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      極早期肝癌的治療現(xiàn)狀*

      2015-01-23 23:49:24綜述錢國軍審校
      中國微創(chuàng)外科雜志 2015年8期
      關(guān)鍵詞:消融經(jīng)皮復(fù)發(fā)率

      許 贇 綜述 沈 強 錢國軍** 審校

      (蘇州大學(xué)研究生院,蘇州 215123)

      ?

      ·文獻(xiàn)綜述·

      極早期肝癌的治療現(xiàn)狀*

      許 贇 綜述 沈 強①錢國軍**①審校

      (蘇州大學(xué)研究生院,蘇州 215123)

      極早期肝癌的治療方法多樣,各有所長。肝移植、手術(shù)切除、經(jīng)皮消融是極早期肝癌最有效的治療方法。由于供肝資源缺乏,肝移植難以廣泛開展,手術(shù)切除和經(jīng)皮消融在臨床上最為常用,且效果理想。經(jīng)皮消融作為新型治療方式,在微小肝癌和老年患者的治療中較手術(shù)切除有明顯優(yōu)勢,但術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)率較手術(shù)切除高。當(dāng)以上3種治療方法不可行時,肝動脈插管栓塞化療可作為補救性治療。局部聯(lián)合治療優(yōu)于單獨局部治療,適用于無法手術(shù)切除的患者?!坝^察療法”仍需更多的臨床研究證實其安全性和有效性。

      肝細(xì)胞癌; 肝移植; 經(jīng)皮消融; 經(jīng)皮肝動脈插管栓塞化療

      肝細(xì)胞性肝癌(hepatocellular carcinoma, HCC)是世界上發(fā)病率最高的惡性腫瘤之一。據(jù)報道,每年全球范圍內(nèi)的肝癌新發(fā)患者數(shù)量多達(dá)約75萬,中國占其中的55%[1]。我國肝癌患者的死亡率很高,在腫瘤相關(guān)死亡中僅次于肺癌,居第2位[2]。中華醫(yī)學(xué)會肝臟外科學(xué)組在2001年制定的標(biāo)準(zhǔn):將單發(fā)直徑≤2 cm的肝癌定為微小肝癌[3]。該標(biāo)準(zhǔn)與歐洲肝病研究學(xué)會(European Association for the Study of The Liver, EASL)和美國肝病研究學(xué)會 (American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases, AASLD)采用的Barcelona分期系統(tǒng)基本相同,將單發(fā)腫瘤直徑≤2 cm的微小肝癌定為極早期肝癌,能夠被外科切除、肝移植或經(jīng)皮消融治愈[4]。近年來,隨著人們對健康體檢的重視,尤其是對肝癌高危人群的定期監(jiān)測,以及影像診斷技術(shù)的快速發(fā)展,越來越多的極早期肝癌得以確診[5,6]。組織學(xué)研究證明,在直徑≤2 cm的腫瘤中,分化較高的區(qū)域較多,并且其衛(wèi)星病灶通常在腫瘤周圍5 mm以內(nèi),門靜脈侵犯較少見,預(yù)后較好[7]。因此,極早期肝癌的臨床治療逐漸成為了肝臟外科的工作重點?,F(xiàn)有的治療方式有:手術(shù)切除(surgical resection, SR)、肝移植(liver transplantation, LT)、經(jīng)皮消融(percutaneous ablation, PA)、經(jīng)皮肝動脈插管栓塞化療(transarterial chemoembolization, TACE)、局部聯(lián)合治療以及近年來提出的“觀察療法”。各種方法均有各自的優(yōu)勢,本文對極早期肝癌的治療現(xiàn)狀進(jìn)行綜述。

