dynamic Analysis of Ecological Footprint of Cultivated Land in Gaotais Towns[J]. Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas, 2012, 30(4): 213-216.]
[28]施開放,刁承泰,孫秀峰,等.基于耕地生態(tài)足跡的重慶市耕地生態(tài)承載力供需平衡研究[J].生態(tài)學(xué)報(bào),2013,33(6):1872-1879.[Shi Kaifang, Diao Chengtai, Sun Xiufeng, et al. Ecological Balance Between Supply and Demand in Chongqing City Based on Cultivated Land Ecological Footprint Method[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2013, 33(6): 1872-1879.]
Economic Compensation Partition for Cultivated Land Protection and
Fiscal Transfer Payment: Take Hubei Province as Example
CAO RuifenZHANG AnluCAI Yinying
(College of Land Management, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan Hubei 430070, China)
AbstractThe target of cultivated land protection is to ensure not only the quantity but also the quality and ecological function of arable land. With considering the quantity, quality and ecological attribute of arable land, this study calculates the comprehensive level of cultivated land by employing weight sum method, and on this basis, divides 102 counties (cities, districts) of Hubei Province into the deficit area, balance area, and surplus area of cultivated land with method of Jenks natural breaks optimization, thus defining the compensation relations among counties. Zoning results in 56 counties of deficit area, 28 counties of balance area, and 18 counties of surplus area. Only 18% of counties are surplus area, which indicates that the comprehensive level of cultivated land in Hubei Province is low. And the interprovincial difference of comprehensive level of cultivated land is large, for example, Zhongxiang has the highest value of 0.209 9; on the contrary, Jianghan, Wuchang and Huangshigang have the lowest value of 0. Besides, the average is 0.083 8. Furthermore, we measure the amounts of fiscal transfer payment among regions to equalize the regional development through estimating the quantitative relationship between comprehensive level of arable land and land financial revenue. The results indicate that, land financial revenue reduces 115.811 million yuan with a unit increment of utility value. Lastly, combined with the partition result and quantitative relationship, it shows that, among the 18 repayment districts, Zhongxiang which has the highest comprehensive level of cultivated land gets the highest compensation of 315.715 4 million yuan; among the 56 payments areas, Jianghan, Wuchang and Huangshigang which have the lowest comprehensive level about 0, need give compensation of RMB 2 035 802, 893 710 and 1 354 527, respectively. In addition, the amount of transfer payment in each county (city, district) only accounts for a small proportion of the local government revenue, about 0.007 to 3.374%, and all are within the governments affordable range, so it is realistic to implement the transfers payment. It is concluded that cultivated land protection zones and fiscal transfer payments will provide a basis of equalizing the development of each region in Hubei Province, and have an important practical significance for the cultivated land protection in China.
Key wordscultivated land protection; compensation partition; fiscal transfer payment; comprehensive evaluation; Jenks natural breaks optimization