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      基于LCA方法的工業(yè)企業(yè)低碳生產(chǎn)評估與推廣

      2014-12-13 05:33:22王曉莉等
      中國人口·資源與環(huán)境 2014年12期
      關鍵詞:工業(yè)企業(yè)評估

      摘要工業(yè)文明和生態(tài)文明相結合的發(fā)展模式使得工業(yè)企業(yè)生產(chǎn)誘發(fā)的碳排放廣受爭議。國際上已經(jīng)采用針對產(chǎn)品碳足跡的全生命周期評估(Life Cycle Assessment,LCA)方法,以產(chǎn)品加貼碳標簽的形式引導全社會關注工業(yè)企業(yè)的低碳生產(chǎn)。本文遵循國際慣例和先進計量標準,將LCA方法和ISO14000系列國際環(huán)境管理標準相互融合,構建我國工業(yè)企業(yè)低碳生產(chǎn)的評估框架。在該框架下,以嘗試實施純糧固態(tài)發(fā)酵型白酒碳標簽的企業(yè)——江蘇湯溝兩相和酒業(yè)有限公司為案例,科學分解純糧固態(tài)發(fā)酵型白酒生產(chǎn)的LCA流程,準確界定該企業(yè)白酒生產(chǎn)碳排放的計量范圍,完成純糧固態(tài)發(fā)酵白酒生產(chǎn)過程中各個環(huán)節(jié)的活動數(shù)據(jù)搜集。在保證數(shù)據(jù)有效性和可靠性的前提下,將研究區(qū)域界定為從谷物原材料投入白酒生產(chǎn)到白酒產(chǎn)品到達一個新的組織為止,功能單位為一升純糧固態(tài)發(fā)酵白酒的碳排放。通過將LCA方法引入該企業(yè)純糧固態(tài)發(fā)酵白酒生產(chǎn)過程,動態(tài)計量并掌握了2009-2012年該企業(yè)純糧固態(tài)發(fā)酵白酒生產(chǎn)過程中各個特定階段的碳排放量,最終鎖定了與蒸酒蒸糧工藝密切相關的鍋爐環(huán)節(jié)是引發(fā)企業(yè)生產(chǎn)碳排放的關鍵環(huán)節(jié),而外購電力消耗是引發(fā)企業(yè)生產(chǎn)碳排放,形成產(chǎn)品碳足跡的次關鍵環(huán)節(jié)。并建議企業(yè)在保持現(xiàn)狀基礎上,進一步利用技術創(chuàng)新減少廢水排放的COD濃度。籍此指明江蘇湯溝兩相和酒業(yè)有限公司生產(chǎn)純糧固態(tài)發(fā)酵白酒的低碳轉型路徑,為企業(yè)全面實施白酒碳標簽,履行社會責任奠定決策基礎。更為將該企業(yè)低碳生產(chǎn)評估與碳減排的方法推廣至我國工業(yè)企業(yè)提供一定借鑒與參考。

      關鍵詞LCA;工業(yè)企業(yè);低碳生產(chǎn);評估;江蘇湯溝

      中圖分類號X828文獻標識碼A文章編號1002-2104(2014)12-0074-08doi:10.3969/j.issn.1002-2104.2014.12.010

      研究表明,無論發(fā)達國家還是發(fā)展中國家,目前81%-90%的碳排放均來源于石化能源的消耗[1]。而石化能源消耗主要在工業(yè)領域,由此產(chǎn)生的CO2約占全球排放量的近40%[2]。在我國,1994年工業(yè)企業(yè)生產(chǎn)引發(fā)的碳排放量已經(jīng)占據(jù)了全國碳排放總量的90%以上[3]。2005年,即使不計算煤炭發(fā)電的間接碳排放量,因企業(yè)煤電供應的直接碳排放量就占據(jù)了全國碳排放總量的44%[4]。由于推進工業(yè)化是實現(xiàn)我國現(xiàn)代化目標的主要戰(zhàn)略之一,未來較長時期內工業(yè)碳排放是碳排放主要源頭的格局難以徹底改變,降低碳排放已經(jīng)成為我國工業(yè)企業(yè)的重要責任[5]。