      1 LT

      LT不僅可治愈腫瘤,同時移除原本發(fā)生硬化或纖維化的肝臟,被認(rèn)為是治療肝硬化合并早期肝癌最有效的方法之一[8]。1996年Mazzaferro等[9]提出的米蘭標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(單發(fā)腫瘤直徑≤5 cm,或腫瘤個數(shù)≤3,最大直徑≤3 cm,無血管、淋巴結(jié)侵犯及肝外轉(zhuǎn)移)被認(rèn)為是LT的金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。符合該標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的患者LT術(shù)后4年無瘤生存率(disease free survival, DFS)及總體生存率(overall survival, OS)分別為75%和83%[9]。2002年,美國器官資源共享聯(lián)合網(wǎng)絡(luò)(United Network for Organ Sharing, UNOS)將極早期肝癌患者列為LT等待的優(yōu)先群,3個月以內(nèi),86%的患者被診斷為極早期肝癌接受了LT[10]。然而,對手術(shù)切除的肝臟進(jìn)行活檢,31%的患者并沒有腫瘤[11]。這一結(jié)果引發(fā)了關(guān)于極早期肝癌是否適合LT的爭論。極早期肝癌往往沒有形成大血管癌栓,肝內(nèi)轉(zhuǎn)局限,肝外轉(zhuǎn)移少見,移植后復(fù)發(fā)率較低,因此,LT依舊是治療極早期肝癌最有效的方法[12],但供肝資源的稀缺限制LT的實施。同時,活體肝移植手術(shù)對肝臟供體也有巨大的風(fēng)險[13]。在中國,由于LT手術(shù)本身的高風(fēng)險及對技術(shù)水平的要求,該手術(shù)只能在大型醫(yī)院開展。目前,只有少數(shù)醫(yī)院的LT手術(shù)總例數(shù)超過100例[14]。因此,在我國SR和PA是治療極早期肝癌最常用的方法。

      2 SR

      SR一直是肝癌最有價值的治療方式。極早期肝癌的肝內(nèi)和肝外轉(zhuǎn)移率較低,是SR理想的適應(yīng)證[15]。AASLD也將SR作為極早期肝癌的推薦方法[4]。

      極早期肝癌理想的手術(shù)切除方法有2種:解剖性肝切除和局部肝切除。解剖性肝切除可同時切除腫瘤及腫瘤附近散播的微轉(zhuǎn)移和浸潤的血管,降低術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)率,還可以減少因術(shù)中操作擠壓腫瘤造成的癌細(xì)胞脫落,符合“無瘤術(shù)”原則[16]。局部切除術(shù)根據(jù)腫瘤的不同位置選擇不同的手術(shù)方式,由于血管侵犯的不確定性,手術(shù)切緣在距腫瘤邊緣2 cm較為理想,術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)率較低[17]。理論上說,在肝功能尚好的情況下,解剖性肝切除較為合理。但近年的部分研究表明,2種切除方式對患者OS并無明顯差異[18,19]。手術(shù)切除肝癌采用的術(shù)式有2種:開腹和腹腔鏡下肝癌切除術(shù)。開腹肝癌切除術(shù)能夠確保切除足夠的肝組織,是最常用的術(shù)式。腹腔鏡下行肝癌切除較為安全并可重復(fù)進(jìn)行,創(chuàng)傷較小,避免術(shù)中大量出血,減少術(shù)后并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生[20,21]。有研究[20,21]表明2種術(shù)式的長期預(yù)后相似。因此,在左肝葉及右葉下段表面微小腫瘤的治療中,腹腔鏡下切除具有一定的優(yōu)勢[14,22]。

      微小肝癌行SR的關(guān)鍵在于腫瘤的精確定位。在中國,大多患者都有較為嚴(yán)重的肝硬化。因此,需要進(jìn)行術(shù)前超聲檢查,CT準(zhǔn)確定位,明確腫瘤所在的肝段及距肝表面的距離。當(dāng)腫瘤位置較深時,很難憑手法觸摸發(fā)現(xiàn)病灶,需要借助術(shù)中超聲(intraoperative ultrasonography, IUS)。IUS不僅可以幫助確定微小腫瘤的位置,同時可以明確腫瘤與肝內(nèi)血管的位置關(guān)系[23]。有條件時可使用超聲造影技術(shù),該技術(shù)可清晰顯示腫瘤血管,提供關(guān)于微小腫瘤特征的相關(guān)信息[24]。

