• 
    

    
    

      99热精品在线国产_美女午夜性视频免费_国产精品国产高清国产av_av欧美777_自拍偷自拍亚洲精品老妇_亚洲熟女精品中文字幕_www日本黄色视频网_国产精品野战在线观看

      ?

      Sox2在膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤中的研究進(jìn)展

      2015-02-10 13:14:48郭金滿譚超胡火軍譚園
      天津醫(yī)藥 2015年12期
      關(guān)鍵詞:母細(xì)胞膠質(zhì)膠質(zhì)瘤

      郭金滿,譚超,胡火軍,譚園

      Sox2在膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤中的研究進(jìn)展

      郭金滿,譚超△,胡火軍,譚園

      膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤(GBM)屬于世界衛(wèi)生組織(WHO)Ⅳ級(jí)惡性腫瘤,是除腦干膠質(zhì)瘤外預(yù)后較差的中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)癌癥,發(fā)病率占人原發(fā)性惡性腦腫瘤的80%,患者5年生存率僅有5%。Sox2是一種多能性調(diào)節(jié)子,越來越多的證據(jù)表明,Sox2的突變及其功能異常與GBM的發(fā)生密切相關(guān)。已有研究證實(shí)利用Sox2基因作為GBM治療靶點(diǎn)具可行性。本文在此將Sox2在GBM中的新研究進(jìn)展進(jìn)行綜述。

      膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤;中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)腫瘤;基因療法;綜述;Sox2

      Sox基因家族是一類SRY(Sex determination region of Y chromosome)相關(guān)基因構(gòu)成的基因家族,編碼一系列SOX(SRY-related high-mobility-group box)家族的轉(zhuǎn)錄因子,其產(chǎn)物都具有一個(gè)HMB(high-mobility-group box)集序保守結(jié)構(gòu)域,目前研究者已從不同進(jìn)化程度的生物中鑒定出了30多個(gè)成員[1]。Sox基因是機(jī)體性別決定、軟骨形成、血細(xì)胞生成、神經(jīng)嵴發(fā)育及神經(jīng)再生的重要發(fā)育調(diào)控子[2]。研究顯示,在中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)發(fā)育的早期,Sox2表達(dá)于神經(jīng)上皮細(xì)胞中[3]。神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)發(fā)育成熟之后,Sox2表達(dá)僅局限于胚基的神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)干細(xì)胞[4];但當(dāng)神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞惡變后,Sox2在腦膠質(zhì)瘤中被激活而重新表達(dá),且表達(dá)量顯著高于正常組織[5]。本文將Sox2在膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤中的新研究進(jìn)展進(jìn)行綜述,為進(jìn)一步深入研究提供參考。

      1 膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤(GBM)

      中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)腫瘤包括腦腫瘤、脊髓腫瘤和神經(jīng)根腫瘤,發(fā)病率約占腫瘤總數(shù)的3%,但死亡率卻占癌癥致死的7%[6]。全球每年約有350 000人被確診為大腦膠質(zhì)瘤,其已成為最常見的原發(fā)性腦腫瘤。2000年,世界衛(wèi)生組織(WTO)根據(jù)膠質(zhì)瘤的組織起源將其分為4大類:星形細(xì)胞瘤(astrocytoma)、少突膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞瘤(oligodendroglioma)、室管膜瘤(ependymoma)及混合型少突星形細(xì)胞瘤(mixed oligoastrocytoma)[7]。其中,星形細(xì)胞瘤是具有星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞分化特點(diǎn)的腫瘤,其與由星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞衍化來的GBM是最常見的中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)腫瘤,約占神經(jīng)上皮組織腫瘤的61%[8]。GBM屬于WHOⅣ級(jí)惡性腫瘤,是星形細(xì)胞瘤中惡性程度最高的膠質(zhì)瘤,發(fā)病率占人原發(fā)性惡性腦腫瘤的80%[9]。膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤是人最致命的癌癥之一,每年每十萬人中新增發(fā)病人數(shù)5~20例,平均生存期僅為14個(gè)月[10]。GBM位于皮質(zhì)下,常侵犯腦葉及深部結(jié)構(gòu),還可波及對(duì)側(cè)大腦半球,其典型的表征是細(xì)胞進(jìn)入凋亡程序出現(xiàn)障礙,基因組不穩(wěn)定和對(duì)治療手段應(yīng)答低下,因而呈現(xiàn)浸潤(rùn)性生長(zhǎng)和復(fù)發(fā)[11]。GBM內(nèi)還存在壞死區(qū),內(nèi)部血管生長(zhǎng)緊密并具有高侵襲性。目前,研究者們對(duì)GBM的基因組[12]和轉(zhuǎn)錄組[13]進(jìn)行了大量研究。但迄今為止,臨床仍無可治愈GBM的特效藥[14]。

