孫麗萍 綜述,胡新榮 審校
(廣東醫(yī)學(xué)院,廣東 東莞 523770)
Yb-1在腫瘤發(fā)展中的兩面性
孫麗萍 綜述,胡新榮 審校
(廣東醫(yī)學(xué)院,廣東 東莞 523770)
Yb-1(Y-box binding protein-1)基因?qū)儆赮-盒家族成員之一,從細(xì)菌到人類的細(xì)胞質(zhì)及細(xì)胞核中廣泛存在,并且它編碼的蛋白是一類高度保守的多功能蛋白。Yb-1蛋白含可變N-末端結(jié)構(gòu)域(AP區(qū))、C末端結(jié)構(gòu)域(CTD區(qū))及高度保守核苷酸結(jié)合結(jié)構(gòu)域(CSD區(qū))。這些結(jié)構(gòu)域?qū)NA或RNA的作用不同,導(dǎo)致YB-1對(duì)細(xì)胞功能調(diào)控的不一致性。多數(shù)研究報(bào)道YB-1能促進(jìn)腫瘤的增殖、侵襲與轉(zhuǎn)移以及多藥耐藥性,但也有研究表明YB-1具有抑制腫瘤的作用。本文就YB-1對(duì)腫瘤的雙重作用做一綜述。
YB-1;腫瘤;增殖;EMT;多藥耐藥性
Yb-1(Y-box binding protein-1)是Y-盒家族成員之一,是一種從細(xì)菌到人類的細(xì)胞中廣泛存在的高度保守、功能多樣的蛋白質(zhì)。研究表明YB-1在多種腫瘤組織中高表達(dá)并與腫瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展、侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移、耐藥、預(yù)后等密切相關(guān)。多數(shù)情況下,YB-1作為一種促癌蛋白被廣泛研究,但也有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)YB-1可以抑制腫瘤的過(guò)度增殖。然而,導(dǎo)致YB-1雙重作用的相關(guān)因素和分子機(jī)制是相當(dāng)復(fù)雜的,需要更多研究。充分了解其對(duì)腫瘤的詳細(xì)作用和機(jī)制,才能更準(zhǔn)確地防治腫瘤。
YB-1可以與Y-box序列5'-CTGATTGG-3'特異性結(jié)合,進(jìn)而在轉(zhuǎn)錄水平和翻譯水平對(duì)下游基因轉(zhuǎn)錄進(jìn)行調(diào)控。YB-1基因定位于染色體1p34(25,26),跨越19 kb染色體DNA,蛋白分子量為42 kDa,包含8個(gè)外顯子[1]。其編碼的蛋白含三個(gè)典型的結(jié)構(gòu)域:可變N-末端結(jié)構(gòu)域(AP區(qū))、C末端結(jié)構(gòu)域(CTD區(qū))及高度保守的核苷酸結(jié)合結(jié)構(gòu)域(CSD區(qū))[2]。AP區(qū)富含丙氨酸和脯氨酸,可以與轉(zhuǎn)錄起始復(fù)合物eIF4F中的蛋白質(zhì)特異性的結(jié)合,參與基因的轉(zhuǎn)錄調(diào)控;CSD區(qū)通過(guò)其RNA結(jié)合序列RNP1和RNP2與mRNA特異性地結(jié)合,進(jìn)而發(fā)揮對(duì)mRNA的穩(wěn)定作用;CTD區(qū)包含相互交替的中性和堿性氨基酸區(qū)域,可以與非特定的DNA或RNA相互作用,在翻譯起始階段調(diào)控mRNA的翻譯[3]。YB-1在翻譯水平有正性調(diào)控和負(fù)性調(diào)控的雙重作用。并且研究已經(jīng)表明,這種作用與其本身濃度無(wú)關(guān),而是取決于YB-1/mRNA的相對(duì)比值。當(dāng)YB-1/mRNA比值較低時(shí),YB-1能完全結(jié)合mRNA的5'帽端,激活翻譯的起始;當(dāng)比值較高時(shí),YB-1與真核翻譯起始因子eIF4E競(jìng)爭(zhēng)結(jié)合mRNA的5'帽端,抑制翻譯的起始,同時(shí)維持mRNA的穩(wěn)定性。此外,Yb-1的這種雙重作用與其結(jié)構(gòu)域作用的不同有一定的關(guān)系。AP-CSD結(jié)構(gòu)域取代eIF4E和eIF4A與mRNA結(jié)合,穩(wěn)定了mRNA,但不影響翻譯活性[4];CTD區(qū)取代eIF4G結(jié)合mRNA,抑制翻譯的起始,但不影響mRNA的穩(wěn)定性。研究表明,YB-1對(duì)基因的轉(zhuǎn)錄、翻譯、DNA損傷后修復(fù)、RNA配對(duì)、mRNA穩(wěn)定、細(xì)胞增殖和再生等發(fā)揮了重要的作用[5]。
