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      四大牧區(qū)畜禽業(yè)溫室氣體排放估算及影響因素分解

      2014-12-13 05:41:13陳瑤尚杰
      中國人口·資源與環(huán)境 2014年12期

      陳瑤++尚杰

      摘要畜牧業(yè)作為重要的產(chǎn)業(yè)部門,在滿足人們生活物質(zhì)要求的同時,成為全球溫室氣體排放的主要源頭。本文以我國四大牧區(qū)為研究對象,量化測算其2001-2011年畜禽溫室氣體排放量,并運用LMDI模型對其影響因素進行定量分解,并針對性的提出畜禽溫室氣體減排的對策建議。結(jié)果表明:內(nèi)蒙古、西藏和青海牧區(qū)的畜禽溫室氣體排放整體呈現(xiàn)增加趨勢,其分別由2001年的1 609.81萬t、1 230.64萬t和1 019.94萬t增加到2011年的2 617.71萬t、1 350.10萬t和1 065.43萬t,新疆牧區(qū)則呈現(xiàn)先增加后下降的趨勢,由2001年的1 666.37萬t增加到2006年的2 057.79萬t,隨后又遞減到2011年的1 419.91萬t,四大牧區(qū)的年均增長率分別為6.26%、0.97%、0.45%和-1.48%;經(jīng)濟水平的提升是四大牧區(qū)畜禽溫室氣體排放的最主要因素,相比基期2001年,其使得四大牧區(qū)分別產(chǎn)生了123.64%、384.41%、1 715.50%和279.49%的溫室氣體排放增量;經(jīng)濟效率對四大牧區(qū)畜禽溫室氣體排放具有較強的抑制作用,對四大牧區(qū)畜禽溫室氣體的減排效應(yīng)分別達到了73.08%、199.04%、955.66%和503.25%,農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)因素和勞動力因素對四大牧區(qū)畜禽溫室氣體排放的影響因地而異,其中農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)因素對四大牧區(qū)畜禽溫室氣體排放的影響度分別為415.32萬t、-154.96萬t、48.76萬t和30.72萬t,勞動力因素的影響度分別為83.05萬t、52.98萬t、-348.96萬t和274.32萬t。最后,本文基于研究結(jié)論,總體上從規(guī)模養(yǎng)殖、科學(xué)養(yǎng)殖和清潔養(yǎng)殖三方面提出促進四大牧區(qū)畜禽溫室氣體減排的對策建議,并針對各個牧區(qū)的實際情況提出一些可操作的符合區(qū)域畜牧業(yè)發(fā)展實際的對策。

      關(guān)鍵詞畜禽業(yè);溫室氣體排放;LMDI模型;減排政策

      中圖分類號S168文獻標(biāo)識碼A文章編號1002-2104(2014)12-0089-07doi:103969/jissn1002-2104201412012

      以全球變暖為主要特征的全球氣候氣象問題,成為人類經(jīng)濟社會可持續(xù)發(fā)展不得不面臨的問題,而由人為溫室氣體排放導(dǎo)致的全球氣候變暖則愈發(fā)得到全世界的關(guān)注?,F(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)作為一個重要的產(chǎn)業(yè)部門,在滿足人類最基本的物質(zhì)需求的同時,大量化學(xué)生產(chǎn)資料和畜禽糞便等使得農(nóng)業(yè)成為重要的溫室氣體排放源頭,而畜牧業(yè)溫室氣體則主要源于反芻動物腸胃發(fā)酵產(chǎn)生的CH4、畜禽糞便處理產(chǎn)生的CH4和N2O[1],從動物種類來看,反芻動物產(chǎn)生的溫室氣體排放最多,其次為豬,最少的是雞。而根據(jù)《牲畜的巨大陰影:環(huán)境問題與選擇》(FAO)中的相關(guān)調(diào)查數(shù)據(jù)顯示全球每年僅由牛、羊、馬、駱駝、豬和家禽的溫室氣體排放量的CO2當(dāng)量占到了全球人為溫室氣體排放量的18%。隨著經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展和生活水平的提高,人們對肉、蛋、奶等畜禽產(chǎn)品的大量需求,促進了我國畜牧業(yè)的迅速發(fā)展,然而快速發(fā)展的畜禽業(yè)引起了巨大的環(huán)境污染和溫室氣體排放,對周邊的生態(tài)環(huán)境帶來巨大的壓力[2]。我國是一個農(nóng)業(yè)大國,畜牧業(yè)在國民經(jīng)濟中占有重要地位,關(guān)系國計民生,關(guān)系到以牧為主的邊疆民族地區(qū)經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展和民族間的團結(jié)和諧。因此,畜牧業(yè)要繼續(xù)穩(wěn)定發(fā)展是肯定的。但是,我國是一個高度負(fù)責(zé)任的國家,在保護地球,保護人類的家園的大事上,應(yīng)責(zé)無旁貸地行動起來。這就決定了未來我國畜牧業(yè)的發(fā)展必須走低碳畜牧業(yè)經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的道路,需要轉(zhuǎn)變粗放的生產(chǎn)方式[3]。內(nèi)蒙古、青海、西藏和新疆作為我國的四大牧區(qū),其畜牧產(chǎn)業(yè)的規(guī)?;F(xiàn)代化發(fā)展為國內(nèi)畜禽產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)做出重要的貢獻,但是四大牧區(qū)的生態(tài)環(huán)境極為脆弱,以畜禽廢棄物污染、溫室氣體排放等為代表的畜禽環(huán)境問題使得牧區(qū)的畜禽持續(xù)發(fā)展面臨巨大的挑戰(zhàn)。