      作為全球及我國的第一大支柱產(chǎn)業(yè),食品工業(yè)的產(chǎn)值多年來持續(xù)增長,2012年我國食品工業(yè)總產(chǎn)值已經(jīng)達到8.96萬億元[6]。但同時,食品引致的碳排放量也已約占全球碳排放總量的18%[7]。因此,2007年英國政府率先在全球推出第一批包括奶酪洋蔥薯片在內的加貼碳標簽食品,意味著食品行業(yè)已經(jīng)在國際上首批涉足碳標簽,并籍此要求食品供應鏈上的相關企業(yè)實現(xiàn)采用低碳生產(chǎn),兌現(xiàn)在兩年內降低生產(chǎn)碳排放的承諾。而另一方面,海外消費者對酒類食品已初步形成環(huán)保、低碳的消費需求。如新西蘭推出了國際上首個加貼碳標簽的葡萄酒產(chǎn)品,包括歐盟、美國、泰國、韓國等國家和地區(qū)已陸續(xù)嘗試對部分酒類產(chǎn)品加貼碳標簽。白酒產(chǎn)品在我國歷史悠久,是極具中國文化特色的食品。2012年白酒產(chǎn)業(yè)的工業(yè)總產(chǎn)值產(chǎn)值達到4 476.04億元[8],其中純糧固態(tài)發(fā)酵型白酒作為我國白酒產(chǎn)品的典型,在海內外享有極高美譽。本文將以生產(chǎn)低碳、環(huán)保的純糧固態(tài)發(fā)酵型白酒產(chǎn)品為導向,通過推動生產(chǎn)企業(yè)對其產(chǎn)品加貼碳標簽,較為完整地評估企業(yè)低碳生產(chǎn)狀況。并建議企業(yè)適時適度地在其碳排放關鍵點采取減排措施,對切實引領我國食品企業(yè),乃至整個工業(yè)企業(yè)的低碳生產(chǎn)轉型具有一定借鑒作用。

      1基于LCA方法的工業(yè)企業(yè)低碳生產(chǎn)的評估框架從企業(yè)低碳生產(chǎn)的角度而言,碳標簽其實就是一種具有生態(tài)屬性的標志,提倡利用產(chǎn)品全生命周期評價(Life Cycle Assessment,LCA)方法,評估其低碳屬性[9]。研究表明,由于更多地涉及能源消耗,基于LCA方法的產(chǎn)品碳標簽必須重點考慮工業(yè)企業(yè)的生產(chǎn)過程[10]。因此,對工業(yè)企業(yè)而言,選擇產(chǎn)品加貼碳標簽的第一步就是在生產(chǎn)全程采取低碳生產(chǎn)措施,執(zhí)行的基礎和依據(jù)就是ISO14000系列環(huán)境管理標準。該標準的本質就是強調企業(yè)產(chǎn)品從開始設計就應使用最少的資源,盡可能地降低對環(huán)境的影響,減少廢棄物的產(chǎn)生。

      事實上,根本不可能將企業(yè)生產(chǎn)過程的環(huán)境管理從產(chǎn)品全生命周期管理中剝離[11]。在我國大多數(shù)工業(yè)企業(yè)中,貫徹與執(zhí)行ISO14000系列環(huán)境管理標準可以進一步規(guī)范其環(huán)保型生產(chǎn)行為,從而保證生產(chǎn)過程中產(chǎn)品的低碳屬性。因此,需要強調的是,基于LCA方法的企業(yè)低碳生產(chǎn)評估框架必須與產(chǎn)品碳標簽設計,與企業(yè)生產(chǎn)過程的環(huán)境管理實現(xiàn)全面融合。

      王曉莉等:基于LCA方法的工業(yè)企業(yè)低碳生產(chǎn)評估與推廣中國人口·資源與環(huán)境2014年第12期本研究將在碳標簽的設計框架下,基于LCA方法,以貫徹ISO14000系列環(huán)境管理標準為視角,建立我國工業(yè)企業(yè)低碳生產(chǎn)評估框架。其中評估的重點就是以碳標簽產(chǎn)品為目標,調查企業(yè)所有生產(chǎn)行為中可能引發(fā)的碳排放量(圖1)。

      基于LCA方法構建企業(yè)低碳生產(chǎn)的評估框架,計量企業(yè)生產(chǎn)碳排放量即為分析產(chǎn)品在生產(chǎn)環(huán)節(jié)形成的碳足跡(Carbon Footprint,CF)。由于產(chǎn)品碳足跡只涉及計量其環(huán)境影響中溫室氣體(Greenhouse Gas,GHG)排放量,即氣候變暖因素,因此也被認為是LCA方法的一個分支[12-13],兩者具有一定同質性。

