摘要小型水利設(shè)施合作供給是實(shí)現(xiàn)準(zhǔn)公共物品供給的有效方式,同時(shí)農(nóng)村社區(qū)小型水利設(shè)施合作供給也是眾多單個(gè)農(nóng)戶行為選擇的結(jié)果。理論研究發(fā)現(xiàn),極其復(fù)雜多變的個(gè)體決策行為可以通過(guò)突破傳統(tǒng)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的同質(zhì)性假設(shè)——運(yùn)用個(gè)體異質(zhì)性來(lái)表征。本文將農(nóng)戶異質(zhì)性概念引入農(nóng)村社區(qū)小型水利設(shè)施合作供給問(wèn)題研究,探索農(nóng)戶社會(huì)資本異質(zhì)性與農(nóng)村社區(qū)小型水利設(shè)施合作供給的互動(dòng)關(guān)系及影響機(jī)理,試圖解決農(nóng)村小型水利設(shè)施合作供給中集體行動(dòng)的實(shí)現(xiàn)問(wèn)題。首先,運(yùn)用探索性因子分析法,將社會(huì)資本歸納為社會(huì)聲望、社會(huì)參與、社會(huì)信任和社會(huì)網(wǎng)絡(luò)四個(gè)不同維度。在此基礎(chǔ)上,利用陜西省關(guān)中地區(qū)393戶農(nóng)戶調(diào)查數(shù)據(jù),采用Probit模型實(shí)證分析社會(huì)資本多維異質(zhì)性對(duì)農(nóng)戶參與小型水利設(shè)施合作治理的影響。研究結(jié)果表明,社會(huì)資本多維異質(zhì)性對(duì)農(nóng)戶參與小型水利設(shè)施合作供給具有顯著影響。其中,信任維度、參與維度和網(wǎng)絡(luò)維度社會(huì)資本是農(nóng)戶小型水利設(shè)施參與行為的重要促進(jìn)因素,而聲望維度社會(huì)資本則降低了農(nóng)戶的參與行為。反映出社會(huì)資本的多維異質(zhì)性將導(dǎo)致集體行動(dòng)結(jié)果的不確定性。某一維度的社會(huì)資本促進(jìn)合作供給的產(chǎn)生,而另一維度的社會(huì)資本則對(duì)合作供給起到抑制作用,而且各維度交互作用可能使社會(huì)資本對(duì)合作供給影響結(jié)果產(chǎn)生不同結(jié)果。此外,農(nóng)戶參與小型水利設(shè)施合作供給還受其他因素的影響,農(nóng)戶受教育程度、水利對(duì)農(nóng)業(yè)重要性的認(rèn)知、水利設(shè)施維修情況以及用水糾紛對(duì)農(nóng)戶參與行為具有顯著正向影響,而種植面積對(duì)農(nóng)戶小型水利設(shè)施合作供給參與行為具有顯著負(fù)向影響。根據(jù)以上結(jié)果,政府應(yīng)該通過(guò)培育農(nóng)戶多維度的社會(huì)資本,強(qiáng)化社會(huì)資本的正向影響,促進(jìn)小型水利設(shè)施的合作供給;此外,通過(guò)加強(qiáng)組織服務(wù)功能、提高農(nóng)戶合作認(rèn)知等,提高農(nóng)戶小型水利設(shè)施合作供給的參與行為。
關(guān)鍵詞多維社會(huì)資本; 集體行動(dòng); 合作供給;小型水利設(shè)施
中圖分類號(hào)F303.1文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼A文章編號(hào)1002-2104(2014)12-0046-09doi:10.3969/j.issn.1002-2104.2014.12.007
我國(guó)農(nóng)村水利基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施長(zhǎng)期存在年久失修、運(yùn)行效率低下的問(wèn)題。水利作為農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)的命脈,小型水利設(shè)施建設(shè)的滯后極大制約了農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)的發(fā)展。從供給主體視角,農(nóng)村社區(qū)小型水利設(shè)施建設(shè)依托村民合作供給是一種有效的方式[1-2]。然而由于中國(guó)社會(huì)轉(zhuǎn)型期社會(huì)資本的缺失,導(dǎo)致灌溉中農(nóng)戶合作的困境。社會(huì)資本存在與否成為公共物品與服務(wù)供給集體行動(dòng)能否成功的關(guān)鍵[3]。合作對(duì)于增加農(nóng)民收入,提高農(nóng)民在市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)條件下的自主地位具有重要作用。社會(huì)資本作為集體行動(dòng)發(fā)起的前提條件,對(duì)促進(jìn)農(nóng)戶的合作行為具有重要意義。農(nóng)戶正是通過(guò)參與合作經(jīng)濟(jì)組織增加了社區(qū)的社會(huì)資本存量,促進(jìn)了地方經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展與鄉(xiāng)村治理結(jié)構(gòu)的優(yōu)化[4]。