      2 Sox2與GBM

      2.1 Sox2在GBM中的作用研究發(fā)現(xiàn),Sox2在多種腫瘤中表現(xiàn)為高表達(dá),包括GBM,且Sox2的高表達(dá)往往與GBM患者治療后效果欠佳密切相關(guān)[15]。鑒于Sox2在GBM中的異常

      表達(dá),因此Sox2被認(rèn)為是胚胎干細(xì)胞與神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞至關(guān)重要的轉(zhuǎn)錄調(diào)節(jié)子[16]。

      Gangemi等[17]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),人體來源的膠質(zhì)瘤干細(xì)胞(glioma stem cells,GSCs)富含Sox2,它在維持GSCs的干細(xì)胞特性及致瘤性中起重要作用,如siRNA介導(dǎo)的GSCs中Sox2表達(dá)的下調(diào),可顯著降低其在體內(nèi)增殖及形成腫瘤的能力;Sox2通過作用于與正常的神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞相同的分子靶點(diǎn)來維持GSCs的干細(xì)胞特性,其還是GBM一個(gè)分層調(diào)控模型的關(guān)鍵分子,這為進(jìn)一步找尋下游基因作為治療靶點(diǎn)開辟了新的途徑。此外,Ikushima等[18]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),雖然提高Sox2的表達(dá)對(duì)GSCs至關(guān)重要,但卻不足以維持GSCs的自我更新能力,這表明激活GSCs的干細(xì)胞樣特性還需要其他因子的協(xié)同作用。Suvà等[19]研究證實(shí),包括Pou3f2、Sox2、Sall2、Olig2在內(nèi)的一組神經(jīng)發(fā)育核心轉(zhuǎn)錄因子(transcription factors,TFs)對(duì)GBM的增殖至關(guān)重要。這些轉(zhuǎn)錄因子結(jié)合并活化特異性干細(xì)胞樣腫瘤增殖細(xì)胞(tumor propagating cells,TPCs)調(diào)控元件后,足以將已分化的GBM細(xì)胞重新編程為“誘導(dǎo)的”TPCs,重現(xiàn)表觀遺傳學(xué)背景及TPCs的原始表型。此外,Sox2還可驅(qū)動(dòng)更多的癌癥相關(guān)表型,且Sox2驅(qū)動(dòng)的惡性GBM具有高度的侵襲性及遷移性,這與神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞極其相似[20]。事實(shí)上,Oppel等[21]證實(shí),Sox2損耗造成的GBM細(xì)胞增殖能力的降低是由Cyclin D1水平的降低而引起的,而GBM侵襲性活動(dòng)能力的降低是通過抑制黏著斑激酶(focal adhesion kinase,F(xiàn)AK)信號(hào),如HEF1/NEDD9的下游蛋白及基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶1/2來實(shí)現(xiàn)的[22]。