      產(chǎn)品碳足跡的計量原則指明,CF包括計量生態(tài)承載力要求的對化石能源燃燒引致CO2排放的捕獲(通過光合作用)[14],涉及從產(chǎn)品對原材料消耗、生產(chǎn)到廢物處置的全生命周期的溫室氣體排放[15]。Wiedmann進一步指出,CF應包含生產(chǎn)行為所引發(fā)的直接和間接的所有溫室氣體排放[16]。

      因此,本研究基于LCA方法評估企業(yè)低碳生產(chǎn)的原則與CF計量原則一致。均以產(chǎn)品全生命周期為導向,將企業(yè)生產(chǎn)行為所引發(fā)的直接和間接溫室氣體排放量,利用國際氣候變化專門委員會(The International Panel on Climate Change,IPCC)的全球增溫趨勢(Global Warming Potential,GWP)值,轉換成碳當量(Carbon Dioxide Equivalent,CO2e),與測量碳足跡的標準單位一致[17]。期望通過生產(chǎn)環(huán)節(jié)形成的產(chǎn)品碳足跡,完成對企業(yè)低碳生產(chǎn)狀況的考察與評估。

      當然,要使得企業(yè)低碳生產(chǎn)評估框架更適用于我國各類工業(yè)企業(yè),本研究將通過典型企業(yè)案例的分析,獲得企業(yè)層面可靠的環(huán)境數(shù)據(jù),以進一步驗證調整該評估框架的可行性與具體可操作性。

      3企業(yè)案例與計量原則的確定

      3.1純糧固態(tài)發(fā)酵型白酒企業(yè)的案例

      白酒企業(yè)作為我國傳統(tǒng)的食品工業(yè)企業(yè),其白酒產(chǎn)品是中華民族食品的典型代表,在我國具有最為穩(wěn)定的市場需求,消費規(guī)模穩(wěn)步增長,產(chǎn)品產(chǎn)量逐年攀升。2012年我國白酒的銷售收入達到釀酒業(yè)的60%左右,遠超過啤酒、黃酒等其他酒類產(chǎn)品[8]。

      其中,純糧固態(tài)發(fā)酵法是中國積累千年的傳統(tǒng)白酒生產(chǎn)工藝,在世界六大蒸餾酒中享有獨一無二的地位。所謂純糧固態(tài)發(fā)酵白酒是采用純粹的谷物原料,用曲經(jīng)固態(tài)糖化、固態(tài)發(fā)酵、固態(tài)蒸餾后貯存和勾兌后生產(chǎn)出的具有我國特定品質的優(yōu)質白酒,是中華民族傳統(tǒng)食品的典型代表。江蘇湯溝兩相和酒業(yè)有限公司(以下簡稱江蘇湯溝)較好地繼承了我國傳統(tǒng)的純糧固態(tài)發(fā)酵白酒的釀制技藝,企業(yè)倡導的制曲工藝、歷史泥窖固態(tài)發(fā)酵、合理的發(fā)酵周期和科學的蒸餾等釀造流程所生產(chǎn)的濃香型固態(tài)發(fā)酵的系列白酒是業(yè)內公認的品牌產(chǎn)品。本研究以純糧固態(tài)發(fā)酵型白酒加貼碳標簽為導向,利用企業(yè)低碳生產(chǎn)評估框架,將江蘇湯溝作為企業(yè)案例,分析白酒企業(yè)生產(chǎn)過程的碳排放量,即所形成的產(chǎn)品碳足跡,對推進企業(yè)低碳生產(chǎn)轉型,引領白酒行業(yè)的低碳發(fā)展具有一定的推廣價值。

      3.2白酒企業(yè)生產(chǎn)碳排放的計量原則

      本研究將遵照國際通用的IPCC計量口徑,將企業(yè)生產(chǎn)過程中所有溫室氣體排放轉換成CO2e形式。并兼顧目前國際公認的英國標準協(xié)會(British Standards Institute,BSI)頒布的《商品和服務在生命周期內的溫室氣體排放評價規(guī)范及使用指南PAS2050:2008》(Publicly Available Specification 2050:2008, PAS2050)中的LCA方法[9],參照加利福利亞葡萄酒機構(Wine Institute of California)、新西蘭葡萄酒生產(chǎn)者組織(New Zealand Winegrowers)、南非葡萄酒一體化生產(chǎn)組織(Integrated Production of Wine South Africa)和澳大利亞葡萄酒生產(chǎn)者聯(lián)盟(Winemakers Federation of Australia)推出的國際葡萄酒碳計算器(version 1.2 of the international wine carbon calculator,IWCC),即國際葡萄酒業(yè)計量產(chǎn)品碳足跡的準則[18],再結合世界可持續(xù)發(fā)展工商理事會(World Business Council for Sustainable Development,WBCSD)和世界資源機構(World Resources Institute,WRI)的溫室氣體排放盤查議定書(GHG Protocol),將白酒企業(yè)生產(chǎn)碳排放劃分為范圍Ⅰ的生產(chǎn)直接排放、范圍Ⅱ的外購能源和范圍Ⅲ的企業(yè)外購材料、廢物處置等環(huán)節(jié)的間接排放[19]。以上的LCA準則共同成為本研究計量白酒生產(chǎn)碳排放的計量原則。