農(nóng)戶是農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)決策的最小單位,由于宗族型社會(huì)的特點(diǎn)以及農(nóng)戶交往的自己人結(jié)構(gòu),導(dǎo)致農(nóng)戶的行為邏輯不僅受客觀因素判斷如利潤(rùn)最大化目標(biāo)的影響,而且受社會(huì)支持與社會(huì)關(guān)系的影響。農(nóng)村社會(huì)中的差序格局和封閉性特點(diǎn)使得農(nóng)戶行為不僅是理性的個(gè)體決策,而且是從眾的群體決策。大多數(shù)情況下,農(nóng)戶通過(guò)學(xué)習(xí)、模仿、互動(dòng)和試錯(cuò)的方式達(dá)成合作行為的決策。在小型農(nóng)村社區(qū)中,農(nóng)戶的學(xué)習(xí)、模仿就是通過(guò)其所擁有的人際關(guān)系及其帶來(lái)的網(wǎng)絡(luò)效應(yīng)、長(zhǎng)期生活在一起形成的共同價(jià)值觀、行為范式和彼此間的信任、不同層次和級(jí)別的農(nóng)戶及組織的互動(dòng)實(shí)現(xiàn)的,其行為受到其他農(nóng)戶以及所處環(huán)境的影響。因此,農(nóng)戶社會(huì)資本其本質(zhì)就是農(nóng)戶個(gè)人和組織形成的社會(huì)關(guān)系通過(guò)信任、建立聲望和參與水平獲取資源的能力,實(shí)際上可以歸結(jié)為社會(huì)網(wǎng)絡(luò)、社會(huì)信任、社會(huì)聲望和社會(huì)參與四個(gè)方面[5]。社會(huì)資本就是通過(guò)社會(huì)中個(gè)人和組織的網(wǎng)絡(luò)構(gòu)建及長(zhǎng)期的信任規(guī)范約束來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)個(gè)人或組織的效益目標(biāo)。
1文獻(xiàn)綜述
集體行動(dòng)作為一種客觀存在的社會(huì)現(xiàn)象,是行動(dòng)個(gè)體理性行為的非合作博弈結(jié)果。在個(gè)體理性選擇下,往往會(huì)出現(xiàn)個(gè)體理性和集體理性不一致、公共產(chǎn)品提供不足的悲劇性結(jié)果,如阿羅提出的“不可能性定理”、博弈論中著名的“囚徒困境”以及薩繆爾森的“搭便車?yán)碚摗焙凸〉摹肮驳乇瘎 钡榷荚敿?xì)的闡述了集體行動(dòng)失敗的原因。然而,研究也發(fā)現(xiàn),這種集體行為選擇理論是建立在同質(zhì)性假設(shè)的基礎(chǔ)上,忽視了現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中的異質(zhì)性。從理論上看,極其復(fù)雜多變的個(gè)體決策行為可以通過(guò)突破傳統(tǒng)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的同質(zhì)性假設(shè)——運(yùn)用個(gè)體異質(zhì)性來(lái)表征。社會(huì)資本作為表征農(nóng)戶異質(zhì)性的重要變量,兩者交互作用共同對(duì)合作供給過(guò)程中決策的形成和決策方式產(chǎn)生影響。Uphoff認(rèn)為,社會(huì)資本具有不同維度,它們促進(jìn)信息的分享,有利于采取集體行動(dòng),提高個(gè)體的合作意愿和合作效率,并且相對(duì)客觀并容易觀察[6]。合作是網(wǎng)絡(luò)中行動(dòng)者互動(dòng)的必然結(jié)果,合作越多,行動(dòng)者之間的互動(dòng)越多,社會(huì)資本的擴(kuò)展程度越高,網(wǎng)絡(luò)中的成員獲益越多[7]。Ostrom利用社會(huì)資本理論分析農(nóng)民如何克服搭便車問(wèn)題,即通過(guò)對(duì)尼泊爾150個(gè)灌溉系統(tǒng)的經(jīng)驗(yàn)性研究考察,認(rèn)為農(nóng)民完全有可能通過(guò)自己創(chuàng)造的社會(huì)資本克服困擾大小集團(tuán)行動(dòng)的搭便車問(wèn)題[8],Isham 和 Kknen采用印度和斯里蘭卡的數(shù)據(jù)探討村莊社會(huì)資本水平與村民社區(qū)水服務(wù)項(xiàng)目的參與之間的關(guān)系,研究發(fā)現(xiàn),社會(huì)資本水平越高,越有利于村民參與和監(jiān)督水平的提高[9]。因此,社會(huì)資本可以為農(nóng)民帶來(lái)社會(huì)資本存量的不斷提高,消除集體成員彼此的不信任,達(dá)成集體行動(dòng)主體間的合作,使成員為實(shí)現(xiàn)集體的共同利益努力。龐娟對(duì)我國(guó)農(nóng)村的研究也發(fā)現(xiàn),在同質(zhì)性較強(qiáng)的社區(qū)和具備良好社會(huì)資本結(jié)構(gòu)的村莊,公共品的合作供給效果較好,社會(huì)資本對(duì)走出集體行動(dòng)的困境,實(shí)現(xiàn)成員之間的合作具有一定的說(shuō)服力[10]。李冰冰和王曙光利用全國(guó)10省17村494戶農(nóng)戶調(diào)查數(shù)據(jù),分析農(nóng)村社區(qū)公共品提供中社會(huì)資本、村莊特征對(duì)農(nóng)戶參與程度的影響。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),農(nóng)戶的社會(huì)資本對(duì)農(nóng)戶在鄉(xiāng)村公共品提供中的參與程度具有積極作用,主要體現(xiàn)在農(nóng)戶的公共意識(shí)、政治意識(shí)、社團(tuán)互助、社區(qū)認(rèn)同、社區(qū)信任等因子[11]。然而也有學(xué)者指出,隨著農(nóng)村人口空心化的加劇,有利于農(nóng)村公共品供給的鄉(xiāng)村社會(huì)資本逐步瓦解,導(dǎo)致農(nóng)村公共物品供給的困境[12]。此外,學(xué)者也討論了社會(huì)資本的消極作用,認(rèn)為社會(huì)資本“不僅阻礙了某種行為而且壓制了其他行為”[13]。如毛壽龍指出,農(nóng)戶合作困境主要是受社會(huì)資本、較低的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展水平以及搭便車行為的制約[14]。