      1文獻回顧

      近年來國內(nèi)外大量的學(xué)者、專家和相關(guān)機構(gòu)開始強化對畜禽業(yè)溫室氣體排放問題的關(guān)注,并做了廣泛的具有開創(chuàng)性的研究,取得了一系列的理論和實證研究成果。對這些文獻進行系統(tǒng)的梳理,發(fā)現(xiàn)其具有一定的特征。從研究的起步時間和研究深度來看,國外專家的研究起步相對較早,且研究領(lǐng)域較為寬泛,研究深度較好,而國內(nèi)則相對處于起步階段,相關(guān)研究相對滯后;從研究內(nèi)容上來看,主要集中于畜禽溫室氣體排放的產(chǎn)生機理、溫室氣體減排的市場和行政措施,多從微觀領(lǐng)域入手,而國內(nèi)則側(cè)重于概念描述、溫室氣體減排措施和區(qū)域畜禽溫室氣體排放量的測算等,多從中觀和宏觀領(lǐng)域入手。在影響因素的研究上,主要通過各種數(shù)學(xué)模型研究特定時間序列,進行影響因素分解,常見的模型有Kaya公式、回歸模型、IPAT模型、STIRPAT模型、迪氏對數(shù)指標(biāo)分解LMDI等,這些因素分解的模型各有自身特定的適用性,在實際的應(yīng)用中也取得了一定的成績[4]。胡向東、王濟民測算了我國2000-2007年的畜禽溫室氣體排放量,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)我國畜禽溫室氣體排放呈現(xiàn)先上升后下降的趨勢[5]。詹晶、張俊娜、鄧榮榮運用回歸模型分析了我國畜牧業(yè)甲烷排放的影響因素并提出適合我國低碳畜牧業(yè)的路徑,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)豬和羊是我國畜牧業(yè)甲烷排放的最主要貢獻者,并從飼料調(diào)節(jié)、糞便管理和政府調(diào)控三個方面提出我國低碳畜牧業(yè)發(fā)展的路徑[6]。還有大量的學(xué)者對溫室氣體排放及其影響因素進行了研究,但是這些文獻主要集中在能源消耗領(lǐng)域,因而忽視了其它的方面。本文選取牛、羊、馬、騾、驢、駱駝、豬、家禽和兔等動物為研究對象,測算我國四大牧區(qū)2001-2011的畜禽溫室氣體排放,并基于LMDI模型對其影響因素進行分解。

      陳瑤等:四大牧區(qū)畜禽業(yè)溫室氣體排放估算及影響因素分解中國人口·資源與環(huán)境2014年第12期2研究方法與理論

      2.1畜禽溫室氣體排放量的測算方法

      結(jié)合相關(guān)的文獻,我們知道畜禽溫室氣體排放主要源于反芻動物腸胃發(fā)酵產(chǎn)生的CH4、畜禽糞便處理產(chǎn)生的CH4和N2O,其中反芻動物最多,因此畜禽溫室氣體排放量的測算必須從此視角入手。本文選取牛、羊、馬、騾、驢、駱駝、豬、家禽和兔等動物作為研究對象,借鑒前人的關(guān)于各畜禽的溫室氣體排放系數(shù),測算四大牧區(qū)的畜禽溫室氣體排放量。其具體的測算方法如下:

      其中,Et、ECH4和EN2O分別表示畜牧業(yè)總的溫室氣體排放量、CH4和N2O排放量。為了便于統(tǒng)一標(biāo)準(zhǔn),根據(jù)增熱效應(yīng),將CH4和N2O轉(zhuǎn)化成CO2當(dāng)量,其轉(zhuǎn)化系數(shù)分別為21和310。Ni表示第i種動物的平均飼養(yǎng)量,αi和βi表示第i種動物的CH4和N2O排放因子。目前國內(nèi)關(guān)于畜禽溫室氣體排放的測算方法主要分為兩種,一種是借助IPCC國家間溫室氣體排放指南及其排放系數(shù),另一種是在IPCC的基礎(chǔ)上,根據(jù)各省的收集參數(shù)(采食量、飼料種類、動物生產(chǎn)參數(shù)、氣溫、糞便管理方式、CH4轉(zhuǎn)化率等)確定溫室氣體的排放系數(shù),但是這樣比較復(fù)雜,且不太成熟,因此本文采用前一種方式,但是可能使得區(qū)域間的差異化無法體現(xiàn)出來。由于各種動物的飼養(yǎng)周期不同,需要根據(jù)動物的出欄量和年末存欄量對平均飼養(yǎng)量進行調(diào)整,參考胡向東[4]提出的出欄率進行調(diào)整。當(dāng)出欄率大于1時,其平均飼養(yǎng)量用出欄量除以365乘以其生命周期,主要有生豬、家禽和兔,其生命周期分別為200天[5]、55天[7]和105天[5]。對于出欄率小于1的動物,其平均飼養(yǎng)量由相鄰兩年年末存欄量的平均數(shù)表示。CH4的排放主要源于反芻動物的腸道發(fā)酵和動物糞便管理,N2O的排放主要源于動物的糞便管理。本文動物CH4的排放因子來源于2006年IPCC國家間溫室氣體排放指南[8], N2O的排放因子來源于胡向東[5],非奶牛是取黃牛和水牛的平均值。具體的排放因子見表1。