研究已經(jīng)證實(shí),YB-1在多種腫瘤組織中異常表達(dá),并在腫瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展發(fā)揮著極其重要的作用。然而,大多數(shù)研究表明YB-1是一種促癌基因,它可以刺激腫瘤細(xì)胞增殖,誘導(dǎo)腫瘤細(xì)胞抗凋亡,促進(jìn)腫瘤細(xì)胞侵襲與轉(zhuǎn)移及提高腫瘤的多藥耐藥性,但也有研究顯示YB-1是一種抑癌基因,它可以抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞的增殖。因此,YB-1在腫瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展中發(fā)揮著兩面性的作用。
2.1 YB-1對(duì)腫瘤的促進(jìn)作用 在腫瘤細(xì)胞中,YB-1發(fā)生核移位或過(guò)表達(dá)就可以通過(guò)一系列的分子和信號(hào)通路促進(jìn)腫瘤細(xì)胞的生長(zhǎng)增殖、侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移及多藥耐藥性的產(chǎn)生。
2.1.1 YB-1促進(jìn)腫瘤細(xì)胞的增殖 大量的研究表明,YB-1的過(guò)量表達(dá)促進(jìn)了腫瘤細(xì)胞的增殖,而當(dāng)YB-1的表達(dá)受到抑制時(shí),許多類型的腫瘤細(xì)胞失去了穩(wěn)定生長(zhǎng)的能力。然而,YB-1促進(jìn)腫瘤細(xì)胞增殖的機(jī)制是相當(dāng)復(fù)雜的,它涉及到一系列的分子和信號(hào)通路的改變。首先,YB-1作為一種細(xì)胞周期調(diào)節(jié)轉(zhuǎn)錄因子通過(guò)激活一系列增殖相關(guān)因子的異常表達(dá)促進(jìn)腫瘤細(xì)胞過(guò)度增殖。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),YB-1在細(xì)胞周期的G1/S期從細(xì)胞質(zhì)定位到細(xì)胞核,這種核定位促進(jìn)了細(xì)胞周期蛋白Cyclin A和Cyclin B1的基因表達(dá),進(jìn)而促進(jìn)了細(xì)胞周期的進(jìn)程,加速細(xì)胞的增殖。在乳腺癌中,YB-1通過(guò)Ser102位點(diǎn)的磷酸化與ERGF啟動(dòng)子上的效應(yīng)元件YREs特異性結(jié)合促進(jìn)ERGF的表達(dá),引起了癌細(xì)胞的快速增殖。相反,抑制YB-1的表達(dá)量或者活性能有效地抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞的生長(zhǎng)增殖[7-8]。Lasham等[9]指出,YB-1可以調(diào)控增殖相關(guān)因子拓?fù)洚悩?gòu)酶Ⅱα(TOPⅡα)和增殖細(xì)胞核抗原(PCNA)轉(zhuǎn)錄促進(jìn)肺癌細(xì)胞的增殖。YB-1可以通過(guò)PI3K/Akt/mTOR、STAT3、E2F1等信號(hào)通路促進(jìn)腫瘤細(xì)胞的增殖。Astanehe等[10]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在乳腺癌中YB-1蛋白可以調(diào)控PI3K催化亞基PIK3CA的表達(dá),進(jìn)而調(diào)節(jié)PI3K通路的下游信號(hào)分子RSK(Ser360)及Akt(Ser473)的磷酸化,激發(fā)乳腺癌細(xì)胞的增殖。