      2.2 Sox2在GBM中的激活機(jī)制Alonso等[23]證實(shí),GBM患者體內(nèi)Sox2的擴(kuò)增及啟動(dòng)子DNA低甲基化是導(dǎo)致Sox2異常表達(dá)的主導(dǎo)機(jī)制。Mikkelsen等[24]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),Sox2以高CpG濃度的形式遍布整個(gè)啟動(dòng)子區(qū),且可能抑制了基因分化,這表明在GBM中的Sox2啟動(dòng)子DNA的低甲基化可能反映了一種更原始的細(xì)胞狀態(tài),這與在神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞中的發(fā)現(xiàn)相類似。此外,Ikushima等[25]研究證實(shí),Sox2也可在轉(zhuǎn)錄水平上進(jìn)行調(diào)節(jié),且在GBM形成相關(guān)的下游途徑中發(fā)揮作用。轉(zhuǎn)化生長(zhǎng)因子(TGF)-β通過Sox2來調(diào)控GBM生長(zhǎng);而血小板源性生長(zhǎng)因子(PDGF)也可調(diào)節(jié)Sox2的活性。事實(shí)上,神經(jīng)祖細(xì)胞的PDGF轉(zhuǎn)化活性及小鼠PDGF依賴性腫瘤均會(huì)導(dǎo)致Sox2的表達(dá)[26]。在人GSCs中,siRNA介導(dǎo)的Sox2表達(dá)下調(diào)有助于提高PDGF及胰島素樣生長(zhǎng)因子(IGF)受體抑制劑的敏感性[27],表明了PDGF及IGF-1受體抑制劑在GBM中的抗性與Sox2的表達(dá)密切相關(guān)。另外,Ge等[28]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),Sox2是由真核起始因子4E(eIF4E)在翻譯水平上激活的;GBM患者組織標(biāo)本顯示,Sox2和eIF4E表達(dá)呈正相關(guān),且eIF4E表達(dá)的下調(diào)顯著降低了Sox2的蛋白水平,但同時(shí)并不改變其在GSCs中的信使RNA(mRNA)水平。此外,大量研究表明,不同的微小核糖核酸(miRNAs),包括miR-9、miR-145、miR-21、miR-137在轉(zhuǎn)錄后水平均調(diào)控著GSCs的表達(dá),并可通過傳遞化學(xué)抗性來調(diào)控Sox2的活性[29]。

      Fang等[30]通過微陣列分析識(shí)別Sox2的下游靶點(diǎn)時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn),489個(gè)基因及105個(gè)前體miRNAs在Sox2基因沉默時(shí)表達(dá)量發(fā)生了改變。其中,在已確認(rèn)的相關(guān)靶點(diǎn)中,腫瘤抑制因子BEX1/2及miR-143/145/253-5p/45在Sox2沉默時(shí)表達(dá)顯著下調(diào);同時(shí),Sox2可與miR-145形成一個(gè)雙負(fù)反饋環(huán)路。miR-145可沉默多個(gè)包括Sox2在內(nèi)的多能性決定因子[31]。因而筆者推測(cè),可能有一個(gè)專屬的機(jī)制來維持2種功能之間的平衡,但這還有待進(jìn)一步的研究。Basu-Roy等[32]最新的研究表明,骨肉瘤細(xì)胞需要Sox2阻礙Hippo信號(hào)途徑以維持其干細(xì)胞特性。Favaro等[33]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),移植了Sox2缺失突變細(xì)胞的小鼠無腫瘤生成,而對(duì)照組卻生成了致死性的腫瘤;若在移植了Sox2缺失突變細(xì)胞的小鼠中導(dǎo)入一個(gè)Sox2基因表達(dá)病毒,就會(huì)導(dǎo)致腫瘤的形成。此外,F(xiàn)avaro等[34]還證實(shí),若給小鼠免疫接種Sox2肽,可顯著推遲腫瘤產(chǎn)生的時(shí)間,突顯了利用Sox2基因作為治療靶點(diǎn)的可行性。

