石曉娜
一、考查非謂語動(dòng)詞作主語
(2014年高考湖南卷)________ your own needs and styles of communication is as important as learning to convey your affection and emotions.
A. Understanding B. To be understood
C. Being understood D. Having understood
解析:此處用非謂語動(dòng)詞作主語,且動(dòng)詞后有自己的賓語,因此用主動(dòng)形式。選A。
(2014年高考山東卷)Its standard practice for a company like this one ________ a security officer.
A. employed B. being employed
C. to employ D. employs
解析:句中的it是形式主語,to employ a security officer是真正的主語。選C。
【突破】一般說來,在表示比較抽象的一般行為時(shí)多用動(dòng)名詞;在表示具體的動(dòng)作,特別是將來的動(dòng)作時(shí),多用不定式。動(dòng)詞不定式作主語時(shí),常用形式主語,而動(dòng)名詞作主語時(shí)較少使用形式主語。
二、考查非謂語動(dòng)詞作定語
(2014年高考北京卷)Last night,there were millions of people ________ the opening ceremony live on TV.
A. watch B. to watch
C. watched D. watching
解析:watching引導(dǎo)的現(xiàn)在分詞短語作定語,說明人們在做什么,people與watch構(gòu)成主謂關(guān)系。選D。
(2014年高考浙江卷)Amie Salmon,disabled,is attended throughout her school days by a nurse ________ to guard her.
A. to appoint B. appointing
C. appointed D. having appointed
解析:在該句中,要注意區(qū)分現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞的用法。根據(jù)句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知,此處非謂語動(dòng)詞的邏輯主語是空格前面的名詞a nurse,與appoint構(gòu)成被動(dòng)關(guān)系,所以用過去分詞。選C。
【突破】作定語時(shí),動(dòng)詞的邏輯主語是它前面所修飾的中心詞。從時(shí)態(tài)上看,現(xiàn)在分詞表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作,過去分詞表示已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作,動(dòng)詞不定式表示將來的動(dòng)作。動(dòng)詞不定式修飾的詞常為抽象名詞。分詞作定語時(shí),如有逗號(hào)與被修飾的名詞分開,相當(dāng)于一個(gè)非限制性定語從句。
三、考查非謂語動(dòng)詞作狀語
(2014年高考湖南卷)Children,when ________ by their parents,are allowed to enter the stadium.
A. to be accompanied B. to accompany
C. accompanying D. accompanied
解析:動(dòng)詞 accompany與主語children構(gòu)成邏輯上的被動(dòng)關(guān)系,因此用被動(dòng)語態(tài);當(dāng)從句的主語與主句的主語一致,且從句中含有be動(dòng)詞的某種形式時(shí),從句中的主語和be動(dòng)詞可以一起省略,本題中省略的部分為they are。選D。
(2014年高考江蘇卷)The lecture ________,a lively question?鄄and?鄄answer session followed.
A. being given B. having given
C. to be given D. having been given
解析:分析該句結(jié)構(gòu)可知,該句為獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu),空白處作狀語,lecture和give之間為被動(dòng)關(guān)系,且表示動(dòng)作已經(jīng)發(fā)生,用having been given。選D。
【突破】分詞表示時(shí)間、原因、條件、方式、伴隨情況等,作狀語時(shí),動(dòng)詞的邏輯主語是句子的主語?,F(xiàn)在分詞作狀語時(shí),現(xiàn)在分詞的動(dòng)作就是句子主語的動(dòng)作,它們之間是主動(dòng)關(guān)系;過去分詞作狀語時(shí),過去分詞表示的動(dòng)作是句子主語承受的動(dòng)作,它們之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系。動(dòng)詞不定式表示目的、出人預(yù)料的結(jié)果或造成情感變化的原因。
四、考查非謂語動(dòng)詞作補(bǔ)語
(2014年高考江西卷)He is thought ________ foolishly. Now he has no one but himself to blame for losing the job.
A. to act B. to have acted
C. acting D. having acted
解析:be thought后應(yīng)該接不定式,act的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在is thought動(dòng)作之前,因此應(yīng)該用不定式的完成式。選B。
(2014年高考四川卷)The manager was satisfied to see many new products ________ after great effort.
A. having developed B. to develop
C. developed D. develop
解析:此處是非謂語動(dòng)詞作感官動(dòng)詞see的賓語補(bǔ)足語,develop與賓語products為被動(dòng)關(guān)系,因此使用過去分詞。選C。
【突破】作補(bǔ)語時(shí),非謂語動(dòng)詞的邏輯主語是句子的賓語或主語?,F(xiàn)在分詞與賓語為主動(dòng)關(guān)系,強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行;過去分詞與賓語為被動(dòng)關(guān)系,強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成;動(dòng)詞不定式只單純表示一個(gè)事實(shí),強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的全過程。
五、考查非謂語動(dòng)詞作賓語
(2014年高考江西卷)When it comes to ________ in public,no one can match him.
A. speak B. speaking
C. being spoken D. be spoken
解析:come to短語中的to為介詞,后接動(dòng)名詞作賓語,此處指“發(fā)言”,不用被動(dòng)。選B。
(2014年高考陜西卷)Its quite hot today. Do you feel like ________ for a swim?
A. to go B. going C. go D. having gone
解析:feel like后跟非謂語動(dòng)詞作賓語時(shí),用現(xiàn)在分詞。選B。
【突破】不定式作賓語,往往指具體的或一次性的行為,現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語則指概括性、經(jīng)常性的動(dòng)作或體驗(yàn)。這類動(dòng)詞常用的有l(wèi)ike,begin,hate,start,propose,continue,prefer, love等。
跟不定式和現(xiàn)在分詞形式皆可,但意義相差較大的常用動(dòng)詞(短語)有:try,regret,forget, remember,cant help,mean,go on等。
六、考查非謂語動(dòng)詞作表語
(2014年高考福建卷)For those with family members far away,the personal computer and the phone are important in staying ________.
A. connected B. connecting
C. to connect D. to be connected
解析:(be)connected with意為“有關(guān)系,由……聯(lián)想到”,其中connected可以看成表示狀態(tài)的形容詞,用作表語。stay可以用作系動(dòng)詞,stay connected意為“保持聯(lián)系”。選A。
【突破】作表語或定語時(shí),現(xiàn)在分詞表示“令人……” ,過去分詞表示“感到……”,常見的動(dòng)詞有:move,surprise,astonish,delight,disappoint,puzzle,frighten等。
(作者單位:河北邱縣一中)
(責(zé)任編校 彭益)