      2.3數(shù)據(jù)來源及處理

      牛、羊、馬、騾、驢、駱駝、豬、家禽和兔等動物存欄量和出欄量、畜牧業(yè)產(chǎn)值、農(nóng)林牧漁總產(chǎn)值以及從事農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)的勞動力數(shù)量均出自于四大牧區(qū)的統(tǒng)計年鑒??紤]到GDP不具有縱向可比性,因此本文中的畜牧業(yè)產(chǎn)值和農(nóng)林牧漁總產(chǎn)值以2001年為基準(zhǔn)年,換算為可比的實際產(chǎn)值。

      3.2.3畜禽溫室氣體排放結(jié)構(gòu)比較

      反芻動物的腸胃發(fā)酵的溫室氣體排放量最多,而糞便管理產(chǎn)生的溫室氣體排放量次之。經(jīng)過測算,四大牧區(qū)反芻動物的腸胃發(fā)酵的溫室氣體排放量最多,這也和相關(guān)文獻成果相一致。以2011年為例,內(nèi)蒙古牧區(qū)反芻動物腸胃發(fā)酵溫室氣體排放量為1 459.51萬t二氧化碳當(dāng)量,占到了整個牧區(qū)畜禽溫室氣體排放的55.76%;西藏牧區(qū)反芻動物腸胃發(fā)酵溫室氣體排放占總排放量的64.03%,青海牧區(qū)則占到62.27%,新疆牧區(qū)占到了55.67%;而糞便管理中產(chǎn)生的溫室氣體主要是氧化亞氮,以2011年的新疆牧區(qū)為例,糞便管理產(chǎn)生的氧化亞氮為547.11萬t二氧化碳當(dāng)量,占到了畜禽糞便管理產(chǎn)生的溫室氣體排放總量的86.91%。在腸道發(fā)酵溫室氣體排放中,各個牧區(qū)間差異化明顯,內(nèi)蒙古牧區(qū)排放最多的是羊,其次是其他牛,而奶牛的貢獻率逐漸增加,且在2011年超過了其他牛,位居第二;西藏牧區(qū)和青海則主要以其他牛為主,且遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過其他畜禽種類;新疆牧區(qū)溫室氣體排放最多的是羊、其次是奶牛。由此,我們可以發(fā)現(xiàn)內(nèi)蒙古牧區(qū)的畜禽溫室氣體排放源短期來看主要是羊,長期來看是奶牛;西藏和青海牧區(qū)畜禽溫室氣體排放源則主要是其他牛;新疆牧區(qū)畜禽溫室氣體排放第一大源是羊,而奶牛是其溫室氣體排放的第二大因素。

      3.3測算結(jié)果的準(zhǔn)確性評價

      關(guān)于我國畜禽溫室氣體排放的權(quán)威數(shù)據(jù)相對缺乏,世界銀行曾統(tǒng)計中國農(nóng)業(yè)甲烷排放由1991年的70 502.5 t增加到2010年的102 046.0 t。對于缺少四大牧區(qū)畜禽溫室氣體排放的數(shù)據(jù)的情況,本文結(jié)合一些學(xué)者的研究成果,進行比較分析。胡向東,王濟民(2010)測算得出西藏、新疆和內(nèi)蒙古的畜禽甲烷排放分別為41.41萬t、50.15萬t和70.45萬t[5],閔繼勝,胡浩(2012)測算出內(nèi)蒙古2008年的畜禽甲烷和氧化亞氮排放分別為64.55萬t和4.55萬t[10],田云,張俊飚,李波(2012)測算發(fā)現(xiàn)2010年內(nèi)蒙古、西藏、青海和新疆的腸道發(fā)酵和糞便管理的碳排放分別為447.85萬t和64.17萬t、267.90萬t和12.27萬t、203.59萬t和11.60萬t、247.37萬t和28.94萬t[11]。經(jīng)過對比分析,本文的測算結(jié)果和前人的研究成果基本相一致。

      4基于LMDI模型的四大牧區(qū)畜禽溫室氣體影響因素分解本文基于LMDI因素分解模型、溫室氣體排放測算數(shù)據(jù)和相關(guān)統(tǒng)計數(shù)據(jù),并借助Excel運算工具,從生產(chǎn)效率、產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)、經(jīng)濟水平、勞動力等四個方面對四大牧區(qū)畜禽溫室氣體排放的影響因素進行量化分解,得到各個影響因素的具體值,詳見表3。對其進行分析,我們可以得到以下結(jié)論:

      (1)經(jīng)濟水平的快速提升是導(dǎo)致四大牧區(qū)畜禽溫室氣體排放增加的最主要影響因素。相比2001年,經(jīng)濟水平的提升分別使得內(nèi)蒙古、青海、西藏和新疆四大牧區(qū)產(chǎn)生了1 246.12萬t、780.47萬t、459.22萬t和688.83萬t的溫室氣體增量,分別占到了其總效應(yīng)的123.64%、1 715.50%、384.41%和279.49%。畜禽業(yè)的快速發(fā)展是實現(xiàn)農(nóng)業(yè)、農(nóng)村發(fā)展和農(nóng)民增收的主要途徑,是實現(xiàn)“農(nóng)民收入倍增計劃”和社會主義新農(nóng)村的前提條件。由此,我們可以發(fā)現(xiàn)犧牲經(jīng)濟發(fā)展以實現(xiàn)畜禽溫室氣體減排是不現(xiàn)實的,即在未來很長一段時間內(nèi),經(jīng)濟水平的提升依然是導(dǎo)致我國畜禽溫室氣體排放的最主要因素,這是由現(xiàn)實經(jīng)濟社會條件所決定的。

      (2)畜禽生產(chǎn)效率對畜禽溫室氣體排放具有較強的抑制作用。相比基期的2001年,畜禽生產(chǎn)效率的提升分別使得內(nèi)蒙古、青海、西藏和新疆四大牧區(qū)的畜禽溫室氣體減排736.59萬t、434.78萬t、237.78萬t和1 240.33萬t,分別占到了總溫室氣體排放效應(yīng)的-73.08%、-955.66%、-199.04%和503.25%。經(jīng)濟效率的提升,對畜禽溫室氣體減排的效果明顯,這就為四大牧區(qū)乃至全國畜禽溫室氣體減排指明了方向,要實現(xiàn)畜禽溫室氣體的減排就務(wù)必要提升其產(chǎn)出效率。不難預(yù)測,在今后一段時間內(nèi),效率因素依然是畜禽溫室氣體減排的最主要推動因素。

      (3)農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)對四大牧區(qū)畜禽溫室氣體排放的影響程度因地而異。農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)因素對內(nèi)蒙古、新疆和青海牧區(qū)畜禽溫室氣體排放呈現(xiàn)正向促進作用,且在內(nèi)蒙古牧區(qū)這種促進作用最大,相比2001年,農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)導(dǎo)致內(nèi)蒙古畜禽溫室氣體排放增加了415.32萬t,而新疆牧區(qū)則增加了30.72萬t,差異化較為明顯;而農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)因素對西藏牧區(qū)的畜禽溫室氣體排放呈現(xiàn)抑制作用,相比2001年,其對西藏牧區(qū)畜禽溫室氣體的減排效應(yīng)為154.96萬t,減排效果僅次于經(jīng)濟效率。

      (4)勞動力因素對四大牧區(qū)畜禽溫室氣體排放的影響效果較小,且對四大牧區(qū)的影響程度亦因地而異。新疆牧區(qū)和青海牧區(qū)中勞動力因素對畜禽溫室氣體排放的影響程度大于其經(jīng)濟結(jié)構(gòu)因素,內(nèi)蒙古牧區(qū)和西藏牧區(qū)的勞動力因素的影響程度均小于經(jīng)濟效率、農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)和經(jīng)濟水平三個影響因素的影響程度。從作用方向來看,勞動力因素對內(nèi)蒙古、西藏和新疆牧區(qū)的畜禽溫室氣體排放呈現(xiàn)正向促進作用,相比基期2001年,其分別導(dǎo)致了83.05萬t、提高畜禽養(yǎng)殖的規(guī)?;?、集約化和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化,可以有效提升單產(chǎn)水平,可以在減少動物養(yǎng)殖數(shù)量的同時減少單位產(chǎn)品的溫室氣體排放水平[12],這樣就能提升畜禽養(yǎng)殖的產(chǎn)出效率,不僅可以實現(xiàn)農(nóng)牧民的經(jīng)營收入,還可以實現(xiàn)畜禽溫室氣體的減排。在表3中可以看出效率的提升是四大牧區(qū)畜禽溫室氣體排放的最大抑制因素,尤其是新疆,然而,目前四大牧區(qū)中的內(nèi)蒙古、西藏和青海的效率因素并不是特別凸顯,畜禽養(yǎng)殖主要以散養(yǎng)和放羊為主,養(yǎng)殖規(guī)模較小,畜禽產(chǎn)出效率較低。對此,四大牧區(qū)要針對自身特點,因地制宜,多措施并行,以全面的提升其畜禽產(chǎn)出效率,切實降低畜禽溫室氣體的排放強度,實現(xiàn)畜禽溫室氣體的減排和牧區(qū)生態(tài)環(huán)境的改善。

