相云,尚云曉,李淼
(中國(guó)醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬盛京醫(yī)院小兒呼吸內(nèi)科,沈陽(yáng) 110004)
·論著·
唾液乳桿菌對(duì)哮喘小鼠CD4+CD25+Foxp3+Treg細(xì)胞數(shù)量及TGF-β1表達(dá)的影響
相云,尚云曉,李淼
(中國(guó)醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬盛京醫(yī)院小兒呼吸內(nèi)科,沈陽(yáng) 110004)
目的探討唾液乳桿菌對(duì)哮喘Balb/c小鼠CD4+CD25+Foxp3+Treg細(xì)胞數(shù)量及轉(zhuǎn)化生長(zhǎng)因子β1(TGF-β1)表達(dá)的影響。方法將32只Balb/c雌性小鼠隨機(jī)分成4組:正常對(duì)照組、哮喘組、唾液乳桿菌組和哮喘+唾液乳桿菌組。應(yīng)用卵蛋白激發(fā)方法建立急性哮喘模型,原代提取脾細(xì)胞,應(yīng)用流式細(xì)胞儀檢測(cè)脾淋巴細(xì)胞中CD4+CD25+Foxp3+Treg/CD4+T比例,ELISA法測(cè)定小鼠脾細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)上清液中白細(xì)胞介素4(IL-4)、γ干擾素(IFN-γ)、TGF-β1水平。結(jié)果哮喘組小鼠脾細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)上清液中Th2細(xì)胞因子(IL-4)較正常對(duì)照組明顯增高,而Th1細(xì)胞因子(IFN-γ)較對(duì)照組明顯降低(P<0.05);唾液乳桿菌干預(yù)組較哮喘組Th2細(xì)胞因子(IL-4)水平下降,Th1細(xì)胞因子(IFN-γ)水平升高(P<0.05);唾液乳桿菌干預(yù)組小鼠脾細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)上清液中TGF-β1含量明顯高于哮喘組(P<0.05);哮喘組小鼠脾淋巴細(xì)胞中CD4+CD25+Foxp3+Treg/CD4+T細(xì)胞比例較正常對(duì)照組明顯減少(P<0.05),而唾液乳桿菌干預(yù)組則明顯高于哮喘組(P<0.05)。結(jié)論CD4+CD25+Foxp3+Treg參與了支氣管哮喘的發(fā)病過(guò)程,唾液乳桿菌可能通過(guò)上調(diào)CD4+CD25+Foxp3+Treg數(shù)量及增加TGF-β1表達(dá)調(diào)整Th1/Th2失衡,減輕哮喘炎癥。
唾液乳桿菌;哮喘;CD4+CD25+Foxp3+Treg;轉(zhuǎn)化生長(zhǎng)因子β1
研究表明,支氣管哮喘(簡(jiǎn)稱哮喘)是一種伴有免疫功能紊亂的全身變態(tài)反應(yīng)性疾病。哮喘存在Th1/Th2功能失衡,但是針對(duì)Th2分泌的細(xì)胞因子的治療不能完全有效減輕哮喘的氣道炎癥,因此不能將哮喘發(fā)病簡(jiǎn)單歸于Th1/Th2功能失衡[1],近年來(lái)又提出了哮喘的“免疫耐受缺陷”假說(shuō)。生活在人體腸道內(nèi)的微生物群體參與機(jī)體免疫系統(tǒng)的形成、發(fā)展與完善,并通過(guò)抑制潛在的淋巴細(xì)胞反應(yīng)維系免疫耐受、調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)體Thl與Th2免疫反應(yīng)平衡,其作用至關(guān)重要[2],因此,在飲食中添加益生菌調(diào)節(jié)腸道菌群已成為新的抗過(guò)敏治療理念。脾是淋巴細(xì)胞接受抗原刺激、發(fā)生特異性免疫應(yīng)答的場(chǎng)所,因此,本研究以原代提取的脾細(xì)胞為研究對(duì)象,從細(xì)胞水平觀察唾液乳桿菌對(duì)卵蛋白致敏的脾淋巴細(xì)胞Th1/ Th2細(xì)胞因子、轉(zhuǎn)化生長(zhǎng)因子β1(transforming growth factor-β1,TGF-β1)及CD4+CD25+Foxp3+調(diào)節(jié)性T細(xì)胞(regulator T cell,Treg)數(shù)量的影響,從體外實(shí)驗(yàn)觀察唾液乳桿菌對(duì)哮喘免疫失衡的影響。
1.1 材料