      另外,測量企業(yè)生產(chǎn)碳排放所采用的LCA方法有多種分析工具形態(tài),可視不同的研究目標科學合理地選擇。由于本研究主要關注的是純糧固態(tài)發(fā)酵白酒生產(chǎn)過程的生命周期階段,客觀上需要選擇符合本研究的企業(yè)生產(chǎn)過程中特有的LCA研究類型(Stand Alone LCA),因此,還有如下的客觀要求:

      (1)純糧固態(tài)發(fā)酵白酒生產(chǎn)環(huán)節(jié)中主要引發(fā)碳排放的所有相關的生產(chǎn)投入與產(chǎn)出的材料流、能量流和廢物流均需要包括在內。

      (2)碳排放計量中使用的數(shù)據(jù)、參數(shù)等,尤其是生產(chǎn)過程中生命周期各個環(huán)節(jié)的材料流、能量流、廢物流等和活動水平數(shù)據(jù)和排放因子等相關參數(shù)均必須符合PAS2050重點定義所規(guī)定的范圍和要求。

      (3)純糧固態(tài)發(fā)酵白酒生產(chǎn)過程中特定階段碳排放的分析計算,必須涵蓋PAS2050中所規(guī)定的主要計量項目,并剔除其特別指明的不需要計入的相關部分,如生產(chǎn)過程的人力資源投入等。

      (4)利用PAS2050中規(guī)定的構成1%的商品或服務就釋放1%的溫室氣體的方法,確定最小計入范圍。本研究的相關分析并未采納歐盟標準排放貿易框架中3%的最小方法。

      4計量企業(yè)生產(chǎn)碳排放的相關設定

      4.1研究范圍

      對于生產(chǎn)加工食品而言,通過實證案例的驗證,采用LCA方法計量加工食品不同階段的環(huán)境影響具有非常重要的價值,但由于從“搖籃”到“墳墓”的過程涉及農業(yè)種植、食品加工、包裝、運輸、零售、消費和廢物等不同環(huán)節(jié),不同階段對應著不同的環(huán)境影響,鑒于獲得環(huán)境影響數(shù)據(jù)的難易程度,可以考慮在必須計量能源引致的排放和非能源引致的排放兩個方面的基礎上,適當簡化計算過程[20]。

      本研究LCA方法的研究范圍是純糧固態(tài)發(fā)酵白酒在江蘇湯溝企業(yè)內部的釀造生產(chǎn)過程。研究區(qū)域界定為從主要原料和能源投入到純糧固態(tài)發(fā)酵白酒(原酒)的出廠為止。生產(chǎn)投入涉及原材料投入、能源消耗、內部運輸?shù)拳h(huán)節(jié);產(chǎn)出則主要包括生產(chǎn)排放、運輸和固液廢棄物。

      4.2邊界準則

      受限于數(shù)據(jù)的可得性以及可忽略的環(huán)境影響等,江蘇湯溝純糧固態(tài)發(fā)酵白酒的相關原材料入廠前及白酒出廠后的生命周期流程一并排除在本項目的研究范圍以外。如上所述,本研究的系統(tǒng)邊界計量的產(chǎn)品生命周期只包括從谷物原材料投入白酒生產(chǎn)直到白酒產(chǎn)品到達一個新的組織,不包括上游的谷物種植和運輸、下游的白酒產(chǎn)品分銷、零售、消費者使用、廢物處置與再生利用等(見圖2)。

      本研究后續(xù)的計量分析將嚴格按照江蘇湯溝純糧固態(tài)發(fā)酵白酒生產(chǎn)的特定過程來展開,所需的原材料和能源等投入產(chǎn)出的數(shù)據(jù)等將嚴格依據(jù)上述研究范圍與確定的邊界準則。

      4.3分配程序

      同樣,需要說明的是,本研究僅涉及江蘇湯溝純糧固態(tài)發(fā)酵白酒生產(chǎn)過程的投入與產(chǎn)出的LCA系統(tǒng),由于數(shù)據(jù)受限,并沒有包括原料生產(chǎn)、產(chǎn)品消費等碳排放計量的分配問題。