      5.2科學(xué)養(yǎng)殖

      除了青海之外,其他牧區(qū)的勞動力因素成為畜禽溫室氣體排放的重要推動力,這主要是由于廣大牧民的專業(yè)技術(shù)培訓(xùn)不足,總體素質(zhì)較低,為此要強化相關(guān)農(nóng)牧民的專業(yè)技術(shù)培訓(xùn),實現(xiàn)科學(xué)養(yǎng)殖。反芻動物的腸胃發(fā)酵產(chǎn)生的CH4是畜禽溫室氣體排放的重要源頭。附著在瘤胃中的原蟲表面的產(chǎn)甲烷菌是CH4產(chǎn)生的載體,而減少瘤胃中原蟲的數(shù)量可以有效減少CH4產(chǎn)量的20%-50%[10]??茖W(xué)的飼養(yǎng)技術(shù)能有效減少畜牧業(yè)的溫室氣體排放,研究表明合理的精飼料比例可以有效提升飼料利用效率,減少溫室氣體排放,而采食量與CH4產(chǎn)量呈現(xiàn)正向相關(guān),合理采食量的確定也是減排的重要手段。優(yōu)良動物品種的培育也是畜牧業(yè)溫室氣體減排的重要措施,有研究表明奶牛的能源投入產(chǎn)出比為14∶1,羊為50∶1,蛋雞為26∶1,豬為17∶1,火雞為13∶1,在同樣的飼料消耗下不同畜禽品種的生產(chǎn)效率差別較大,其溫室氣體排放也存在明顯差別,即使同樣的動物品種,雜交優(yōu)選品種的生產(chǎn)效率就會高很多。因此,四大牧區(qū)畜禽溫室氣體減排必須遵循科學(xué)養(yǎng)殖,通過調(diào)整飼料結(jié)構(gòu)、抑制產(chǎn)甲烷菌生長、培育優(yōu)良畜禽品種、糞便無害化處理等手段,在提升畜禽生產(chǎn)效率的同時減少溫室氣體排放。

      5.3清潔養(yǎng)殖

      經(jīng)濟水平的提升和人民生活水平的提升,使得畜禽產(chǎn)品的需求迅速增加,進而導(dǎo)致了畜禽溫室氣體排放量的增加,以內(nèi)蒙和青海最為明顯,同時作為牧區(qū),畜牧業(yè)以外的農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展水平較低,產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)不合理。為此,各大牧區(qū)尤其是新疆、內(nèi)蒙和西藏要充分發(fā)揮地域文化和景觀特色,發(fā)展觀光農(nóng)業(yè)和生態(tài)農(nóng)業(yè)等,優(yōu)化農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)。其中,最為重要的是要推動畜禽廢棄物的清潔化處理,動物糞便是畜禽的CH4和N2O排放的主要貢獻者,合理的糞便管理措施可以有效減少環(huán)境污染的同時減少溫室氣體排放。四大牧區(qū)畜禽養(yǎng)殖大多是非集約化的,其動物糞便的無害化、資源化處理水平幾乎為零。而規(guī)模較大的養(yǎng)殖場的糞尿處理設(shè)施管理水平差,設(shè)施利用效率低下,造成糞便處理水平較低。為此,必須綜合各種措施強化大中型養(yǎng)殖場的動物糞便就地?zé)o害化、資源化處理水平,有效利用糞便處理設(shè)施,同時在有條件的地方建設(shè)沼氣工程,發(fā)展沼氣產(chǎn)業(yè)。對交通方便的散養(yǎng)戶,應(yīng)以政府為主導(dǎo),采用“車輛流動收集方式”,將分散的動物糞便集中起來進行資源化再利用。

      (編輯:田紅)

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      [6]詹晶, 張俊娜, 鄧榮榮.我國畜牧業(yè)低碳化發(fā)展的路徑選擇——基于畜牧業(yè)排放源對甲烷增長的回歸分析[J].廣西社會科學(xué),2012,(9):50-54.[ Zhan Jing, Zhang Junna,Deng Rongrong. The Low Carbon Development Path Selection of Livestock in China based on Animal Sources of Methane and Regression Analysis[J].Guangxi social science, 2012,(9):50-54.]

      [7]劉培芳, 陳振樓, 許世遠(yuǎn),等.長江三角洲城郊畜禽糞便的污染負(fù)荷及其防治對策[J].長江流域資源與環(huán)境,2002,11(5):457.[Liu Peifang, Chen Zhenlou, Xu Shiyuan, et al. Waste Loading and Treatment Strategies on the Excreta of Domestic Animals in the Yangtze Delta[J]. Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin, 2002,11(5):457.]

      [8]IPCC. IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Volume 4: Agriculture,F(xiàn)orestry and other Land Use[R]. Geneva, Switzerland: IPCC,2006.

      [9]徐國泉, 劉則淵, 姜照華.中國碳排放的因素分解模型及實證分析:1995-2004[J].中國人口·資源與環(huán)境,2006, 16(6):158-161.[Xu Guoquan, LiuZeyuan, Jiang Zhaohua. Decomposition Model and Empirical Study of Carbon Emissions for China,1995-2004[J]. China Population, Resources and Environment, 2006, 16(6): 158-161.]