Oda等[11]在卵巢漿液性腺癌中研究發(fā)現(xiàn),YB-1的核定位與磷酸化的Akt(p-Akt)有顯著的相關(guān)性。Sinnberg等[12]的研究顯示,在黑色素瘤中PI3K/Akt信號(hào)通路的激活可以使YB-1 CSD區(qū)的Ser102位點(diǎn)的磷酸化增強(qiáng),使YB-1發(fā)生核移位,Yb-1在細(xì)胞核中的高表達(dá)通過(guò)上調(diào)增殖相關(guān)因子的轉(zhuǎn)錄促進(jìn)腫瘤細(xì)胞的增殖。Fujii等[13]的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在乳腺癌中用siRNA干擾YB-1后降低了STAT3在Ser727位點(diǎn)的磷酸化,同時(shí),ERK和mTOR的磷酸化也隨之降低,抑制癌細(xì)胞增殖。Moncho-Amor等[14]在非小細(xì)胞癌中發(fā)現(xiàn)Yb-1可以通過(guò)MAPK信號(hào)通路激活VEGF,促使腫瘤組織新生血管的生成。同時(shí),Lashame等[15]發(fā)現(xiàn)在乳腺癌、結(jié)腸癌、肺癌中YB-1的表達(dá)水平和E2F1通路密切相關(guān),YB-1與E2F1調(diào)節(jié)基因CDC6、Cycline A、拓?fù)洚悩?gòu)酶Ⅱα(TopoisomeraseⅡα,TOP2A)等的啟動(dòng)子相結(jié)合,促進(jìn)這些基因的轉(zhuǎn)錄,使細(xì)胞從G1期迅速進(jìn)入S期,加快細(xì)胞分裂。此外,也有研究證實(shí)YB-1可以通過(guò)激活Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK通路而進(jìn)一步促進(jìn)腫瘤細(xì)胞的增殖。Jurchott等[16]在結(jié)直腸癌中的研究證實(shí),YB-1通過(guò)調(diào)控MEK/ERK信號(hào)通路激活了增殖相關(guān)基因的表達(dá)。此外,在多發(fā)性骨髓瘤[17]、肝癌[18]、前列腺癌[19]、胃癌[20]等細(xì)胞中,YB-1表達(dá)與細(xì)胞的增殖密切相關(guān)。
2.1.2 YB-1促進(jìn)腫瘤細(xì)胞抗凋亡 YB-1可以保護(hù)腫瘤細(xì)胞免于凋亡,其保護(hù)機(jī)制主要與抑制p53基因的轉(zhuǎn)錄激活有關(guān)。而p53基因的激活能以一種條件依賴的方式激活兩組凋亡相關(guān)基因:細(xì)胞周期阻滯蛋白和凋亡前體基因。所以,YB-1通過(guò)抑制p53依賴的凋亡前體基因(APAF1,NOXA和BAX)和細(xì)胞周期阻滯蛋白的轉(zhuǎn)錄激活抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞的凋亡[21],更重要的是YB-1可以影響TP5336基因的轉(zhuǎn)錄激活或者P5343基因的穩(wěn)定性,從而對(duì)凋亡前體發(fā)揮作用[22]。YB-1還可以通過(guò)抑制Fas受體的轉(zhuǎn)錄誘導(dǎo)癌細(xì)胞抗凋亡。Fas受體可以介導(dǎo)凋亡前體信號(hào)和編碼凋亡蛋白酶的CASP7基因有關(guān)[9,23]。Lee等[24]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在HER過(guò)表達(dá)的乳腺癌細(xì)胞中抑制YB-1的表達(dá),導(dǎo)致了PTEN/mTOR/STAT3信號(hào)通路的失活,抑制了細(xì)胞凋亡的發(fā)生。此外,F(xiàn)inkbeiner等[23]發(fā)現(xiàn),YB-1可以介導(dǎo)Notch受體信號(hào)通路中抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞的凋亡。