      4.4功能單位

      消費者最終消費的是瓶裝的江蘇湯溝純糧固態(tài)發(fā)酵白酒,而生產(chǎn)白酒的最終目的是服務于消費者的飲用需求。因此,雖然本研究范圍并未涉及純糧固態(tài)發(fā)酵白酒消費環(huán)節(jié)的碳排放,但是為方便后續(xù)研究的深入,本研究定義的功能單位為一升純糧固態(tài)發(fā)酵白酒的碳排放。

      4.5LCA流程圖

      圖2是江蘇湯溝瓶裝白酒生命周期所涉及的所有流程。本研究僅計量江蘇湯溝生產(chǎn)純糧固態(tài)發(fā)酵白酒過程的碳排放,而原料入廠前和成品酒出廠后的系統(tǒng)并不在本研究范圍內。

      4.6碳排放計量范圍

      依據(jù)本研究的計量原則,按照圖2所示的LCA流程示意圖,將江蘇湯溝純糧固態(tài)發(fā)酵白酒生產(chǎn)碳排放的計量分為三個范圍:范圍Ⅰ、范圍Ⅱ和范圍Ⅲ。

      其中范圍Ⅰ的排放是企業(yè)可以通過所屬產(chǎn)權直接控制,包括鍋爐與發(fā)電機的能源使用、運輸設備的能源使用、生產(chǎn)過程能源使用、生產(chǎn)發(fā)酵排放、冷藏設備排放、固液廢棄物排放等;范圍Ⅱ則是企業(yè)外購的網(wǎng)電、熱力等;范圍Ⅲ是相關的供應鏈上下游企業(yè)產(chǎn)生的間接排放,涉及產(chǎn)品出廠后的運輸、消費和廢物處置。范圍的劃定是計量江蘇湯溝純糧固態(tài)發(fā)酵白酒生產(chǎn)碳排放的關鍵,區(qū)分范圍可以保證在企業(yè)層面上的碳排放不會被重復計量。對企業(yè)而言,范圍Ⅰ和范圍Ⅱ是所有工業(yè)企業(yè)衡量產(chǎn)品碳足跡和制定碳減排目標的關鍵,因此,本研究的碳排放計量范圍僅限于包括范圍Ⅰ和范圍Ⅱ。

      5企業(yè)生產(chǎn)碳排放的計量過程及結果

      PAS2050指出,比較相同產(chǎn)品隨時間動態(tài)變化的碳足跡的基本前提是采用完全一致的數(shù)據(jù)源、完全相同的邊界條件和其它完全等同的假設條件。依據(jù)上述要求,在企業(yè)以完全相同的統(tǒng)計口徑提供標準化數(shù)據(jù)的基礎上,本研究動態(tài)計量了2009-2012年間江蘇湯溝生產(chǎn)純糧固態(tài)發(fā)酵白酒的碳排放量。

      5.1范圍Ⅰ的直接碳排放量

      5.1.1鍋爐等固定能源消耗

      依靠固定能源消耗的鍋爐在工作過程中會排放溫室氣體。將所有溫室氣體排放量乘以GWP值,折算為CO2e,即為碳排放量[21]。具體計算公式如下:

      (1)通過計量分析特定生產(chǎn)階段的碳排放量,發(fā)現(xiàn)與蒸酒蒸糧工藝密切相關的鍋爐環(huán)節(jié)是引發(fā)江蘇湯溝純糧固態(tài)發(fā)酵白酒生產(chǎn)碳排放,形成產(chǎn)品碳足跡的關鍵環(huán)節(jié);而外購電力消耗是在引發(fā)企業(yè)生產(chǎn)碳排放,形成產(chǎn)品碳足跡的次關鍵環(huán)節(jié);雖然廢水COD對白酒企業(yè)生產(chǎn)碳排放的貢獻度不高,但如何在保持現(xiàn)狀中進一步減少廢水中COD濃度,實現(xiàn)穩(wěn)步減排,這也對企業(yè)的廢水處理技術提出了新挑戰(zhàn)??梢?,本研究為江蘇湯溝基于企業(yè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略,在特定生產(chǎn)階段制定并實施嚴格、有效且低碳的生產(chǎn)工藝與技術標準,減少純糧固態(tài)發(fā)酵白酒的碳足跡提供了決策參考。