然而,由于學(xué)者對(duì)社會(huì)資本的內(nèi)涵各抒己見(jiàn),關(guān)注的重點(diǎn)不同導(dǎo)致其度量方法多從社會(huì)資本的某一單一維度出發(fā),從而忽視了社會(huì)資本的整體性特征及其不同維度在集體行動(dòng)發(fā)起中所起的作用[8]。其次,在影響農(nóng)戶小型水利設(shè)施合作行為的因素中,不同維度社會(huì)資本的作用方向與作用效果如何?在合作行為形成過(guò)程中,農(nóng)戶基本特征、農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)特征以及組織服務(wù)功能對(duì)合作行為的影響機(jī)理是什么?對(duì)這些問(wèn)題的回答都是小型水利設(shè)施合作供給中亟需解決的問(wèn)題,本文試圖以小型水利設(shè)施合作供給為例,將社會(huì)資本歸納為社會(huì)信任、社會(huì)網(wǎng)絡(luò)、社會(huì)參與和社會(huì)聲望四個(gè)維度,考察農(nóng)戶小型水利設(shè)施合作供給參與行為的影響因素,探析不同維度社會(huì)資本影響集體行動(dòng)實(shí)現(xiàn)的內(nèi)在機(jī)理。其研究思路是:利用陜西省6 個(gè)類型村393戶農(nóng)戶的調(diào)查數(shù)據(jù),采用探索性因子分析法歸納農(nóng)戶社會(huì)資本的不同維度;在此基礎(chǔ)上,構(gòu)建計(jì)量經(jīng)濟(jì)模型分析不同維度社會(huì)資本對(duì)農(nóng)戶小型水利設(shè)施合作供給參與行為的影響,最后提出促進(jìn)小型水利設(shè)施合作供給的對(duì)策建議。
苗珊珊:社會(huì)資本多維異質(zhì)性視角下農(nóng)戶小型水利設(shè)施合作參與行為研究中國(guó)人口·資源與環(huán)境2014年第12期2模型設(shè)定、研究假設(shè)與數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)源
2.1研究假設(shè)與模型設(shè)定
借鑒王昕、陸遷[5]的研究方法,本文主要從信任維度、參與維度、網(wǎng)絡(luò)維度和聲望維度測(cè)度農(nóng)戶社會(huì)資本擁有量。同時(shí),在4個(gè)維度中又分別包含不同的變量,共27個(gè)變量(指標(biāo)及賦值情況如表2 所示)。社會(huì)網(wǎng)絡(luò)是行為主體內(nèi)部各種關(guān)系的交互結(jié)構(gòu)以及行為主體與外部的互動(dòng)模式[15]。因此,對(duì)社會(huì)網(wǎng)絡(luò)變量的設(shè)計(jì)主要從與不同對(duì)象的交流程度來(lái)確定。預(yù)計(jì)一個(gè)農(nóng)戶的社會(huì)網(wǎng)絡(luò)越寬,其合作供給意愿也越強(qiáng),對(duì)網(wǎng)絡(luò)維度社會(huì)資本變量的設(shè)計(jì)主要從與不同主體的交互展開(kāi)。第二,根據(jù)Durlauf 等的定義,社會(huì)信任就是基于網(wǎng)絡(luò)過(guò)程所形成的行為規(guī)范和人與人之間的信賴,它們能促成產(chǎn)生好的社會(huì)和經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)果[16]。因此,社會(huì)信任體現(xiàn)了社會(huì)個(gè)體之間的相互信任程度,根據(jù)農(nóng)村人際交往的“自己人”結(jié)構(gòu),農(nóng)戶對(duì)不同主體由親及疏的不同信任程度,構(gòu)成了信任維度社會(huì)資本的度量指標(biāo)。第三,社會(huì)聲望即社會(huì)大眾對(duì)于他人的主觀評(píng)價(jià)。Bourdieu認(rèn)為社會(huì)資本以社會(huì)聲望、名譽(yù)、權(quán)威和頭銜等為符號(hào),以社會(huì)契約為制度化形式,社會(huì)聲望的形成主要表1農(nóng)戶社會(huì)資本維度及其度量指標(biāo)
由表5可知,社會(huì)信任、社會(huì)網(wǎng)絡(luò)與社會(huì)參與維度對(duì)農(nóng)戶小型水利設(shè)施合作供給行為具有積極影響,而社會(huì)聲望則具有消極影響??傮w而言,總量社會(huì)資本有助于農(nóng)戶集體行動(dòng)的實(shí)現(xiàn)。受教育程度、種植面積、小型水利設(shè)施對(duì)農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)重要性的認(rèn)識(shí)、維修情況、用水糾紛是影響農(nóng)戶參與小型水利設(shè)施合作的重要因素。具體分析如下:
(1)社會(huì)資本。社會(huì)資本總量對(duì)合作行為的影響較為顯著,系數(shù)檢驗(yàn)在10%的水平上顯著,且系數(shù)為正,即農(nóng)戶的總量社會(huì)資本越大,參與小型水利設(shè)施合作供給行為的可能性也越大,這與Coleman的研究結(jié)論相一致,并印證了本文的研究假設(shè)[27]。社會(huì)資本的各個(gè)維度中,社會(huì)網(wǎng)絡(luò)在5%的顯著性水平下通過(guò)檢驗(yàn),說(shuō)明在小型水利設(shè)施合作供給中,農(nóng)戶與同村村民之間、與村干部、農(nóng)業(yè)組織的關(guān)系越密切,越有可能參與水利設(shè)施的合作供給。這主要是由于農(nóng)村傳統(tǒng)宗族鄉(xiāng)村主要以地緣、血緣與親緣關(guān)系為紐帶,網(wǎng)絡(luò)作為資源動(dòng)員的結(jié)構(gòu)基礎(chǔ),發(fā)揮著溝通和團(tuán)結(jié)農(nóng)戶的作用,從而有助于增強(qiáng)農(nóng)戶水利設(shè)施合作供給的參與行為。