      [10]閔繼勝,胡浩.中國農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)溫室氣體排放量的測算[J].中國人口·資源與環(huán)境,2012,22 (7): 21-27.[Min Jisheng, Hu Hao. Calculation of Greenhouse Gases Emission from Agricultural Production in China[J]. China Population, Resources and Environment,2012,22(7):21-27.]

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      Estimation and Effecting Factor Decomposition of Green House Gas Emission of

      Animal Husbandry Industry in Four Pastoral Areas

      CHEN Yao1,2SHANG Jie1,3

      (1. School of Economics and Management, Northeast Forestry University, Heilongjiang Harbin 150040,China;

      2. Publishing Center, Northeast Agricultural University, Heilongjiang Harbin 150030,China;

      3. College of Management, Heilongjiang University of Scinece and Technology, Harbin Heilongjiang 150080,China)

      AbstractAnimal husbandry industry as an important industrial department, not only met the peoples material life requirements, but also became the main source of global greenhouse gas emissions. In this paper, we took the four major pastoral areas of China as the research objects, and measured the 2001-2011 livestock emissions of greenhouse gases. Meanwhile, LMDI model was used for quantitative analysis on the influence factors, and proposed the suggestions for livestock greenhouse gas emission reduction. The results showed that: the pastoral livestock greenhouse gas emissions of Inner Mongolia, Tibet and Qinghai presented the increasing trend, in 2001, the indexes were 1 609.81 million tons, 1 230.64 million tons and 1 019.94 million tons, respectively, in 2011 they were increased to 2 617.71 million tons, 1 350.10 million tons and 1 065.43 million tons. But in the pastoral area of Xinjiang, it showed a downward trend after the first increasing, increased from 1 666.37 million tons in 2001 to 2 057.79 million tons in 2006, then decreased to 1 419.91 million tons in 2011. An annual average increaseing rate of four pastoral areas was 6.26%, 0.97%, 0.45% and -1.48%, respectively, and the main reason for livestock and poultry greenhouse gas emissions in four major pastoral areas was the economic development. Compared with 2001, it made the four major pastoral areas produced 123.64%, 384.41%, 1 715.50% and 279.49%, respectively increment of greenhouse gas emissions; economic efficiency had strong inhibitory effects on livestock greenhouse gas emissions in four major pastoral areas, and its emission reduction effects on livestock greenhouse gas were 73.08%, 199.04%, 955.66% and 503.25% respectively, in the four major pastoral areas. The effect of agricultural industrial structure and labor force factors on livestock and poultry greenhouse gas emissions in four major pastoral areas varied by regions.The agricultural structure factors which affected livestock and poultry greenhouse gas emissions in the four major pastoral areas were 415.32 million tons, -154.96 million tons, 48.76 million tons and 30.72 million tons, impact of labor factors were 83.05 million tons, 52.98 million tons, -348.96 million tons and 274.32 million tons. Finally, based on the research conclusion, from the scale breeding, scientific farming and polluting culture, we put forward some suggestions for reducing the livestock greenhouse gas emission in the four major pastoral areas, and put forward some feasible countermeasures for local animal husbandry actual development according to the actual situations in various pastoral areas.

      Key wordsanimal husbandry industry; greenhouse gas emission; LMDI model; emission reduction policy

      [5]胡向東, 王濟民.中國畜禽溫室氣體排放量估算[J].農(nóng)業(yè)工程報,2010,26(10):247-252.[Hu Xiangdong, Wang Jimin. Estimation of Livestock Greenhouse Gases Discharge in China[J]. Transactions of the CSAE, 2010,26(10): 247-252.]

      [6]詹晶, 張俊娜, 鄧榮榮.我國畜牧業(yè)低碳化發(fā)展的路徑選擇——基于畜牧業(yè)排放源對甲烷增長的回歸分析[J].廣西社會科學(xué),2012,(9):50-54.[ Zhan Jing, Zhang Junna,Deng Rongrong. The Low Carbon Development Path Selection of Livestock in China based on Animal Sources of Methane and Regression Analysis[J].Guangxi social science, 2012,(9):50-54.]

      [7]劉培芳, 陳振樓, 許世遠(yuǎn),等.長江三角洲城郊畜禽糞便的污染負(fù)荷及其防治對策[J].長江流域資源與環(huán)境,2002,11(5):457.[Liu Peifang, Chen Zhenlou, Xu Shiyuan, et al. Waste Loading and Treatment Strategies on the Excreta of Domestic Animals in the Yangtze Delta[J]. Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin, 2002,11(5):457.]

      [8]IPCC. IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Volume 4: Agriculture,F(xiàn)orestry and other Land Use[R]. Geneva, Switzerland: IPCC,2006.

      [9]徐國泉, 劉則淵, 姜照華.中國碳排放的因素分解模型及實證分析:1995-2004[J].中國人口·資源與環(huán)境,2006, 16(6):158-161.[Xu Guoquan, LiuZeyuan, Jiang Zhaohua. Decomposition Model and Empirical Study of Carbon Emissions for China,1995-2004[J]. China Population, Resources and Environment, 2006, 16(6): 158-161.]