      (2)本研究采用與國際接軌的基于LCA的PAS2050的計量原則,為工業(yè)企業(yè)提供了解自身低碳生產(chǎn)狀況,實施企業(yè)節(jié)能減排戰(zhàn)略,承擔企業(yè)社會責任提供依據(jù)。同時,也為消費者了解我國純糧固態(tài)發(fā)酵白酒產(chǎn)品的環(huán)保屬性,掌握在企業(yè)生產(chǎn)中產(chǎn)品碳足跡的構成,為企業(yè)進一步開拓消費市場奠定基礎。

      (3)作為我國純糧固態(tài)發(fā)酵白酒的生產(chǎn)企業(yè),以江蘇湯溝為代表的我國工業(yè)企業(yè)的節(jié)能減排與低碳生產(chǎn)應成為其永恒追求的目標。因此,本研究的計量分析結果證實,在企業(yè)低碳生產(chǎn)評估框架下,以產(chǎn)品為導向,促進企業(yè)低碳生產(chǎn)的現(xiàn)實路徑應通過產(chǎn)品供應鏈上各個成員的積極參與,并努力爭取當?shù)卣闹С郑娇芍鸩綄崿F(xiàn)。

      (4)本研究的計量結果為我國工業(yè)制品加貼碳標簽提供了有益參考。我國具有全球最大的食品消費市場,引導企業(yè)對其產(chǎn)品加貼碳標簽,對我國在更高層次上、更大范圍內引導工業(yè)行業(yè)的低碳生產(chǎn)與低碳消費具有不可估量的作用。

      雖然本研究以純糧固態(tài)發(fā)酵白酒為導向,將江蘇湯溝生產(chǎn)碳排放計量設定在特定的邊界范圍內,但由于數(shù)據(jù)采集的有效性和可靠性,并沒有涵蓋產(chǎn)品出廠后的運輸、消費,以及谷物原材料生產(chǎn)等多個環(huán)節(jié)。顯然,實現(xiàn)產(chǎn)品碳足跡的全生命周期的計量,需要與目標企業(yè)緊密配合,相關的政策建議包括:

      (1)建議目標企業(yè)強化統(tǒng)計數(shù)據(jù)的標準化、規(guī)范化建設,嘗試性擴展數(shù)據(jù)的統(tǒng)計范圍,研究有關碳足跡計量數(shù)據(jù)庫的建設,完善建立融財務核實、清潔生產(chǎn)審計、標準控制于一體的碳排放數(shù)據(jù)庫。

      (2)建議目標企業(yè)加強與谷物生產(chǎn)基地,包裝、瓶蓋、印刷等配套企業(yè)的一體化建設,用技術標準、生產(chǎn)規(guī)范和經(jīng)濟手段引領低碳生產(chǎn)。盡可能地減少供應鏈中數(shù)據(jù)的偏差和不確定性。如存在不確定信息,應給出對可能發(fā)生的數(shù)值偏離的定量估算,并說明可能引起差異的原因,并進一步測度相應活動數(shù)據(jù)。

      (3)將碳排放計量范圍擴大至谷物生產(chǎn)、運輸與消費、廢物處置等環(huán)節(jié),還需要企業(yè)重點對核算邊界的確定,以及對活動水平數(shù)據(jù)的收集方法和數(shù)值進行不確定性分析,并復核計算過程和計算結果。

      (4)企業(yè)應加強數(shù)據(jù)質量管理,建立碳排放質量保證和質量控制的程序,以識別信息誤差和遺漏,并確立與保持一個有效的信息收集系統(tǒng),實現(xiàn)對數(shù)據(jù)準確性的常規(guī)評估。只有不斷改進信息管理過程,方能最大程度保證企業(yè)低碳生產(chǎn)評估后的減排成效。

      (編輯:劉呈慶)

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      Based on the LCA Method the Assessment and Promotion of Low Carbon Manufacturing

      in Chinas Industry Enterprises: The Case of Liquor Enterprise

      WANG Xiaoli1,2WANG Haijun2WU Linhai1,2

      (1. Food Safety Research Base of Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi Jiangsu 214122, China;