調(diào)研發(fā)現(xiàn),農(nóng)戶社會(huì)網(wǎng)絡(luò)具有同質(zhì)性和封閉性的特點(diǎn),有利于增加社會(huì)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的集中度,較高的網(wǎng)絡(luò)強(qiáng)度和較低的網(wǎng)絡(luò)使用成本在一定范圍內(nèi)促進(jìn)了集體行動(dòng)的實(shí)現(xiàn)。社會(huì)信任通過(guò)了1%水平下的顯著性檢驗(yàn),呈正相關(guān)關(guān)系,表明村民之間彼此的信任度越高,農(nóng)戶參與小型水利設(shè)施合作供給越容易達(dá)成一致,從而有助于農(nóng)戶小型水利設(shè)施合作供給的實(shí)現(xiàn)。Ostrom的研究也表明,社會(huì)信任是集體行動(dòng)實(shí)現(xiàn)的關(guān)鍵因素[28]。社會(huì)信任可顯著地增加農(nóng)戶的合作行為,這與我國(guó)的“差序信任”格局密切相關(guān),農(nóng)戶之間的信任主要建立在血緣親族關(guān)系基礎(chǔ)之上,信任范圍在擴(kuò)展過(guò)程中遵循“就近原則(即由近及遠(yuǎn)、由親及疏)”,由此,農(nóng)戶對(duì)家人、親戚、朋友及陌生人的信任程度是由高到低進(jìn)行排序的,農(nóng)戶對(duì)“自己人”的信任程度越高,越有利于集體行動(dòng)的實(shí)現(xiàn)。社會(huì)參與對(duì)農(nóng)戶的合作行為影響十分顯著,在5%的顯著性水平下通過(guò)檢驗(yàn),呈正相關(guān),即農(nóng)戶的公共事務(wù)參與程度越高越有利于集體行動(dòng)的實(shí)現(xiàn),反映了一定社區(qū)范圍內(nèi)具有某種成員資格的行動(dòng)者獲取稀缺資源的能力[29]。聲望維度社會(huì)資本對(duì)農(nóng)戶合作行為產(chǎn)生負(fù)面影響,在10%的顯著性水平下通過(guò)檢驗(yàn),表明以互惠為基礎(chǔ)所建立的聲望,弱化了農(nóng)戶的水利設(shè)施合作參與行為,農(nóng)戶更傾向于通過(guò)個(gè)體互惠的方式促進(jìn)準(zhǔn)公共物品的供給。這與波茨的研究結(jié)論一致,即消極社會(huì)資本在為團(tuán)體成員帶來(lái)利益同時(shí),通常也能夠禁止其他人獲得收益,可能會(huì)形成封閉的系統(tǒng)而最終難以實(shí)現(xiàn)持續(xù)的發(fā)展與進(jìn)步。此外,也反映出農(nóng)戶之間、農(nóng)戶與村干部或農(nóng)戶與合作組織領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人之間由于利益分配中的委托代理問(wèn)題,弱化了社會(huì)資本促進(jìn)集體行動(dòng)實(shí)現(xiàn)的功能[30]。
(2)農(nóng)戶基本特征與農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)情況。從模型估計(jì)結(jié)果看,受教育程度變量對(duì)合作行為具有顯著影響,通過(guò)5%的顯著性檢驗(yàn)。表明隨著農(nóng)戶受教育程度的提高,農(nóng)戶能夠更加客觀地認(rèn)識(shí)到個(gè)人利益與集體利益的關(guān)聯(lián)性,其參與小型水利設(shè)施合作供給的可能性增加。農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)情況方面,種植面積對(duì)合作行為的影響在1%的水平上顯著,即農(nóng)戶的種植面積越大,參與小型水利設(shè)施合作供給行為的可能性越小,可能的原因是,隨著種植面積的增加,規(guī)模收益促使農(nóng)戶通過(guò)自行購(gòu)買或租賃小型水利設(shè)施滿足灌溉需要,以達(dá)到提高土地邊際收入實(shí)現(xiàn)收益最大化的目的。
(3)農(nóng)戶認(rèn)知程度。水利對(duì)農(nóng)業(yè)重要性的認(rèn)知是小型水利設(shè)施合作供給的重要影響因素,在1%的顯著性水平下通過(guò)檢驗(yàn),說(shuō)明水利設(shè)施重要性的認(rèn)知是影響農(nóng)戶合作行為的主要因素。行為經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)認(rèn)為認(rèn)知決定行為主體的態(tài)度或看法,進(jìn)而影響其選擇行為。學(xué)者的研究也證實(shí)了認(rèn)知的缺失和錯(cuò)位會(huì)對(duì)行為主體的支付意愿產(chǎn)生影響[31]。在小型水利設(shè)施合作供給的過(guò)程中,農(nóng)戶參與行為的實(shí)現(xiàn)是主觀認(rèn)知與客觀環(huán)境的結(jié)合。由于運(yùn)行資金的限制、監(jiān)督成本等外在因素的影響,導(dǎo)致集體行動(dòng)意愿與行為的悖離。這也說(shuō)明合作經(jīng)濟(jì)組織作為農(nóng)民自主、自治、自我發(fā)展和自我服務(wù)的組織,在努力提高農(nóng)戶的認(rèn)知程度的基礎(chǔ)上,需要配合相應(yīng)的制度環(huán)境,以降低組織協(xié)調(diào)成本,使其內(nèi)化為農(nóng)戶自身的理性選擇。
(4)組織服務(wù)功能。在影響農(nóng)戶小型水利設(shè)施合作供給行為的影響因素中,小型水利設(shè)施維修情況具有顯著影響,在1%的顯著性水平下通過(guò)檢驗(yàn),說(shuō)明小型水利設(shè)施運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)出現(xiàn)問(wèn)題時(shí)維修的效率越高,將越有利于提高農(nóng)戶的參與積極性。因此,組織服務(wù)功能的完善有利于農(nóng)戶集體行動(dòng)的實(shí)現(xiàn),從而降低組織的運(yùn)行成本。此外,農(nóng)村農(nóng)業(yè)灌溉用水以及相應(yīng)而生的灌溉水費(fèi)和用水糾紛往往是農(nóng)民最為關(guān)注的問(wèn)題和農(nóng)村社會(huì)焦點(diǎn)。農(nóng)戶間的用水糾紛在1%的水平下通過(guò)顯著性檢驗(yàn),反映出水權(quán)的不確定性是農(nóng)戶日常灌溉用水的主要矛盾,通過(guò)參與小型水利設(shè)施合作供給,使用水權(quán)的安排有序化,從而降低交易成本。