2.1.3 YB-1促進(jìn)腫瘤細(xì)胞的侵襲與轉(zhuǎn)移 腫瘤的侵襲與轉(zhuǎn)移是一個(gè)復(fù)雜的、多步驟的過(guò)程,它涉及到腫瘤細(xì)胞結(jié)構(gòu)和表型的改變。目前,EMT是關(guān)于這些改變研究的熱點(diǎn)。EMT即上皮間充質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化,也就是腫瘤細(xì)胞失去上皮細(xì)胞特性,獲得間充質(zhì)特性并向癌旁轉(zhuǎn)移的過(guò)程。并且,研究已經(jīng)證實(shí)EMT與腫瘤侵襲與轉(zhuǎn)移的初始階段有關(guān)。EMT的發(fā)生涉及到一系列信號(hào)分子的改變,其中與上皮特性有關(guān)的改變包括E-caherin和β-actin等表達(dá)下降;與間質(zhì)特性有關(guān)的改變包括N-caherin、fibronectin、Vimentin等表達(dá)升高,其中E-caherin的丟失則被認(rèn)為是癌細(xì)胞失去上皮特性的金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[25]。而使E-caherin丟失的因子包括直接抑制因子Snail、Zeb、E4T和KLF18等,間接抑制因子Twist、Goosecoid和Foxc2等,它們通過(guò)抑制E-caherin的表達(dá)誘導(dǎo)EMT的發(fā)生。Evdokimova等[26]在乳腺癌中的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),YB-1可以激活Snail、Twist的翻譯誘導(dǎo)EMT的發(fā)生。Mani等[27-28]的研究也發(fā)現(xiàn),乳腺癌細(xì)胞發(fā)生EMT后腫瘤細(xì)胞表現(xiàn)出E-caherin表達(dá)水平下降,F(xiàn)ibronectin和Vimentin表達(dá)升高的特性。Kim等[29]在Hela細(xì)胞中的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)活性氧(Reactive oxygen species,ROS)通過(guò)激活YB-1上調(diào)了Snail、Slug、Twist的表達(dá),進(jìn)一步誘導(dǎo)了Fibronectin、Vimentin及N-caherin表達(dá)增加,促進(jìn)EMT的發(fā)生。此外,Lovert等[30]在乳腺癌中的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),隨著YB-1表達(dá)量的增加,MT1-MMP蛋白的表達(dá)量上升,腫瘤的侵襲與轉(zhuǎn)移能力增強(qiáng)。Schittek等[31]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),當(dāng)YB-1表達(dá)水平下調(diào)時(shí),伴隨著細(xì)胞侵襲與轉(zhuǎn)移相關(guān)基因:MMP-2、CyclinD1等表達(dá)水平的下降。也有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在基底細(xì)胞樣乳腺癌中細(xì)胞命運(yùn)決定因子Dachshund (Cell fate determination factorDachshund,DACH1)通過(guò)失活YB-1抑制Snail的轉(zhuǎn)錄和翻譯,而抑制了EMT的發(fā)生[32]。大量的研究還證實(shí),YB-1誘導(dǎo)EMT的發(fā)生主要是通過(guò)RAS、Wnt/β-actin、MAPK、PI3K/Akt、MEK、NF-κB等信號(hào)通路實(shí)現(xiàn)的。轉(zhuǎn)化生長(zhǎng)因子-β(Transforming growth factor-β,TGF-β)通過(guò)誘導(dǎo)尼克酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸氧化酶2(Nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase2,NOX2)激活了活性氧(Reactive oxygen species,ROS)的產(chǎn)生,促進(jìn)了EMT的發(fā)生,而抑制PI3K、p38/MAPK及JNK信號(hào)通路有效阻礙了EMT的發(fā)生[29]。