      [10]閔繼勝,胡浩.中國農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)溫室氣體排放量的測算[J].中國人口·資源與環(huán)境,2012,22 (7): 21-27.[Min Jisheng, Hu Hao. Calculation of Greenhouse Gases Emission from Agricultural Production in China[J]. China Population, Resources and Environment,2012,22(7):21-27.]

      [11]田云, 張俊飚, 李波.中國農(nóng)業(yè)碳排放研究:測算、時空比較及脫鉤效應(yīng)[J].資源科學(xué), 2012, 34(11):2097-2105.[Tian Yun,Zhang Junbiao,Li Bo. Agricultural Carbon Emissions in China: Calculation, SpatialTemporalComparison and Decoupling Effects[J]. Resources Science, 2012, 34(11):2097-2015.]

      [12]李勝利, 金鑫, 范學(xué)珊,等. 反芻動物生產(chǎn)與碳減排措施[J].動物營養(yǎng)學(xué)報, 2010, 22(1):2-9.[Li Shengli, Jinxin, Fan Xueshan,et al. Ruminant Production and Carbon Emission Reduction Measures[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition,2010,22(1):2-9.]

      Estimation and Effecting Factor Decomposition of Green House Gas Emission of

      Animal Husbandry Industry in Four Pastoral Areas

      CHEN Yao1,2SHANG Jie1,3

      (1. School of Economics and Management, Northeast Forestry University, Heilongjiang Harbin 150040,China;

      2. Publishing Center, Northeast Agricultural University, Heilongjiang Harbin 150030,China;

      3. College of Management, Heilongjiang University of Scinece and Technology, Harbin Heilongjiang 150080,China)

      AbstractAnimal husbandry industry as an important industrial department, not only met the peoples material life requirements, but also became the main source of global greenhouse gas emissions. In this paper, we took the four major pastoral areas of China as the research objects, and measured the 2001-2011 livestock emissions of greenhouse gases. Meanwhile, LMDI model was used for quantitative analysis on the influence factors, and proposed the suggestions for livestock greenhouse gas emission reduction. The results showed that: the pastoral livestock greenhouse gas emissions of Inner Mongolia, Tibet and Qinghai presented the increasing trend, in 2001, the indexes were 1 609.81 million tons, 1 230.64 million tons and 1 019.94 million tons, respectively, in 2011 they were increased to 2 617.71 million tons, 1 350.10 million tons and 1 065.43 million tons. But in the pastoral area of Xinjiang, it showed a downward trend after the first increasing, increased from 1 666.37 million tons in 2001 to 2 057.79 million tons in 2006, then decreased to 1 419.91 million tons in 2011. An annual average increaseing rate of four pastoral areas was 6.26%, 0.97%, 0.45% and -1.48%, respectively, and the main reason for livestock and poultry greenhouse gas emissions in four major pastoral areas was the economic development. Compared with 2001, it made the four major pastoral areas produced 123.64%, 384.41%, 1 715.50% and 279.49%, respectively increment of greenhouse gas emissions; economic efficiency had strong inhibitory effects on livestock greenhouse gas emissions in four major pastoral areas, and its emission reduction effects on livestock greenhouse gas were 73.08%, 199.04%, 955.66% and 503.25% respectively, in the four major pastoral areas. The effect of agricultural industrial structure and labor force factors on livestock and poultry greenhouse gas emissions in four major pastoral areas varied by regions.The agricultural structure factors which affected livestock and poultry greenhouse gas emissions in the four major pastoral areas were 415.32 million tons, -154.96 million tons, 48.76 million tons and 30.72 million tons, impact of labor factors were 83.05 million tons, 52.98 million tons, -348.96 million tons and 274.32 million tons. Finally, based on the research conclusion, from the scale breeding, scientific farming and polluting culture, we put forward some suggestions for reducing the livestock greenhouse gas emission in the four major pastoral areas, and put forward some feasible countermeasures for local animal husbandry actual development according to the actual situations in various pastoral areas.

      Key wordsanimal husbandry industry; greenhouse gas emission; LMDI model; emission reduction policy

      [5]胡向東, 王濟民.中國畜禽溫室氣體排放量估算[J].農(nóng)業(yè)工程報,2010,26(10):247-252.[Hu Xiangdong, Wang Jimin. Estimation of Livestock Greenhouse Gases Discharge in China[J]. Transactions of the CSAE, 2010,26(10): 247-252.]

      [6]詹晶, 張俊娜, 鄧榮榮.我國畜牧業(yè)低碳化發(fā)展的路徑選擇——基于畜牧業(yè)排放源對甲烷增長的回歸分析[J].廣西社會科學(xué),2012,(9):50-54.[ Zhan Jing, Zhang Junna,Deng Rongrong. The Low Carbon Development Path Selection of Livestock in China based on Animal Sources of Methane and Regression Analysis[J].Guangxi social science, 2012,(9):50-54.]