      3 展望

      綜上所述,GBM是死亡率最高和最常見的一種腦癌,是一種嚴(yán)重危害人類健康的惡性腫瘤。Sox2是多能性調(diào)節(jié)子,可能在轉(zhuǎn)錄及染色質(zhì)的重塑過程中通過與酵母交換型轉(zhuǎn)換/蔗糖不發(fā)酵(swi/snf)復(fù)合物、Mi-2/核小體重組和脫乙?;福∟URD)復(fù)合物等結(jié)合發(fā)揮多種作用。利用Sox2基因作為GBM治療靶點(diǎn)具有可行性,可進(jìn)一步利用如RNA深度測(cè)序、RNA純化的染色質(zhì)分離技術(shù)(ChIRP)、RNA免疫共沉淀測(cè)序(RIP-seq)等技術(shù)進(jìn)行深入研究,破譯出Sox2參與的GBM形成通路中的具體機(jī)制,為設(shè)計(jì)合理的治療方案提供參考。

      [1]Zhang J,Jiang H,Shao J,et al.Sox4 inhibits GBM cell growth and induces G0/G1 cell cycle arrest through Akt-p53 axis[J].BMC Neurol,2014,14(1):207.doi:10.1186/s12883-014-0207-y.

      [2]Kamachi Y,Kondoh H.Sox proteins:regulators of cell fate specification and differentiation[J].Development,2013,140(20):4129-4144. doi:10.1242/dev.091793.

      [3]Liu YR,Laghari ZA,Novoa CA,et al.Sox2 acts as a transcriptional repressor in neural stem cells[J].BMC Neurosci,2014,15:95.doi: 10.1186/1471-2202-15-95.

      [4]Arnold K,Sarkar A,Yram MA,et al.Sox2(+)adult stem and progenitor cells are important for tissue regeneration and survival of mice[J].Cell Stem Cell,2011,9:317-329.doi:10.1016/j.stem.2011.09.001.

      [5]Louis DN,Ohgaki H,Wiestler OD,et al.The 2007 WHO classification of tumors of the central nervous system[J].Acta Neuropathol,2007,114:97-109.

      [6]Crocetti E,Trama A,Stiller C,et al.Epidemiology of glial and nonglial brain tumors in Europe[J].Eur J Cancer,2012,48:1532-1542. doi:10.1016/j.ejca.2011.12.013.

      [7]Fuentes-Raspall R,Vilardell L,Perez-Bueno F,et al.Populationbased incidence and survival of central nervous system(CNS)malignancies in Girona(Spain)1994-2005[J].J Neurooncol,2011,101(1): 117-123.doi:10.1007/s11060-010-0240-7.

      [8]Tanaka S,Louis DN,Curry WT,et al.Diagnostic and therapeutic avenues for glioblastoma:no longer a dead end[J]?Nat Rev Clin Oncol,2013,10:14-26.doi:10.1038/nrclinonc.2012.204.

      [9]Clarke J,Butowski N,Chang S.Recent advances in therapy for glio-

      [10]Brennan CW,Verhaak RG,McKenna A,et al.The somatic genomic landscape of glioblastoma[J].Cell,2013,155(2):462-477.doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2013.09.034.

      [11]Frattini V,Trifonov V,Chan JM,et al.The integrated landscape of driver genomic alterations in glioblastoma[J].Nat Genet,2013,45(10): 1141-1149.doi:10.1038/ng.2734.

      [12]Verhaak RG,Hoadley KA,Purdom E,et al.Integrated genomic analysis identifies clinically relevant subtypes of glioblastoma characterized by abnormalities in PDGFRA,IDH1,EGFR,and NF1[J]. Cancer Cell,2010,17(1):98-110.doi:10.1016/j.ccr.2009.12.020.

      [13]Dunn GP,Rinne ML,Wykosky J,et al.Emerging insights into the molecular and cellular basis of glioblastoma[J].Genes Dev,2012,26(8):756-784.doi:10.1101/gad.187922.112.

      [14]Annovazzi L,Mellai M,Caldera V,et al.SOX2 expression and amplification in gliomas and glioma cell lines[J].Cancer Genomics Proteomics,2011,8(3):139-147.

      [15]Schwede M,Spentzos D,Bentink S,et al.Stem cell-like gene expression in ovarian cancer predicts type II subtype and prognosis[J]. PLoS One,2013,8(3):e57799.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0057799.

      [16]Holmberg J,He X,Peredo I,et al.Activation of neural and pluripotent stem cell signatures correlates with increased malignancy in human glioma[J].PLoS One,2011,6(3):e18454.doi:10.1371/journal. pone.0018454.