Wu等[32]的研究也證實(shí),在乳腺癌中激活PI3K/Akt通路導(dǎo)致了YB-1的核定位,激活了Snail、Twist、Zeb/Sip1及其他相關(guān)因子的翻譯,促進(jìn)了EMT的發(fā)生。Cobbold等[33]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在乳腺癌細(xì)胞MCF10AT中沉默YB-1的表達(dá)或抑制Ras-MAPK信號(hào)通路可使癌細(xì)胞恢復(fù)上皮表型,并且他們指出YB-1的表達(dá)升高及Ras-MAPK信號(hào)通路的激活是癌細(xì)胞發(fā)生EMT的必備條件。而Zhang等[34]的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在細(xì)胞性肝癌中前列腺素E2(ProstaglandingE2,PGE2)通過(guò)EP1/Src/EGFR/P44/42、MAPK/mTOR通路上調(diào)了YB-1的表達(dá),增強(qiáng)了癌細(xì)胞的侵襲性,并且YB-1也調(diào)控了EMT相關(guān)分子促進(jìn)了EMT的發(fā)生。Evdokimova等[26]在乳腺癌中的研究報(bào)道,MEK抑制劑PD98059可以阻礙YB-1誘導(dǎo)的EMT,這表明YB-1調(diào)控MEK通路引起EMT的發(fā)生。
2.1.4 YB-1促進(jìn)腫瘤細(xì)胞的多藥耐藥性 腫瘤的多藥耐藥性是臨床上腫瘤化療失敗及復(fù)發(fā)的最主要原因,而導(dǎo)致這種多藥耐藥性的分子機(jī)制是相當(dāng)復(fù)雜的。目前的研究表明YB-1可以參與到這些機(jī)制中,其在腫瘤組織中的高表達(dá)促進(jìn)了癌細(xì)胞多藥耐藥性的形成。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)YB-1的核定位或者過(guò)表達(dá)與MDR1及其表達(dá)產(chǎn)物主要是P糖蛋白(P-glycoprotein,P-gp)的表達(dá)量增加密切相關(guān)。P-gp可以將藥物從腫瘤細(xì)胞中排至細(xì)胞外,減弱其對(duì)腫瘤細(xì)胞的毒性,導(dǎo)致腫瘤細(xì)胞耐藥性的產(chǎn)生。YB-1在轉(zhuǎn)錄水平調(diào)節(jié)MDR1的轉(zhuǎn)錄激活,使P-gp的表達(dá)量增加,腫瘤細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生多藥耐藥性。許多研究都已經(jīng)證實(shí)P-gp過(guò)表達(dá)時(shí),腫瘤細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生多藥耐藥表型[6,35-38]。沈慧玲等[39]的研究表明,在B細(xì)胞淋巴瘤中阿霉素可以誘導(dǎo)MAPK/ERK信號(hào)通路,使YB-1發(fā)生核移位,隨后促進(jìn)了MDR1和P-gp表達(dá)。而Choi等[40]的研究表明,激活JNK-cJun/c-Fos(JNK1/2)信號(hào)通路阻礙了YB-1的核移位,抑制了MDR1基因的表達(dá),進(jìn)而降低了抗阿霉素乳腺癌細(xì)胞MCF-7的細(xì)胞活性。此外,Chattopadhyay等[41]和Sengupa等[42]的研究都發(fā)現(xiàn)人類AP-核酸內(nèi)切酶(APE1/Ref)以乙酰化的方式與YB-1相互作用,增強(qiáng)了YB-1與Y-box元件結(jié)合的能力激活了MDR1的表達(dá),并且APE1的下調(diào)增強(qiáng)了MDR1過(guò)表達(dá)的腫瘤細(xì)胞對(duì)順鉑或阿霉素的敏感性,進(jìn)一步證實(shí)了APE1在YB-1介導(dǎo)的MDR1基因表達(dá)過(guò)程中的關(guān)鍵作用。