1.1.1 主要試劑:卵白蛋白(OVA,GradeⅡ,美國(guó)Sigma公司);氫氧化鋁干粉(沈陽(yáng)化工三廠);康敏元凍干粉(為唾液乳桿菌的口服制劑,臺(tái)灣東宇生物科技股份有限公司監(jiān)制);小鼠白細(xì)胞介素4(interleukin-4,IL-4)、γ干擾素(interferon-γ,IFN-γ)、轉(zhuǎn)化生長(zhǎng)因子β1(transforming growth factor-β1,TGF-β1)ELISA試劑盒(美國(guó)R&D公司);DMEM培養(yǎng)基(美國(guó)Gibco公司),胎牛血清(美國(guó)Hyclone公司),紅細(xì)胞裂解液(北京索萊寶科技有限公司);Anti-Mouse CD4 FITC、Anti-Mouse CD25 APC、Anti-Mouse/Rat Foxp3 PE、Rat IgG2a K Isotype Control PE、Foxp3 Staining Buffer Set(美國(guó)eBioscience公司)。
1.1.2 實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物:健康雌性SPF級(jí)Balb/c小鼠,4周齡,體質(zhì)量16~18 g,由中國(guó)醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬盛京醫(yī)院動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)室提供。
1.2 方法
1.2.1 動(dòng)物分組和模型建立:根據(jù)隨機(jī)化分配原則將32只SPF級(jí)Balb/c小鼠分為4組,每組8只。(1)哮喘組(asthma group):于實(shí)驗(yàn)第1、8、15天應(yīng)用OVA和氫氧化鋁混合液0.2 mL(OVA 40 μg,氫氧化鋁4.5 mg)腹腔致敏,于第22天開(kāi)始,將小鼠置于自制密閉容器(20 cm×20 cm×20 cm)中,以4%OVA超聲霧化吸入,30 min/次,1次/d,連續(xù)7 d;(2)哮喘+唾液乳桿菌組(asthma+Las group):第1次腹腔致敏前2周開(kāi)始應(yīng)用唾液乳桿菌灌胃,用小鼠飲用水溶解益生菌凍干粉,灌胃0.5 mL(約含活菌量0.5×109cfu),1次/d,直至實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)束;(3)正常對(duì)照組(control group):以等量生理鹽水代替OVA進(jìn)行腹腔致敏和激發(fā);(4)唾液乳桿菌組(Las group):用等量生理鹽水代替OVA進(jìn)行腹腔注射和霧化吸入,灌胃量及起止天數(shù)同哮喘+唾液乳桿菌組。
1.2.2 標(biāo)本采集:無(wú)菌條件下取出造模后小鼠的脾臟,PBS清洗2次,用針頭碾碎組織形成細(xì)胞懸液;200目篩網(wǎng)過(guò)濾,1 000 r/min離心5 min,去上清,留沉淀;PBS清洗細(xì)胞2次,1 000 r/min離心10 min,去上清,留沉淀;加入紅細(xì)胞裂解液2 mL,重懸細(xì)胞后,室溫孵育5 min,1 000 r/min離心10 min。調(diào)整濃度后部分用于流式檢測(cè),部分用于細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)(稱取0.5 g卵蛋白,溶解于10 mL含10%FBS的DMEM培養(yǎng)基中),接種于24孔板中(2×106個(gè)/孔),每組3個(gè)復(fù)孔,72 h后收集上清,用于ELISA檢測(cè)。
1.2.3 流式細(xì)胞儀檢測(cè)脾淋巴細(xì)胞中CD4+CD25+Foxp3+Treg/CD4+T細(xì)胞比例:調(diào)整流式管內(nèi)的液體體積為100 μL,加入熒光標(biāo)記CD4、CD25抗體(濃度分別為每管0.125 μg、0.06 μg),對(duì)照管1加入“Affinity Purfied anti-mouse CD16/32(Fc Block)”(每管1 μg);避光4℃孵育30 min;用預(yù)冷Flow Cytometry Staining Buffer洗滌細(xì)胞;渦旋振蕩重懸細(xì)胞后,加入1 mL固定/破膜工作液,再次渦旋混勻,避光4℃孵育40 min;加入2 mL稀釋Permeabilization Buffer洗滌細(xì)胞,離心后棄上清;重復(fù)上一步洗滌細(xì)胞;加入2%大鼠血清,避光4℃孵育15 min;加入Foxp3-PE標(biāo)記的抗體(每孔0.5 μg),對(duì)照管2加入IgG2a-PE標(biāo)記的抗體(每管0.5 μg),避光4℃孵育30 min。加入2 mL稀釋Permeabilization Buffer洗滌細(xì)胞,離心后棄上清;重復(fù)上一步洗滌細(xì)胞。用500 μL Flow Cytometry Staining Buffer重懸細(xì)胞,上機(jī)檢測(cè)。