      [17]Gangemi RM,Griffero F,Marubbi D,et al.SOX2 silencing in glioblastoma tumor-initiating cells causes stop of proliferation and loss of tumorigenicity[J].Stem Cells,2009,27(1):40-48.doi:10.1634/ stemcells.2008-0493.

      [18]Ikushima H,Todo T,Ino Y,et al.Glioma-initiating cells retain their tumorigenicity through integration of the Sox axis and Oct4 protein[J].J Biol Chem,2011,286(48):41434-41441.doi:10.1074/ jbc.M111.300863.

      [19]Suvà ML,Rheinbay E,Gillespie SM,et al.Reconstructing and Reprogramming the Tumor-Propagating Potential of Glioblastoma Stem-like Cells[J].Cell,2014,157(3):580-594.doi:10.1016/j. cell.2014.02.030

      [20]Lalli G.Extracellular signals controlling neuroblast migration in the postnatal brain[J].Adv Exp Med Biol,2014,800:149-180.doi: 10.1007/978-94-007-7687-6_9.

      [21]Oppel F,Müller N,Schackert G,et al.SOX2-RNAi attenuates S-phase entry and induces RhoA-dependent switch to protease-independent amoeboid migration in human glioma cells[J].Mol Cancer,2011,10:137.doi:10.1186/1476-4598-10-137.

      [22]Chen T,Dent SY.Chromatin modifiers and remodellers:regulators of cellular differentiation[J].Nat Rev Genet,2014,15(2):93-106. doi:10.1038/nrg3607.

      [23]Alonso MM,Diez-Valle R,Manterola L,et al.Genetic and epigenetic modifications of Sox2 contribute to the invasive phenotype of malignant gliomas[J].PLoS One,2011,6:e2674.doi:10.1371/journal. pone.0026740.

      [24]Mikkelsen TS,Ku M,Jaffe DB,et al.Genome-wide maps of chromatin state in pluripotent and lineage-committed cells[J].Nature,2007,448(7153):553-560.

      [25]Ikushima H,Todo T,Ino Y,et al.Autocrine TGF-beta signaling maintains tumorigenicity of glioma-initiating cells through Sry-related HMG-box factors[J].Cell Stem Cell,2009,5(5):504-514. doi:10.1016/j.stem.2009.08.018.

      [26]Appolloni I,Calzolari F,Tutucci E,et al.PDGF-B induces a homogeneous class of oligodendrogliomas from embryonic neural progenitors[J].Int J Cancer,2009,124(10):2251-2259.doi:10.1002/ ijc.24206.

      [27]H?gerstrand D,He X,Bradic Lindh M,et al.Identification of a SOX2-dependent subset of tumor-and sphere-forming glioblastoma cells with a distinct tyrosine kinase inhibitor sensitivity profile[J].Neuro Oncol,2011,13(11):1178-1191.doi:10.1093/neuonc/ nor113.

      [28]Ge Y,Zhou F,Chen H,et al.Sox2 is translationally activated by eukaryotic initiation factor 4E in human glioma-initiating cells[J].Biochem Biophys Res Commun,2010,397(4):711-717.doi:10.1016/j. bbrc.2010.06.015.

      [29]Bier A,Giladi N,Kronfeld N,et al.MicroRNA-137 is downregulated in glioblastoma and inhibits the stemness of glioma stem cells by targeting RTVP-1[J].Oncotarget,2013,4(5):665-676.

      [30]Fang X,Yoon JG,Li L,et al.The SOX2 response program in glioblastoma multiforme:an integrated ChIP-seq,expression microarray,and microRNA analysis[J].BMC Genomics,2011,12:11.doi: 10.1186/1471-2164-12-11.

      [31]Kota J,Chivukula RR,O’Donnell KA,et al.Therapeutic microRNA delivery suppresses tumorigenesis in a murine liver cancer model[J]. Cell,2009,137(6):1005-1017.doi:10.1016/j.cell.2009.04.021.