      近年來,有關(guān)極早期肝癌術(shù)后并發(fā)癥,術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)率及長期生存時間的回顧性研究很多。肝癌切除術(shù)后可威脅生命的并發(fā)癥主要包括有:出血,感染,術(shù)后肝功能衰竭,膽漏,術(shù)后腹水及術(shù)后相關(guān)肺部疾病如:肺炎、肺不張、胸膜腔積液等。根據(jù)部分關(guān)于微小肝癌行手術(shù)切除預(yù)后的回顧性研究,術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率很低,不足1%~3%[4,25,26]。最近的研究[13,27,28]表明極早期肝癌行SR可獲得較長的生存時間和無瘤生存時間。2009年Farinati等[27]報道≤3 cm小肝癌行SR后總體生存時間是52個月。彭振維等[28]報道74例極早期肝癌SR后1、3和5年OS分別為98.5%、87.7%和71.9%。Zhou等[13]的研究結(jié)果顯示,<2 cm肝癌SR術(shù)后1、3、5年OS和DFS分別為93.5、90.3%、81.0%和90.3%、81.0%、76.2%。

      3 PA

      PA是在近10年內(nèi)發(fā)展起來治療早期肝癌的新技術(shù),起初用于部分無法行SR的患者。隨著PA治療肝癌的廣泛使用,多數(shù)研究證明即使對于SR可行的極早期肝癌,PA依舊是有效的治療方式[29-31]。消融方式主要有:射頻消融(radiofrequency ablation, RFA)、經(jīng)皮穿刺無水乙醇注射(percutaneous ethanol injection, PEI)、微波消融(microwave ablation, MWA)、高強度聚焦超聲消融(high-intensity focused ultrasound, HIFU)及冷凍治療(cryoablation)等,其中以RFA最常用[32]。

      3.1 RFA

      RFA相對于SR優(yōu)勢很多:可重復(fù)進(jìn)行、術(shù)后并發(fā)癥少、創(chuàng)傷小、患者住院時間短等[7]。但當(dāng)腫瘤位置特殊,位于膽管及血管周圍的腫瘤因“熱沉效應(yīng)”的影響,往往不能獲得足夠的安全消融范圍,復(fù)發(fā)率較高[33~35]。AASLD推薦RFA為治療BCLC 0期即極早期肝癌的一線治療方式[36]。

      RFA需要精確的影像學(xué)定位,一般選擇超聲引導(dǎo),必要時腹腔鏡引導(dǎo)下多點位穿刺,以提高定位的準(zhǔn)確性,并保證腫瘤邊緣有足夠的消融范圍[37]。SR手術(shù)切緣范圍要求超過腫瘤邊緣2 cm,RFA可以產(chǎn)生約4 cm的消融范圍,為微小肝癌的治療提供足夠大的安全范圍,確保腫瘤的完全壞死[38]。

      近年來,關(guān)于微小肝癌行RFA的療效、術(shù)后并發(fā)癥及預(yù)后影響因素的研究得到肝臟外科醫(yī)生的廣泛關(guān)注,尤其將RFA與手術(shù)切除比較的報道眾多,結(jié)果不完全一致。Livraghi等[31]報道218例極早期肝癌行RFA 5年OS為65%,與SR療效相似。彭振維等[28]對極早期肝癌進(jìn)行SR與RFA的對照研究,結(jié)果顯示RFA術(shù)后患者1、3、5年OS高于SR組,但術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)率明顯高于SR組。Lee等[39]對162例早期肝癌RFA組術(shù)后長期觀察及預(yù)后因素的分析顯示,RFA術(shù)后生存時間與SR組相似,位于主要血管旁的腫瘤由于“熱沉效應(yīng)”的影響很難得到完全消融,術(shù)后局部腫瘤進(jìn)展較SR組快,但術(shù)后并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生率明顯低于SR組。Zhou等[13]對極早期肝癌與SR與RFA生存時間的研究結(jié)果與前述報道類似。Wang等[40]對104例單個腫瘤<2 cm的患者施行SR和RFA的結(jié)果顯示,SR組和RFA組的總生存期相似,SR組無瘤生存時間明顯更長。Chen等[41]的隨機(jī)對照研究顯示, SR和RFA術(shù)后1、2、3、4年OS分為93.3%、82.3%、73.4%、64.0%和95.8%、82.1%、71.4%、67.9%,DFS分別為86.6%、76.8%、69%、51.6%和85.9%、69.3%、64.1%、46.4%。Feng等[42]的隨機(jī)對照研究顯示,SR和RFA術(shù)后1、2、3年總體生存率和無瘤生存率分別為96.0%, 87.6%, 74.8% vs. 93.1%, 83.1%, 67.2%和 90.6%, 76.7%, 61.1% vs. 86.2%, 66.6%, 49.6%。2項研究皆表明2種早期肝癌治療方式的術(shù)后生存時間和DFS基本相同。