      2. School of Business, Jiangnan University, Wuxi Jiangsu 214122, China)

      AbstractThe development mode of combination industrial civilization with ecological civilization makes the carbon emissions from industrial production is controversial. Through the products carbon footprint in life cycle analysis (LCA), and the carbon label is gradually used to introduce the attention on enterprises lowcarbon manufacturing. In this paper, the method of LCA and ISO14000 series of international environmental management standards were mutually balanced to build the evaluating framework of Chinese industrial enterprises lowcarbon manufacturing, which is introduced to analyze the case of Chinas typical liquor enterprise of Jiangsu Tanggou Liangxianghe Liquor Company that willing to practice carbon label. Through scientifically decomposition the LCA process and accurately definition the measure scope of enterprises processing on pure grains liquor by solid fermentation, we completed the data collection of each link in the process of pure grains liquor by solid fermentation. On the premise of ensure the data validity and reliability, we defined the study area as raw material, such grain and energy inputs to liquor products reached a new organization, and the function unit was carbon emissions from a liter of pure grain liquor by solid fermentation. Based on the LCA method, we dynamically measured and recognized the carbon emissions of the enterprise producing pure grains liquor by solid fermentation liquor in 2009-2012. The conclusions were the key point of carbon emission was boiler which closely related to steamed grain, and purchased electricity consumption was the secondary key point of carbon emissions. We suggested this enterprise on the basis of the status quo to increase technology innovation inputs to reduce waste water discharge of COD concentration. This results indicated low carbon transformation path of Jiangsu Tanggou Liangxianghe Liquor Company, also made the basis to fully practice carbon label and to fulfill social responsibility of this company. In the long run, these conclusions even take the method of carbon reduction for reference to all Chinas industrial enterprises.

      Key wordsLCA; industrial enterprises; low carbon manufacturing; evaluation; Jiangsu Tanggou

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      [17]Forster P, Ramaswamy V, Artaxo P, et al. Changes in Atmospheric Constituents and in Radiative Forcing [EB/OL]. (2007-2-4) [2012-5-8]. http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/ch2.html.

      [18]Wine Institute of California, New Zealand Winegrowers, Integrated Production of Wine South Africa, Winemakers Federation of Australia. International Wine Carbon Calculator Protocol Version 1.2[EB/OL]. (2008-6-1) [2012-3-4]. http://www.wineinstitute.org/ghgprotocol.

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      [22]國家統(tǒng)計局能源統(tǒng)計司. 中國能源統(tǒng)計年鑒[M]. 北京:中國統(tǒng)計出版社,2013. [Department of Energy Statistics of National Bureau of Statistics of the Peoples Republic of China. China Energy Statistical Yearbook[M].Beijing: China Statistics Press,2013.]

      [23]中國電力年鑒編輯委員會. 中國電力年鑒[M]. 北京:中國電力出版社,2013. [Editor Committee of China Electric Power Yearbook. China Electric Power Yearbook[M]. Beijing: China Electric Power Press,2013.]

      Based on the LCA Method the Assessment and Promotion of Low Carbon Manufacturing

      in Chinas Industry Enterprises: The Case of Liquor Enterprise

      WANG Xiaoli1,2WANG Haijun2WU Linhai1,2

      (1. Food Safety Research Base of Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi Jiangsu 214122, China;

      2. School of Business, Jiangnan University, Wuxi Jiangsu 214122, China)

      AbstractThe development mode of combination industrial civilization with ecological civilization makes the carbon emissions from industrial production is controversial. Through the products carbon footprint in life cycle analysis (LCA), and the carbon label is gradually used to introduce the attention on enterprises lowcarbon manufacturing. In this paper, the method of LCA and ISO14000 series of international environmental management standards were mutually balanced to build the evaluating framework of Chinese industrial enterprises lowcarbon manufacturing, which is introduced to analyze the case of Chinas typical liquor enterprise of Jiangsu Tanggou Liangxianghe Liquor Company that willing to practice carbon label. Through scientifically decomposition the LCA process and accurately definition the measure scope of enterprises processing on pure grains liquor by solid fermentation, we completed the data collection of each link in the process of pure grains liquor by solid fermentation. On the premise of ensure the data validity and reliability, we defined the study area as raw material, such grain and energy inputs to liquor products reached a new organization, and the function unit was carbon emissions from a liter of pure grain liquor by solid fermentation. Based on the LCA method, we dynamically measured and recognized the carbon emissions of the enterprise producing pure grains liquor by solid fermentation liquor in 2009-2012. The conclusions were the key point of carbon emission was boiler which closely related to steamed grain, and purchased electricity consumption was the secondary key point of carbon emissions. We suggested this enterprise on the basis of the status quo to increase technology innovation inputs to reduce waste water discharge of COD concentration. This results indicated low carbon transformation path of Jiangsu Tanggou Liangxianghe Liquor Company, also made the basis to fully practice carbon label and to fulfill social responsibility of this company. In the long run, these conclusions even take the method of carbon reduction for reference to all Chinas industrial enterprises.