1.2.4 ELISA法檢測(cè)細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)上清液中IL-4、IFN-γ、TGF-β1濃度水平:嚴(yán)格按照試劑盒說(shuō)明書進(jìn)行操作。
1.3 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析
2.1 小鼠脾細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)上清液ELISA檢測(cè)結(jié)果
哮喘組脾細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)上清液中IL-4水平較對(duì)照組明顯升高,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);而哮喘+唾液乳桿菌組IL-4水平較哮喘組明顯降低(P<0.05),但仍高于對(duì)照組(P<0.05);單純唾液乳桿菌灌胃組IL-4水平較對(duì)照組降低(P<0.05)。哮喘組脾細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)上清液中IFN-γ水平較對(duì)照組明顯降低,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);而哮喘+唾液乳桿菌組IFN-γ水平較哮喘組明顯升高(P<0.05),但仍低于對(duì)照組(P<0.05);單純唾液乳桿菌組IFN-γ水平較對(duì)照組升高(P<0.05),見(jiàn)表1。
表1 各組小鼠脾細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)上清液IL-4、IFN-γ含量比較(pg/mL)Tab.1 The levels of IL-4 and IFN-γ in the supernatant of splenocyte culture of each group(pg/mL)
哮喘+唾液乳桿菌組脾細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)上清液中TGF-β1水平較哮喘組明顯升高,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);單純唾液乳桿菌灌胃組TGF-β1水平較對(duì)照組及哮喘組均升高(P<0.05),見(jiàn)圖1。
2.2 脾淋巴細(xì)胞中CD4+CD25+/CD4+T、CD4+CD25+Foxp3+Treg/CD4+T細(xì)胞比例檢測(cè)結(jié)果
圖1 脾細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)上清液中TGF-β1水平Fig.1 TGF-β1 level in the supernatant of cultured splenocytes
哮喘組無(wú)論在CD4+CD25+T細(xì)胞和CD4+CD25+Foxp3+T細(xì)胞比例上均低于正常對(duì)照組及唾液乳桿菌干預(yù)組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);哮喘+唾液乳桿菌組CD4+CD25+Foxp3+T細(xì)胞比例較哮喘組明顯升高(P<0.05),但仍低于唾液乳桿菌組及正常對(duì)照組(P<0.05),唾液乳桿菌組較正常對(duì)照組升高(P<0.05)。見(jiàn)表2,圖2、3。
表2 脾淋巴細(xì)胞中CD4+CD25+/CD4+T、CD4+CD25+Foxp3+/CD4+T(,%)Tab.2 CD4+CD25+/CD4+T and CD4+CD25+Foxp3+/CD4+T in splenic lymphocytes(,%)
表2 脾淋巴細(xì)胞中CD4+CD25+/CD4+T、CD4+CD25+Foxp3+/CD4+T(,%)Tab.2 CD4+CD25+/CD4+T and CD4+CD25+Foxp3+/CD4+T in splenic lymphocytes(,%)
1)P<0.05 vs control group;2)P<0.05 vs asthma group.