      老年人是肝癌的高發(fā)人群,發(fā)病時的一般情況較差,治療方法的選擇也較困難[43]。近幾年也有老年肝癌患者行RFA的研究報道。彭振維等[44]的研究結(jié)果顯示,早期和極早期肝癌的老年患者(年齡>65歲)行RFA后1、3、5年OS分別是93.2%、71.1%和55.2%,明顯好于行SR組88.8%、62.8%和51.9%;RFA術(shù)后1、3、5年DFS分別為84.1%、62.7%和35.5%,同樣高于SR組的76.7%、39.3%和33.1%,同時RFA術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)率也較手術(shù)切除低。Zhang等[45]對老年(≥70歲)患者行RFA的單中心研究顯示,老年患者與非老年患者(<70歲)RFA術(shù)后1、2、3、4、5年DFS基本相同,分別為59.80%、36.27%、28.43%、24.51%、23.53%和57.09%、40.83%、31.49%、 27.68%、22.49%,認(rèn)為RFA是治療老年肝癌安全有效的方法。

      3.2 MWA

      MWA的適應(yīng)證與RFA類似,MWA術(shù)中可同時取多根消融天線進(jìn)行治療,產(chǎn)生更大的熱消融范圍,縮短治療的時間,療效受“熱沉效應(yīng)”的影響較小,因此,在較大腫瘤和多發(fā)腫瘤的治療上優(yōu)于RFA[46]。但在早期肝癌的治療上,Shibata等[47]的隨機(jī)對照研究顯示RFA和WMA使腫瘤完全消融的概率基本相似,分別為96%、89%(P>0.05)。

      3.3 PEI

      PEI是最早應(yīng)用的局部消融方式,用于治療小肝癌,優(yōu)點在于并發(fā)癥少、操作簡單、費用低廉,不足之處是無水酒精在瘤體內(nèi)的彌散可能不充分,容易導(dǎo)致腫瘤邊緣的殘余。雖然AASLD曾聲明在極早期肝癌的治療中,PEI與RFA的療效相同[36],但是關(guān)于PEI與RFA的療效比較沒有確切的定論。Lin等[48]的回顧研究顯示早期肝癌行RFA后5年OS為55%,明顯高于PEI組42%(P<0.01),并指出無論腫瘤大小,RFA對早期肝癌的治療效果優(yōu)于PEI,但是對于鄰近胃腸道、膈肌、心包,有巨大血管包繞的特殊部位的腫瘤,RFA的風(fēng)險太大,PEI可作為其替代療法[49]。

      3.4 冷凍治療(Cryoablation)和HIFU

      經(jīng)皮冷凍消融同樣是小肝癌有效的治療方式,優(yōu)點在于患者痛苦較小,手術(shù)過程操作中可視的影像學(xué)變化顯示地較為清晰[50,51]。不足之處:冷凍消融的范圍相對較小,術(shù)后并發(fā)癥較多,如消融冰球破裂、冷休克、毗鄰器官的冷凍損傷等[52,53]。HIFU是一種無創(chuàng)消融,治療位置靠近主要血管的腫瘤時,可以在對血管不造成損傷的基礎(chǔ)上,達(dá)到完全消融的效果[54],治療后1、3、5年OS為75.8%、49.8%、31.8%,也是理想的治療方法[54]。