4結(jié)論與討論
本文基于社會(huì)資本視角,利用2011 年陜西省關(guān)中地區(qū)393戶農(nóng)戶的實(shí)地調(diào)查數(shù)據(jù),運(yùn)用因子分析法將社會(huì)資本分為社會(huì)信任、社會(huì)參與、社會(huì)網(wǎng)絡(luò)、社會(huì)聲望四個(gè)維度,在此基礎(chǔ)上采用Probit模型,分析社會(huì)資本各維度對(duì)農(nóng)民合作行為的影響。研究結(jié)果顯示:社會(huì)資本不同維度對(duì)農(nóng)戶小型水利設(shè)施合作供給行為的影響各不相同。基于行為主體之間的社交網(wǎng)絡(luò)與交往程度的網(wǎng)絡(luò)維度社會(huì)資本、基于普遍信任與交往基礎(chǔ)的信任維度社會(huì)資本以及基于組織內(nèi)各成員之間公共事務(wù)的參與維度社會(huì)資本對(duì)農(nóng)戶水利設(shè)施合作行為有積極影響,而聲望維度的社會(huì)資本卻降低了農(nóng)戶的參與積極性,反映出某一維度的社會(huì)資本促進(jìn)合作供給的實(shí)現(xiàn),而另一維度的社會(huì)資本對(duì)合作供給起抑制作用,各維度社會(huì)資本的交互作用導(dǎo)致集體行動(dòng)結(jié)果的隨機(jī)性。
第一,社會(huì)資本的多維異質(zhì)性導(dǎo)致集體行動(dòng)結(jié)果的不確定性。某一維度的社會(huì)資本會(huì)促進(jìn)合作供給的產(chǎn)生,而另一維度的社會(huì)資本對(duì)合作供給起到抑制作用,而且各維度交互作用可能使社會(huì)資本對(duì)合作供給影響結(jié)果產(chǎn)生不同結(jié)果。正是這種復(fù)雜性導(dǎo)致了目前理論界對(duì)社會(huì)資本與農(nóng)戶自組織合作行為之間的關(guān)系存在不一致的結(jié)論。因此,在社會(huì)資本對(duì)合作行為的影響研究中,應(yīng)加強(qiáng)社會(huì)資本不同維度的研究,重視對(duì)社會(huì)資本各維度作用機(jī)制的考察。
第二,農(nóng)村公共物品自發(fā)供給中社會(huì)資本的消極影響不容忽視,可能使農(nóng)村公共物品自發(fā)供給面臨失敗的威脅。由于社區(qū)或是小集團(tuán)的局限性,如當(dāng)社區(qū)內(nèi)外基于個(gè)體異質(zhì)特征或收入差距而產(chǎn)生分歧時(shí),社區(qū)治理可能會(huì)更多的鼓勵(lì)轄區(qū)內(nèi)的種族歧視和狹隘意識(shí),而不是彌補(bǔ)政府和市場(chǎng)失靈。本研究?jī)H考慮了社會(huì)資本異質(zhì)性對(duì)小型水利設(shè)施合作供給的影響,下一步的研究方向應(yīng)考慮個(gè)體異質(zhì)性與社會(huì)資本異質(zhì)性共同作用如何導(dǎo)致集體行動(dòng)實(shí)現(xiàn)的機(jī)理。
第三,社會(huì)資本是導(dǎo)致農(nóng)戶小型水利設(shè)施支付意愿與支付行為悖離的重要因素。據(jù)調(diào)查,實(shí)際支出的農(nóng)戶僅占具有支付意愿農(nóng)戶數(shù)的三分之二,社會(huì)資本在準(zhǔn)公共物品的供給中,發(fā)揮了一定的社會(huì)保險(xiǎn)功能,導(dǎo)致農(nóng)戶實(shí)際支付行為的降低,然而這種功能發(fā)揮背后的作用機(jī)理是什么,社會(huì)資本及不同維度對(duì)農(nóng)戶小型水利設(shè)施合作供給的意愿與行為的悖離到底有什么影響,其作用機(jī)制和影響效果有待進(jìn)一步研究。
因此,應(yīng)著力培育不同維度社會(huì)資本,促進(jìn)小型水利設(shè)施合作供給。社會(huì)資本是集體行動(dòng)開(kāi)展的前提和基礎(chǔ),應(yīng)從提高村民的參與意識(shí)入手,加強(qiáng)對(duì)農(nóng)戶的宣傳教育,彼此之間因參與而互相信賴,從而建立起成員之間普遍信任的人際網(wǎng)絡(luò)關(guān)系。這不僅是農(nóng)戶之間的學(xué)習(xí)與互動(dòng),更是小型水利設(shè)施合作組織社會(huì)資本培育的最好機(jī)會(huì)。其次要加強(qiáng)社會(huì)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的構(gòu)建,由于我國(guó)獨(dú)特的鄉(xiāng)土民情,農(nóng)戶在傳統(tǒng)的鄉(xiāng)間地頭彼此間更容易形成一種連接,這種連接是血緣關(guān)系和地緣關(guān)系的結(jié)合體,農(nóng)戶對(duì)不同關(guān)系的偏好及占用情況對(duì)農(nóng)戶的自身發(fā)展和小型水利設(shè)施合作組織的成長(zhǎng)起著重要作用。
(編輯:劉呈慶)
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[21]Gorton M,Sauer J, Peshevski M. The Dimensions of Social Capital and Rural Development: Evidence from Water Communities in the Republic of Macedonia[C]. European Association of Agricultural Economists, 2010.