      [7]劉培芳, 陳振樓, 許世遠(yuǎn),等.長江三角洲城郊畜禽糞便的污染負(fù)荷及其防治對策[J].長江流域資源與環(huán)境,2002,11(5):457.[Liu Peifang, Chen Zhenlou, Xu Shiyuan, et al. Waste Loading and Treatment Strategies on the Excreta of Domestic Animals in the Yangtze Delta[J]. Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin, 2002,11(5):457.]

      [8]IPCC. IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Volume 4: Agriculture,F(xiàn)orestry and other Land Use[R]. Geneva, Switzerland: IPCC,2006.

      [9]徐國泉, 劉則淵, 姜照華.中國碳排放的因素分解模型及實證分析:1995-2004[J].中國人口·資源與環(huán)境,2006, 16(6):158-161.[Xu Guoquan, LiuZeyuan, Jiang Zhaohua. Decomposition Model and Empirical Study of Carbon Emissions for China,1995-2004[J]. China Population, Resources and Environment, 2006, 16(6): 158-161.]

      [10]閔繼勝,胡浩.中國農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)溫室氣體排放量的測算[J].中國人口·資源與環(huán)境,2012,22 (7): 21-27.[Min Jisheng, Hu Hao. Calculation of Greenhouse Gases Emission from Agricultural Production in China[J]. China Population, Resources and Environment,2012,22(7):21-27.]

      [11]田云, 張俊飚, 李波.中國農(nóng)業(yè)碳排放研究:測算、時空比較及脫鉤效應(yīng)[J].資源科學(xué), 2012, 34(11):2097-2105.[Tian Yun,Zhang Junbiao,Li Bo. Agricultural Carbon Emissions in China: Calculation, SpatialTemporalComparison and Decoupling Effects[J]. Resources Science, 2012, 34(11):2097-2015.]

      [12]李勝利, 金鑫, 范學(xué)珊,等. 反芻動物生產(chǎn)與碳減排措施[J].動物營養(yǎng)學(xué)報, 2010, 22(1):2-9.[Li Shengli, Jinxin, Fan Xueshan,et al. Ruminant Production and Carbon Emission Reduction Measures[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition,2010,22(1):2-9.]

      Estimation and Effecting Factor Decomposition of Green House Gas Emission of

      Animal Husbandry Industry in Four Pastoral Areas

      CHEN Yao1,2SHANG Jie1,3

      (1. School of Economics and Management, Northeast Forestry University, Heilongjiang Harbin 150040,China;

      2. Publishing Center, Northeast Agricultural University, Heilongjiang Harbin 150030,China;

      3. College of Management, Heilongjiang University of Scinece and Technology, Harbin Heilongjiang 150080,China)

      AbstractAnimal husbandry industry as an important industrial department, not only met the peoples material life requirements, but also became the main source of global greenhouse gas emissions. In this paper, we took the four major pastoral areas of China as the research objects, and measured the 2001-2011 livestock emissions of greenhouse gases. Meanwhile, LMDI model was used for quantitative analysis on the influence factors, and proposed the suggestions for livestock greenhouse gas emission reduction. The results showed that: the pastoral livestock greenhouse gas emissions of Inner Mongolia, Tibet and Qinghai presented the increasing trend, in 2001, the indexes were 1 609.81 million tons, 1 230.64 million tons and 1 019.94 million tons, respectively, in 2011 they were increased to 2 617.71 million tons, 1 350.10 million tons and 1 065.43 million tons. But in the pastoral area of Xinjiang, it showed a downward trend after the first increasing, increased from 1 666.37 million tons in 2001 to 2 057.79 million tons in 2006, then decreased to 1 419.91 million tons in 2011. An annual average increaseing rate of four pastoral areas was 6.26%, 0.97%, 0.45% and -1.48%, respectively, and the main reason for livestock and poultry greenhouse gas emissions in four major pastoral areas was the economic development. Compared with 2001, it made the four major pastoral areas produced 123.64%, 384.41%, 1 715.50% and 279.49%, respectively increment of greenhouse gas emissions; economic efficiency had strong inhibitory effects on livestock greenhouse gas emissions in four major pastoral areas, and its emission reduction effects on livestock greenhouse gas were 73.08%, 199.04%, 955.66% and 503.25% respectively, in the four major pastoral areas. The effect of agricultural industrial structure and labor force factors on livestock and poultry greenhouse gas emissions in four major pastoral areas varied by regions.The agricultural structure factors which affected livestock and poultry greenhouse gas emissions in the four major pastoral areas were 415.32 million tons, -154.96 million tons, 48.76 million tons and 30.72 million tons, impact of labor factors were 83.05 million tons, 52.98 million tons, -348.96 million tons and 274.32 million tons. Finally, based on the research conclusion, from the scale breeding, scientific farming and polluting culture, we put forward some suggestions for reducing the livestock greenhouse gas emission in the four major pastoral areas, and put forward some feasible countermeasures for local animal husbandry actual development according to the actual situations in various pastoral areas.

      Key wordsanimal husbandry industry; greenhouse gas emission; LMDI model; emission reduction policy

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