      4 TACE

      參照Barcelona分期系統(tǒng)制定的治療指南,TACE是B期肝癌的首選治療方式[4]。但實際上TACE被廣泛應(yīng)用在各期肝癌患者的治療中[55]。雖然極早期肝癌推薦的首選治療方案是RFA或SR,但由于一些腫瘤的位置比較特殊,如靠近肝包膜、膈頂、重要的膽管或胃腸道等,不適合行RFA或SR,TACE被認(rèn)為是這部分早期或極早期肝癌有效的挽救療法[36,56~58]。

      Bargellini等[56]報道2006~2009年64例符合米蘭標(biāo)準(zhǔn)但不適合SR和RFA的早期肝癌行TACE的前瞻性研究。TACE后1、2、3年生存率分別為90.9%、86.1%和80.5%,腫瘤局部復(fù)發(fā)和肝內(nèi)轉(zhuǎn)移的中位時間分別為7.9、13.8月。Song等[57]對116例不適合PFA治療行TACE的早期肝癌患者進(jìn)行回顧性研究,術(shù)后1、3、5年生存率分別為94.7%、68.4%和47.2%,平均生存時間53.1月,1、3、5年腫瘤局部復(fù)發(fā)率和肝內(nèi)轉(zhuǎn)移率分別為33%、22%,52%、49%,73%、75%。由此指出,對于RFA不可行的肝癌患者,TACE可作為治療早期肝癌的一線療法。Kim等[58]比較直徑≤2 cm的肝癌行TACE和RFA的療效,RFA組和TACE組1、3、5、8年OS分別為97.6%、86.7%、74.5%、60.0%和93.4%、75.4%、63.1%、51.1%,2組基本相同。但TACE組腫瘤進(jìn)展較RFA組快,在RFA不可行的情況下,TACE可作為直徑≤2 cm腫瘤的有效治療方式。

      5 局部聯(lián)合治療

      近年來,聯(lián)合2種或2種以上的方法治療早期或極早期肝癌已普遍應(yīng)用于臨床,最常用的是RFA聯(lián)合PEI和RFA聯(lián)合TACE。

      單獨使用RFA時,由于“熱沉效應(yīng)”的作用,肝癌周圍快速流動的血流帶走一部分熱量,縮小了熱消融的范圍。聯(lián)合PEI時,注入肝內(nèi)的酒精彌散并栓塞腫瘤周圍血管,減少熱量的流失,同時無水乙醇也可以彌散至RFA遺漏的區(qū)域,擴(kuò)大消融范圍。同樣,RFA術(shù)前行TACE使腫瘤周圍的血供減少,擴(kuò)大了消融范圍[59]。Takuma等[60]的研究顯示TACE聯(lián)合RFA治療極早期肝癌的1、3年OS為99%、83%,與SR組97%、87%基本相同,他們認(rèn)為TACE聯(lián)合RFA可用于不能手術(shù)的早期和極早期肝癌的治療。

      6 觀察療法

      2013年AASLD報道一種新的治療方案,對114例T1期(腫瘤直徑≤2 cm)肝癌不采取任何干預(yù)手段,僅進(jìn)行定期隨訪,其中9%的患者從T1期進(jìn)展到T2期(腫瘤直徑>2 cm),這部分患者隨后行LT,3年OS達(dá)到75%[61]。UNOS的數(shù)據(jù)表明,等待時間較長的肝癌患者行LT后生存預(yù)后優(yōu)于直接行LT的患者[62]。這可能是因為在等待移植期間,惡性程度較低的腫瘤增長速度較慢,轉(zhuǎn)移較少,從而沒有從移植名單中被剔除。因此,術(shù)前進(jìn)行一段時間的觀察也許能夠明確患者是否適合LT,進(jìn)而尋求一個更適合的治療方法。