[22]趙立娟. 農(nóng)民用水者協(xié)會(huì)形成及有效運(yùn)行的經(jīng)濟(jì)分析[D]. 呼和浩特:內(nèi)蒙古農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué), 2009.[Zhao Lijuan. Rural Water User Association Formation and Efficient Carrying out Analysis[D].Hohhot: Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, 2009.]
[23]張兵,孟德鋒. 農(nóng)戶參與灌溉管理意愿的影響因素分析[J].農(nóng)業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)問(wèn)題,2009, (2):66-72.[Zhaing Bing, Meng Defeng. The Willingness of Farmers Participative Behaviour and Its Influencing Factors[J]. Rural Problems, 2009, (2):66-72.]
[24]黃祖輝. 農(nóng)民專業(yè)合作組織發(fā)展的影響因素分析[J]. 中國(guó)農(nóng)村經(jīng)濟(jì),2002,(3):54-58.[Huang Zuhui. Agricultural Professional Cooperatives Development Influencing Factors[J]. China Rural Economy, 2002, (3):54-58.]
[25]孫亞范. 現(xiàn)階段我國(guó)農(nóng)民合作需求與意愿的實(shí)證研究[J].江蘇社會(huì)科學(xué), 2003, (1):204-208.[Sun Yafan. Empirical Analysis on Farmer Cooperating Demand[J]. Jiangsu Social Science, 2003, (1):204-208.]
[26]黃瑞芹,楊云彥. 中國(guó)農(nóng)村居民社會(huì)資本的經(jīng)濟(jì)回報(bào)[J].世界經(jīng)濟(jì)文匯,2008, (6):53-63. [Huang Ruiqin, Yang Yunyan. The Return of Chinese Rural Households Social Capital[J]. World Economic Papers, 2008, (6):53-63.]
[27]Coleman J S. Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital[J]. American Journal of Sociology, 1998, 94:95-120.
[28]Ostrom E, Ahn T. The Meaning of Social Capital and Its Link to Collective Action[M]. Svendsen G T, Svendsen G L H. Handbook of Social Capital: The Troika of Sociology, Political Science and Economics. Northampton: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2009.
[29]DiPasquale D, Edward L. Incentives and Social Capital: Are Homeowners Better Citizens?[J]. Journal of Urban Economic,1999,45 (2):354-384.
[30]萬(wàn)生新,李世平,寧澤逵. 社會(huì)資本視角下農(nóng)民用水戶滿意度研究: 基于陜西省寶雞峽灌區(qū)農(nóng)民用水戶的調(diào)查[J].經(jīng)濟(jì)問(wèn)題,2012,(2):78-82.[Wan Shengxin, Li Shiping, Ning Zekui. Farmers Water Using Satisfaction Based on Social Capital Perspective[J]. Economic Problems, 2012, (2):78-82.]
[31]王鋒,張小栓,穆維松,等. 消費(fèi)者對(duì)可追溯農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的認(rèn)知和支付意愿分析[J].中國(guó)農(nóng)村經(jīng)濟(jì),2009,(3):68-74.[Wang Feng, Zhang Xiaoshuan, Mu Weisong, et al. The Consumers Recognition and Willingness to Pay for Traceable Farm Produce[J]. China Rural Economy, 2009,(3):68-74.]
Farmers Smallscale Irrigation Facilities Participative Behavior under
Multidimensional Social Capital Perspective
MIAO Shanshan1,2
(1.Research Center of Safety and Emergency Management, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo Henan 454003, China;
2. Emergency Management School, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo Henan 454003, China)
AbstractSmallscale irrigation facilities cooperative supply is a useful way to realize effective supply of quasipublic goods, while it is the result of rural households individual choice. Theoretical study finds that individual decisionmaking behavior is extremely complex, it could be characterized by individual heterogeneity which changed the traditional assumption: homogeneity. This paper explores the smallscale irrigation facilities collective action issues by introducing the concept of rural households individual heterogeneity, the objective is to examine the interaction mechanism between smallscale irrigation facilities collective action and rural households social capital, trying to resolve the collective action dilemma for smallscale irrigation facilities cooperative supply. Firstly, this paper empirically analyses the influence of four components of social capital on farmers behavior in participating in collective actions; it is for constructing and operating smallscale irrigation systems in Guanzhong Plain, Shaanxi Province, China. The four components consist of social networking; social trust, social prestige and social participation were derived by employing factor analysis. We use a Probit model to estimate the influence of these components on farmers participative behavior. The findings indicate that social capital multidimensional heterogeneity has a significant impact on the smallscale irrigation facilities collective action. It is revealed that considering different components of social capital allows for a better understanding of farmers participative behavior. We find that higher levels of social trust, social networking and social participation lead to a higher propensity for collective action; however, social prestige reduces the possibility of farmers participative behavior. It is reflected that multidimensional social capital will lead to the uncertainty results of collective action. A dimension of social capital promotes farmers smallscale irrigation facilities cooperative supply participative behavior; however, other dimensions of social capital will play an inhibitory effect on the farmers participative behavior. Therefore, the interaction between the different dimensions of social capital may affect the results of the collective action. Other socioeconomic factors and farming characteristics such as farmers education level, farmers recognition, as well as smallscale irrigation facilities maintenance condition and water disputes have positive significant effects on farmers participative behavior, while the cultivated area has negative effects on farmers participative behavior. Finally, it is suggested that the government should encourage farmers participative behavior by cultivating farmers multidimensional social capital and modifying the positive dimensions of social capital. Moreover, the government should strengthen organization service function and improve farmers cooperative consciousness.