Group CD4+CD25+/CD4+T CD4+CD25+FOXP3+/CD4+T Control 9.83±0.02 8.35±0.05 Las 10.47±0.172) 8.64±0.061),2)Asthma 7.11±0.031) 5.37±0.071)Asthma+Las 9.43±0.041),2) 7.90±0.031),2)
Thl/Th2免疫應(yīng)答失衡、Th2優(yōu)勢(shì)應(yīng)答是哮喘形成及發(fā)展的關(guān)鍵性機(jī)制[3]。衛(wèi)生學(xué)假說(shuō)表明免疫調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)制能保持T h1和Th2細(xì)胞反應(yīng)的平衡,但在相對(duì)缺乏微生物刺激時(shí)則不能完全成熟[4]。益生菌是最主要、也是最早的人體所暴露的腸道共生菌,研究已經(jīng)表明益生菌特定的菌株能夠刺激并調(diào)節(jié)先天和獲得性免疫反應(yīng)[5]。
近年來(lái),生長(zhǎng)因子與哮喘的關(guān)系得到學(xué)者們的廣泛關(guān)注,TGF-β1在哮喘氣道結(jié)構(gòu)變化中作為重要的致纖維化和免疫調(diào)節(jié)因子而起作用,體內(nèi)外實(shí)驗(yàn)都已證實(shí)了這種雙重調(diào)節(jié)作用[6],它可作為促炎因子或抗炎因子作用于炎性細(xì)胞參與氣道的炎癥和免疫反應(yīng)的開(kāi)始。
本研究中,哮喘組脾細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)上清液中Th2細(xì)胞因子IL-4較正常對(duì)照組明顯升高,而Th1細(xì)胞因子IFN-γ較對(duì)照組明顯降低,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。哮喘+唾液乳桿菌組IL-4水平較哮喘組明顯降低,而IFN-γ水平則較哮喘組顯著升高,這一結(jié)果與Inoue等[7]觀察短雙歧桿菌M-16V干預(yù)對(duì)卵蛋白致敏的脾細(xì)胞在體外接受OVA再刺激時(shí)細(xì)胞因子IL-4和IFN-γ的變化相一致。因此,認(rèn)為唾液乳桿菌干預(yù)可以增強(qiáng)卵蛋白致敏脾淋巴細(xì)胞Th1免疫反應(yīng),并抑制Th2免疫反應(yīng)。本研究結(jié)果還顯示,單純唾液乳桿菌灌胃組脾細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)上清液中IFN-γ水平較對(duì)照組提高,IL-4水平較對(duì)照組降低,提示一定的益生菌菌株在無(wú)特定抗原的刺激下仍可能發(fā)揮免疫調(diào)節(jié)的作用。因此,本研究從細(xì)胞水平體外實(shí)驗(yàn)證明唾液乳桿菌能夠減輕哮喘Th1/Th2失衡。且唾液乳桿菌干預(yù)的哮喘小鼠脾細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)上清液TGF-β1含量均高于哮喘組,推測(cè)TGF-β1可能參與了唾液乳桿菌對(duì)哮喘小鼠的氣道保護(hù)作用機(jī)制。
圖2 CD4+CD25+T細(xì)胞占CD4+T細(xì)胞的百分比Fig.2 The percentage of CD4+CD25+T cells in CD4+T cells
對(duì)輔助性T細(xì)胞(Th)分化調(diào)節(jié)功能的深入研究發(fā)現(xiàn)還存在一個(gè)功能和細(xì)胞因子產(chǎn)生方面既不同于Thl也不同于Th2的T細(xì)胞亞群,稱為Treg。Treg可分為4種亞型,CD4+CD25+Treg是Treg的主要組成部分。Treg可明顯抑制Thl、Th2活化增殖,是在Th1/Th2網(wǎng)絡(luò)平衡之上的更高層次調(diào)控者[8]。CD4+CD25+Treg具有免疫無(wú)能性和抑制性兩大功能特征[9],IL-10和TGF-β1是Treg發(fā)揮免疫抑制作用的主要細(xì)胞因子[10],叉狀頭/翅膀狀螺旋轉(zhuǎn)錄因子(forkhead/winged helix transcriptionfactor,F(xiàn)oxp3)特異地高表達(dá)于CD4+CD25+Treg,在一定程度上反映CD4+CD25+Treg的水平和功能活性,已被公認(rèn)為Treg特異性的標(biāo)志物[11,12],Bakr等[13,14]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)哮喘組CD4+CD25+Foxp3+T淋巴細(xì)胞水平明顯低于健康對(duì)照組,王煒等[15]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)與健康對(duì)照組比較,輕、中度哮喘患兒調(diào)節(jié)性T淋巴細(xì)胞數(shù)量沒(méi)有減低,但存在功能障礙;而重度哮喘患兒不僅存在調(diào)節(jié)性T淋巴細(xì)胞功能障礙,而且出現(xiàn)數(shù)量減低。與既往研究一致,本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)哮喘組小鼠脾淋巴細(xì)胞中CD4+CD25+Foxp3+Treg/CD4+T細(xì)胞的比例較對(duì)照組明顯下降,進(jìn)一步證實(shí)了CD4+CD25+Treg數(shù)量減少及功能低下可能是哮喘發(fā)病的一個(gè)重要原因,唾液乳桿菌可能通過(guò)上調(diào)CD4+CD25+Treg數(shù)量并促進(jìn)其功能,從而減輕哮喘的Th1/Th2失衡。Peng等[16]的研究則證實(shí)TGF-β是啟動(dòng)CD4+CD25+Treg細(xì)胞體內(nèi)擴(kuò)增的重要分子,Cobbold等[17]也發(fā)現(xiàn)CD4+CD25+Treg細(xì)胞在維持移植耐受過(guò)程存在TGF-β依賴機(jī)制,本研究中唾液乳桿菌誘導(dǎo)的CD4+CD25+Treg細(xì)胞可能通過(guò)分泌抑制性細(xì)胞因子TGF-β1來(lái)介導(dǎo)免疫抑制作用。