      綜上所述,LT、PA、SR仍舊是治療極早期肝癌最有效的方式。由于供肝資源的匱乏,PA和SR最用常于臨床。PA在老年肝癌患者的治療中有明顯的優(yōu)勢,但術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)率較SR高。當(dāng)患者無法行以上3種治療方式時,TACE可作為有效的補救治療措施。局部聯(lián)合治療優(yōu)于單獨的局部治療,可用于不能行SR的患者。新報道的觀察療法還需要更多的臨床研究證明其有效性和安全性。

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      2 中國抗癌協(xié)會肝癌專業(yè)委員會,中國抗癌協(xié)會臨床腫瘤協(xié)作專業(yè)委員會,中華醫(yī)學(xué)會,中華醫(yī)學(xué)會肝病學(xué)分會肝癌學(xué)組.原發(fā)性肝癌規(guī)范化診治的專家共識.腫瘤,2009,29(4): 295-304.

      3 中華醫(yī)學(xué)會外科學(xué)分會肝臟外科學(xué)組.原發(fā)性肝癌外科治療方法的選擇.中華外科雜志,2001,39(10):762-764.

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      29 Choi D, Lim HK, Rhim H, et al. Percutaneous radiofrequency ablation for early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma as a first-line treatment: long-term results and prognostic factors in a large single-institution series. Eur Radiol, 2007,17(3): 684-692.

      30 Chan ACY, Poon RTP, Ng KKC, et al. Changing paradigm in the management of hepatocellular carcinoma improves the survival benefit of early detection by screening. Ann Surg, 2008, 247(4): 666-673.

      31 Livraghi T, Meloni F, Di Stasi M, et al. Sustained complete response and complications rates after radiofrequency ablation of very early hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis: is resection still the treatment of choice? Hepatology, 2008, 47(1): 82-89.

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      33 Sheiman RG, Mullan C, Ahmed M. In vivo determination of a modified heat capacity of small hepatocellular carcinomas prior to radiofrequency ablation: Correlation with adjacent vasculature and tumour recurrence. Int J Hyperther, 2012, 28(2):122-131.

      34 Huang J, Li T, Liu N, et al. Safety and reliability of hepatic radiofrequency ablation near the inferior vena cava: An experimental study. Int J Hyperther, 2010, 27(2):116-123.

      35 Liu N, Gao J, Liu Y, et al. Determining a minimal safe distance to prevent thermal injury to intrahepatic bile ducts in radiofrequency ablation of the liver: A study in dogs. Int J Hyperther, 2012, 28(3):210-217.

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      (修回日期:2015-03-30)

      (責(zé)任編輯:李賀瓊)

      On State-of-art of Treatment of Very-early Stage Hepatocellular Carcinoma

      XuYun*,ShenQiang,QianGuojun.

      *GraduateSchoolofSuzhouUniversity,Suzhou215123,China

      Correspondingauthor:QianGuojun,E-mail:qgjs@sina.com

      【Summary】 In the treatment of very-early stage hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), several therapies have their own strengths. Liver transplantation, surgical resection, and percutaneous ablation are the most effective procedures for very-early stage HCC. Liver transplantation is difficult to carry out due to lack of donors. Surgical resection and percutaneous ablation are the most commonly used methods with ideal effects. Compared with surgical resection, percutaneous ablation has its obvious advantages in patients with small HCC and senile patients, but the recurrence rate is relatively high. When the above mentioned three methods are not feasible, transarterial chemoembolization is a remedial treatment. Combined use of local therapy is superior to topical therapy alone and suitable for patients with unresectable lesions. The "observing therapy" still needs more clinical studies to confirm its safety and effectiveness.

      Hepatocellular carcinoma; Liver transplantation; Percutaneous ablation; Transarterial chemoembolization

      國家“十二五”醫(yī)學(xué)重大專項(項目編號:2012IX10002016003)

      R735.7

      A

      1009-6604(2015)08-0739-05

      10.3969/j.issn.1009-6604.2015.08.021

      2014-12-10)

      **通訊作者,E-mail:qgjs@sina.com

      ①(第二軍醫(yī)大學(xué)東方肝膽外科醫(yī)院微創(chuàng)一科,上海 200438)

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