Key wordsmultidimensional social capital; collective action; cooperative supply; smallscale irrigation facilities
[22]趙立娟. 農(nóng)民用水者協(xié)會(huì)形成及有效運(yùn)行的經(jīng)濟(jì)分析[D]. 呼和浩特:內(nèi)蒙古農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué), 2009.[Zhao Lijuan. Rural Water User Association Formation and Efficient Carrying out Analysis[D].Hohhot: Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, 2009.]
[23]張兵,孟德鋒. 農(nóng)戶參與灌溉管理意愿的影響因素分析[J].農(nóng)業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)問(wèn)題,2009, (2):66-72.[Zhaing Bing, Meng Defeng. The Willingness of Farmers Participative Behaviour and Its Influencing Factors[J]. Rural Problems, 2009, (2):66-72.]
[24]黃祖輝. 農(nóng)民專業(yè)合作組織發(fā)展的影響因素分析[J]. 中國(guó)農(nóng)村經(jīng)濟(jì),2002,(3):54-58.[Huang Zuhui. Agricultural Professional Cooperatives Development Influencing Factors[J]. China Rural Economy, 2002, (3):54-58.]
[25]孫亞范. 現(xiàn)階段我國(guó)農(nóng)民合作需求與意愿的實(shí)證研究[J].江蘇社會(huì)科學(xué), 2003, (1):204-208.[Sun Yafan. Empirical Analysis on Farmer Cooperating Demand[J]. Jiangsu Social Science, 2003, (1):204-208.]
[26]黃瑞芹,楊云彥. 中國(guó)農(nóng)村居民社會(huì)資本的經(jīng)濟(jì)回報(bào)[J].世界經(jīng)濟(jì)文匯,2008, (6):53-63. [Huang Ruiqin, Yang Yunyan. The Return of Chinese Rural Households Social Capital[J]. World Economic Papers, 2008, (6):53-63.]
[27]Coleman J S. Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital[J]. American Journal of Sociology, 1998, 94:95-120.
[28]Ostrom E, Ahn T. The Meaning of Social Capital and Its Link to Collective Action[M]. Svendsen G T, Svendsen G L H. Handbook of Social Capital: The Troika of Sociology, Political Science and Economics. Northampton: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2009.
[29]DiPasquale D, Edward L. Incentives and Social Capital: Are Homeowners Better Citizens?[J]. Journal of Urban Economic,1999,45 (2):354-384.
[30]萬(wàn)生新,李世平,寧澤逵. 社會(huì)資本視角下農(nóng)民用水戶滿意度研究: 基于陜西省寶雞峽灌區(qū)農(nóng)民用水戶的調(diào)查[J].經(jīng)濟(jì)問(wèn)題,2012,(2):78-82.[Wan Shengxin, Li Shiping, Ning Zekui. Farmers Water Using Satisfaction Based on Social Capital Perspective[J]. Economic Problems, 2012, (2):78-82.]
[31]王鋒,張小栓,穆維松,等. 消費(fèi)者對(duì)可追溯農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的認(rèn)知和支付意愿分析[J].中國(guó)農(nóng)村經(jīng)濟(jì),2009,(3):68-74.[Wang Feng, Zhang Xiaoshuan, Mu Weisong, et al. The Consumers Recognition and Willingness to Pay for Traceable Farm Produce[J]. China Rural Economy, 2009,(3):68-74.]
Farmers Smallscale Irrigation Facilities Participative Behavior under
Multidimensional Social Capital Perspective
MIAO Shanshan1,2
(1.Research Center of Safety and Emergency Management, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo Henan 454003, China;
2. Emergency Management School, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo Henan 454003, China)
AbstractSmallscale irrigation facilities cooperative supply is a useful way to realize effective supply of quasipublic goods, while it is the result of rural households individual choice. Theoretical study finds that individual decisionmaking behavior is extremely complex, it could be characterized by individual heterogeneity which changed the traditional assumption: homogeneity. This paper explores the smallscale irrigation facilities collective action issues by introducing the concept of rural households individual heterogeneity, the objective is to examine the interaction mechanism between smallscale irrigation facilities collective action and rural households social capital, trying to resolve the collective action dilemma for smallscale irrigation facilities cooperative supply. Firstly, this paper empirically analyses the influence of four components of social capital on farmers behavior in participating in collective actions; it is for constructing and operating smallscale irrigation systems in Guanzhong Plain, Shaanxi Province, China. The four components consist of social networking; social trust, social prestige and social participation were derived by employing factor analysis. We use a Probit model to estimate the influence of these components on farmers participative behavior. The findings indicate that social capital multidimensional heterogeneity has a significant impact on the smallscale irrigation facilities collective action. It is revealed that considering different components of social capital allows for a better understanding of farmers participative behavior. We find that higher levels of social trust, social networking and social participation lead to a higher propensity for collective action; however, social prestige reduces the possibility of farmers participative behavior. It is reflected that multidimensional social capital will lead to the uncertainty results of collective action. A dimension of social capital promotes farmers smallscale irrigation facilities cooperative supply participative behavior; however, other dimensions of social capital will play an inhibitory effect on the farmers participative behavior. Therefore, the interaction between the different dimensions of social capital may affect the results of the collective action. Other socioeconomic factors and farming characteristics such as farmers education level, farmers recognition, as well as smallscale irrigation facilities maintenance condition and water disputes have positive significant effects on farmers participative behavior, while the cultivated area has negative effects on farmers participative behavior. Finally, it is suggested that the government should encourage farmers participative behavior by cultivating farmers multidimensional social capital and modifying the positive dimensions of social capital. Moreover, the government should strengthen organization service function and improve farmers cooperative consciousness.