      Key wordsLCA; industrial enterprises; low carbon manufacturing; evaluation; Jiangsu Tanggou

      [14]Global Footprint Network. Ecological Budget UKCounting Consumption[EB/OL]. (2007-5-4) [2012-3-6]. http://www.footprintnetwork.org.

      [15]Carbon Trust. Carbon Footprint Measuring Methodology 1.3 [EB/OL]. (2007-2-2) [2012-3-8]. http://www.carbontrust.co.uk.

      [16]Wiedmann T. Carbon Footprint and InputOutput AnalysisAn Introduction[J]. Economic Systems Research, 2009, 21(3):175-186.

      [17]Forster P, Ramaswamy V, Artaxo P, et al. Changes in Atmospheric Constituents and in Radiative Forcing [EB/OL]. (2007-2-4) [2012-5-8]. http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/ch2.html.

      [18]Wine Institute of California, New Zealand Winegrowers, Integrated Production of Wine South Africa, Winemakers Federation of Australia. International Wine Carbon Calculator Protocol Version 1.2[EB/OL]. (2008-6-1) [2012-3-4]. http://www.wineinstitute.org/ghgprotocol.

      [19]World Resources Institute (WRI)/World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD). GHG Protocol Product Life Cycle Accounting and Reporting Standard ICT Sector Guidance [EB/OL]. (2009-3-4) [2012-5-6]. http://www.ghgprotocol.org/feature/ghgprotocolproductlifecycleaccountingandreportingstandardictsectorguidance.

      [20]Andersson K. LCA of Food Products and Production Systems[J]. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 2000, 5(4):239-248.

      [21]IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Volume 1, General Guidance and Reporting[M]. Edited by Eggleston S, Buendia L, Kyoko M W et al. IPCC National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme, 2006.

      [22]國家統(tǒng)計局能源統(tǒng)計司. 中國能源統(tǒng)計年鑒[M]. 北京:中國統(tǒng)計出版社,2013. [Department of Energy Statistics of National Bureau of Statistics of the Peoples Republic of China. China Energy Statistical Yearbook[M].Beijing: China Statistics Press,2013.]

      [23]中國電力年鑒編輯委員會. 中國電力年鑒[M]. 北京:中國電力出版社,2013. [Editor Committee of China Electric Power Yearbook. China Electric Power Yearbook[M]. Beijing: China Electric Power Press,2013.]

      Based on the LCA Method the Assessment and Promotion of Low Carbon Manufacturing

      in Chinas Industry Enterprises: The Case of Liquor Enterprise

      WANG Xiaoli1,2WANG Haijun2WU Linhai1,2

      (1. Food Safety Research Base of Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi Jiangsu 214122, China;

      2. School of Business, Jiangnan University, Wuxi Jiangsu 214122, China)

      AbstractThe development mode of combination industrial civilization with ecological civilization makes the carbon emissions from industrial production is controversial. Through the products carbon footprint in life cycle analysis (LCA), and the carbon label is gradually used to introduce the attention on enterprises lowcarbon manufacturing. In this paper, the method of LCA and ISO14000 series of international environmental management standards were mutually balanced to build the evaluating framework of Chinese industrial enterprises lowcarbon manufacturing, which is introduced to analyze the case of Chinas typical liquor enterprise of Jiangsu Tanggou Liangxianghe Liquor Company that willing to practice carbon label. Through scientifically decomposition the LCA process and accurately definition the measure scope of enterprises processing on pure grains liquor by solid fermentation, we completed the data collection of each link in the process of pure grains liquor by solid fermentation. On the premise of ensure the data validity and reliability, we defined the study area as raw material, such grain and energy inputs to liquor products reached a new organization, and the function unit was carbon emissions from a liter of pure grain liquor by solid fermentation. Based on the LCA method, we dynamically measured and recognized the carbon emissions of the enterprise producing pure grains liquor by solid fermentation liquor in 2009-2012. The conclusions were the key point of carbon emission was boiler which closely related to steamed grain, and purchased electricity consumption was the secondary key point of carbon emissions. We suggested this enterprise on the basis of the status quo to increase technology innovation inputs to reduce waste water discharge of COD concentration. This results indicated low carbon transformation path of Jiangsu Tanggou Liangxianghe Liquor Company, also made the basis to fully practice carbon label and to fulfill social responsibility of this company. In the long run, these conclusions even take the method of carbon reduction for reference to all Chinas industrial enterprises.

      Key wordsLCA; industrial enterprises; low carbon manufacturing; evaluation; Jiangsu Tanggou

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