      [32]Basu-Roy U,Bayin NS,Rattanakorn K,et al.Sox2 antagonizes the Hippo pathway to maintain stemness in cancer cells[J].Nat Commun,2015,6:6411.doi:10.1038/ncomms7411.

      [33]Favaro R,Valotta M,F(xiàn)erri AL,et al.Hippocampal development and neural stem cell maintenance require Sox2-dependent regulation of Shh[J].Nat Neurosci,2009,12(10):1248-1256.doi:10.1038/ nn.2397.

      [34]Favaro R,Appolloni I,Pellegatta S,et al.Sox2 is required to maintain cancer stem cells in a mouse model of high-grade oligodendroglioma[J].Cancer Res,2014,74:1833-1844.

      (2015-03-25收稿 2015-06-26修回)

      (本文編輯 陸榮展)

      Current research of the role of Sox2 in Glioblastoma Multiforme

      GUO Jinman,TAN Chao△,HU Huojun,TAN Yuan
      The First Clinical Medical College,China Three Gorges University,Yichang 443002,China△Reviser and Corresponding AuthorE-mail:yczxyytanchao@sina.com

      Glioblastoma(GBM)is one of the WHO gradeⅣmalignancies,which is an acentral nervous system cancer with poor prognosis unless the lesion is in the brain stem.The incidence of GBM accounts for 80%of human primary malignant tumors in brain.Only 5%GBM can survive up to 5-years.Many researches showed that Sox2 is a pluripotent regulator,and mutation or abnormal function of Sox2 are closely related to the development of GBM.There are studies demonstrated the possibility of using Sox2 gene as apotential target for GBM therapy.This paper reviewed recent progress in GBM.

      glioblastoma;central nervous system neoplasms;gene therapy;review;Sox2

      R730.264

      A DOI:10.11958/j.issn.0253-9896.2015.12.033

      toma[J].Arch Neurol,2010,67(3):279-283.

      10.1001/archneurol.2010.5.

      湖北省自然科學(xué)基金資助項(xiàng)目(2014CFB307)

      湖北宜昌,三峽大學(xué)第一臨床醫(yī)學(xué)院(郵編443002)

      郭金滿(1975),男,副主任醫(yī)師,學(xué)士,主要從事神經(jīng)外科、腫瘤等研究

      △審校者和通訊作者E-mail:yczxyytanchao@sina.com

      猜你喜歡
      母細(xì)胞膠質(zhì)膠質(zhì)瘤
      成人幕上髓母細(xì)胞瘤1例誤診分析
      頂骨炎性肌纖維母細(xì)胞瘤一例
      人類星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞和NG2膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞的特性
      談?wù)勀讣?xì)胞瘤
      預(yù)防小兒母細(xì)胞瘤,10個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)別忽視
      視網(wǎng)膜小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞的研究進(jìn)展
      DCE-MRI在高、低級(jí)別腦膠質(zhì)瘤及腦膜瘤中的鑒別診斷
      磁共振成像(2015年8期)2015-12-23 08:53:14
      側(cè)腦室內(nèi)罕見膠質(zhì)肉瘤一例
      磁共振成像(2015年1期)2015-12-23 08:52:21
      P21和survivin蛋白在腦膠質(zhì)瘤組織中的表達(dá)及其臨床意義
      Sox2和Oct4在人腦膠質(zhì)瘤組織中的表達(dá)及意義
      崇阳县| 津市市| 花莲市| 和平县| 奉化市| 宁蒗| 浮梁县| 屯留县| 隆昌县| 锦州市| 大方县| 突泉县| 成都市| 锡林浩特市| 隆德县| 普陀区| 乃东县| 牙克石市| 揭阳市| 收藏| 长垣县| 旬邑县| 扎鲁特旗| 尖扎县| 运城市| 大冶市| 凤庆县| 五寨县| 胶南市| 蒙山县| 乐陵市| 望谟县| 岱山县| 东阿县| 洛宁县| 沙河市| 康保县| 成安县| 长治市| SHOW| 疏附县|