Key wordsmultidimensional social capital; collective action; cooperative supply; smallscale irrigation facilities
[22]趙立娟. 農(nóng)民用水者協(xié)會(huì)形成及有效運(yùn)行的經(jīng)濟(jì)分析[D]. 呼和浩特:內(nèi)蒙古農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué), 2009.[Zhao Lijuan. Rural Water User Association Formation and Efficient Carrying out Analysis[D].Hohhot: Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, 2009.]
[23]張兵,孟德鋒. 農(nóng)戶參與灌溉管理意愿的影響因素分析[J].農(nóng)業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)問(wèn)題,2009, (2):66-72.[Zhaing Bing, Meng Defeng. The Willingness of Farmers Participative Behaviour and Its Influencing Factors[J]. Rural Problems, 2009, (2):66-72.]
[24]黃祖輝. 農(nóng)民專業(yè)合作組織發(fā)展的影響因素分析[J]. 中國(guó)農(nóng)村經(jīng)濟(jì),2002,(3):54-58.[Huang Zuhui. Agricultural Professional Cooperatives Development Influencing Factors[J]. China Rural Economy, 2002, (3):54-58.]
[25]孫亞范. 現(xiàn)階段我國(guó)農(nóng)民合作需求與意愿的實(shí)證研究[J].江蘇社會(huì)科學(xué), 2003, (1):204-208.[Sun Yafan. Empirical Analysis on Farmer Cooperating Demand[J]. Jiangsu Social Science, 2003, (1):204-208.]
[26]黃瑞芹,楊云彥. 中國(guó)農(nóng)村居民社會(huì)資本的經(jīng)濟(jì)回報(bào)[J].世界經(jīng)濟(jì)文匯,2008, (6):53-63. [Huang Ruiqin, Yang Yunyan. The Return of Chinese Rural Households Social Capital[J]. World Economic Papers, 2008, (6):53-63.]
[27]Coleman J S. Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital[J]. American Journal of Sociology, 1998, 94:95-120.
[28]Ostrom E, Ahn T. The Meaning of Social Capital and Its Link to Collective Action[M]. Svendsen G T, Svendsen G L H. Handbook of Social Capital: The Troika of Sociology, Political Science and Economics. Northampton: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2009.
[29]DiPasquale D, Edward L. Incentives and Social Capital: Are Homeowners Better Citizens?[J]. Journal of Urban Economic,1999,45 (2):354-384.
[30]萬(wàn)生新,李世平,寧澤逵. 社會(huì)資本視角下農(nóng)民用水戶滿意度研究: 基于陜西省寶雞峽灌區(qū)農(nóng)民用水戶的調(diào)查[J].經(jīng)濟(jì)問(wèn)題,2012,(2):78-82.[Wan Shengxin, Li Shiping, Ning Zekui. Farmers Water Using Satisfaction Based on Social Capital Perspective[J]. Economic Problems, 2012, (2):78-82.]
[31]王鋒,張小栓,穆維松,等. 消費(fèi)者對(duì)可追溯農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的認(rèn)知和支付意愿分析[J].中國(guó)農(nóng)村經(jīng)濟(jì),2009,(3):68-74.[Wang Feng, Zhang Xiaoshuan, Mu Weisong, et al. The Consumers Recognition and Willingness to Pay for Traceable Farm Produce[J]. China Rural Economy, 2009,(3):68-74.]
Farmers Smallscale Irrigation Facilities Participative Behavior under
Multidimensional Social Capital Perspective
MIAO Shanshan1,2
(1.Research Center of Safety and Emergency Management, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo Henan 454003, China;
2. Emergency Management School, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo Henan 454003, China)
AbstractSmallscale irrigation facilities cooperative supply is a useful way to realize effective supply of quasipublic goods, while it is the result of rural households individual choice. Theoretical study finds that individual decisionmaking behavior is extremely complex, it could be characterized by individual heterogeneity which changed the traditional assumption: homogeneity. This paper explores the smallscale irrigation facilities collective action issues by introducing the concept of rural households individual heterogeneity, the objective is to examine the interaction mechanism between smallscale irrigation facilities collective action and rural households social capital, trying to resolve the collective action dilemma for smallscale irrigation facilities cooperative supply. Firstly, this paper empirically analyses the influence of four components of social capital on farmers behavior in participating in collective actions; it is for constructing and operating smallscale irrigation systems in Guanzhong Plain, Shaanxi Province, China. The four components consist of social networking; social trust, social prestige and social participation were derived by employing factor analysis. We use a Probit model to estimate the influence of these components on farmers participative behavior. The findings indicate that social capital multidimensional heterogeneity has a significant impact on the smallscale irrigation facilities collective action. It is revealed that considering different components of social capital allows for a better understanding of farmers participative behavior. We find that higher levels of social trust, social networking and social participation lead to a higher propensity for collective action; however, social prestige reduces the possibility of farmers participative behavior. It is reflected that multidimensional social capital will lead to the uncertainty results of collective action. A dimension of social capital promotes farmers smallscale irrigation facilities cooperative supply participative behavior; however, other dimensions of social capital will play an inhibitory effect on the farmers participative behavior. Therefore, the interaction between the different dimensions of social capital may affect the results of the collective action. Other socioeconomic factors and farming characteristics such as farmers education level, farmers recognition, as well as smallscale irrigation facilities maintenance condition and water disputes have positive significant effects on farmers participative behavior, while the cultivated area has negative effects on farmers participative behavior. Finally, it is suggested that the government should encourage farmers participative behavior by cultivating farmers multidimensional social capital and modifying the positive dimensions of social capital. Moreover, the government should strengthen organization service function and improve farmers cooperative consciousness.
Key wordsmultidimensional social capital; collective action; cooperative supply; smallscale irrigation facilities