綜上所述,本研究進(jìn)一步支持了口服益生菌能夠發(fā)揮免疫調(diào)節(jié)功能且不局限于胃腸道的理念,免疫耐受機(jī)制缺陷在哮喘等變態(tài)反應(yīng)性疾病的發(fā)病中起重要作用。隨著對(duì)耐受機(jī)制研究的深入,逆轉(zhuǎn)免疫耐受缺陷,益生菌制劑可能會(huì)成為未來(lái)防治哮喘等過(guò)敏性疾病的有益幫手。
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圖3 CD4+CD25+Foxp3+T細(xì)胞占CD4+T細(xì)胞百分比Fig.3 The percentage of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+T cells in CD4+T cells
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(編輯王又冬)
Effect of Lactobacillus salivarius on the Number of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+Treg Cells and the Expression of TGF-β1 in Asthma Balb/c Mice
XIANG Yun,SHANG Yun-xiao,LI Miao
(Department Of Pediatrics,Shengjing Hospital,China Medical University,Shenyang 110004,China)
ObjectiveTo explore the effect of Lactobacillus salivarius on the number of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+Treg cells and expression of transforming growth factor β1(TGF-β1)in asthma Balb/c mice.MethodsThirty-two female Balb/c mice were randomly divided into four groups:the normal control group,the asthma group,the Lactobacillus salivarius group,and the asthma combined Lactobacillus salivarius group.Acute asthma model was established by the ovalbumin challenge method.After extraction of primary spleen cells,flow cytometry was used to test CD4+CD25+Foxp3+Treg/CD4+T ratio in spleen lymphocytes.The levels of IL-4,IFN-γ and TGF-β1 in the spleen cell culture supernatant were measured by ELISA method.ResultsThe level of Th2 cytokine(IL-4)in the spleen cell culture supernatant of the asthma group was significantly higher than that of the control group(P<0.05),however,the level of Th1 cytokine(IFN-γ)was significantly lower than that of the control group(P<0.05).The expression level of Th2 cytokine(IL-4)in the Lactobacillus salivarius intervention group was significantly decreased compared with the asthma group,and the Th1 cytokine(IFN-γ)expression level was elevated compared with the asthma group(P<0.05).The level of TGF-β1 in the Lactobacillus salivarius intervention group was higher than in the asthma group(P<0.05).The proportion of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+Treg/CD4+T in spleen lymphocytes in the asthma group was lower than that in the control group(P<0.05),and was higher in the Lactobacillus salivarius intervention group than in the asthma group(P<0.05).ConclusionCD4+CD25+Foxp3+Treg was associated with the pathogenesis of asthma.Lactobacillus salivarius could adjust Th1/Th2 imbalance and reduce asthma inflammation through up-regulation ofCD4+CD25+Foxp3+Treg and TGF-β1 expression.
Lactobacillus salivarius;asthma;CD4+CD25+Foxp3+Treg;TGF-β1
R562.25
A
0258-4646(2015)06-0552-06
相云(1979-),女,講師,博士.
尚云曉,E-mail:shangyx@sj-hospital.org
2015-01-06
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