近年來(lái)的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),Raf-1/ERK通路激活RSK/YB-1信號(hào),進(jìn)而增強(qiáng)了前列腺細(xì)胞對(duì)紫杉醇的抵抗,而用siRNA抑制RSK,沉默了YB-1的表達(dá),增強(qiáng)了癌細(xì)胞對(duì)藥物的敏感性[43]。然而,有趣的是,Kszubiak等[44]在胃癌和胰腺癌耐藥細(xì)胞株中用siRNA沉默YB-1后發(fā)現(xiàn)YB-1與MDR1基因的表達(dá)調(diào)控或腫瘤細(xì)胞耐藥表型的形成無(wú)關(guān)。并且,Saupe等[45]在前列腺癌細(xì)胞LNCap、PC-3和22Rv1中轉(zhuǎn)染YB-1過(guò)表達(dá)質(zhì)粒后僅在22Rv1細(xì)胞株中檢測(cè)到了大量MDR1的產(chǎn)生,隨后他們用多種化療藥物處理這種22Rv1細(xì)胞后發(fā)現(xiàn),MDR1和YB-1并沒(méi)有發(fā)生顯著意義上的改變,而且,YB-1的過(guò)表達(dá)也沒(méi)有引起MDR1的改變。所以MDR1的這種表達(dá)差異進(jìn)一步證實(shí)在前列腺癌中MDR1的表達(dá)與YB-1的調(diào)控?zé)o關(guān)??梢?jiàn),這些研究與YB-1在其他惡性腫瘤中的多藥耐藥機(jī)制中的作用相矛盾。其可能的解釋是,在前列腺癌中MDR1是一種脅迫應(yīng)答基因,除細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)抑制劑外,它的表達(dá)可以由各種刺激所誘導(dǎo),如環(huán)境的改變、感染以及紫外照射等。
2.2 YB-1對(duì)腫瘤的抑制作用 雖然大量的研究都表明YB-1是一種促癌基因,但也有研究證實(shí),在某些條件下,YB-1也可以是一種抑癌基因,它可以抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞的增殖。其可能的機(jī)制是YB-1通過(guò)與真核翻譯起始因子eIF4E競(jìng)爭(zhēng)結(jié)合mRNA的帽結(jié)構(gòu)而抑制了生長(zhǎng)相關(guān)因子翻譯的起始以及細(xì)胞的有絲分裂作用[46-48],并且這一機(jī)制與PI3K/AKT/mTOR和RAS/ERK等信號(hào)通路介導(dǎo)的磷酸化有關(guān)。在正常情況下,AKT信號(hào)的激活將YB-1的ser102位點(diǎn)磷酸化,使YB-1與mRNA帽端的親和能力降低,而這些帶帽的mRNA與生長(zhǎng)增殖有關(guān),此時(shí),eIF4E可以與mRNA的5'帽端充分結(jié)合,發(fā)揮其翻譯起始作用。相反,在AKT不能被激活時(shí),YB-1處于非磷酸化狀態(tài),此時(shí)它與生長(zhǎng)相關(guān)因子mRNA的5'帽端的結(jié)合能力增強(qiáng),阻礙了eIF4E與mRNA的帽端結(jié)合,從而抑制了翻譯的起始以及細(xì)胞的增殖[48]。在YB-1過(guò)表達(dá)的腫瘤細(xì)胞中,PI3K信號(hào)被過(guò)度激活,使細(xì)胞細(xì)胞的有絲分裂和增殖受到抑制;在壓力或乏營(yíng)養(yǎng)等不利于細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)的條件下,YB-1可以通過(guò)RAS/ERK信號(hào)通路抑制生長(zhǎng)相關(guān)因子的帽依賴性翻譯,激活帽非依賴性因子如Snail、Twist、Zeb/Sip1、HoxC6、Foxo3a、HIF1α及Lef-1等的翻譯,誘導(dǎo)了腫瘤細(xì)胞的增殖[49]。Coobold等[33]和Evdokimova等[50]研究也證實(shí),YB-1過(guò)表達(dá)的乳腺癌細(xì)胞MCF10AT長(zhǎng)期處于休眠狀態(tài),表現(xiàn)出干細(xì)胞樣特征,但細(xì)胞增殖率下降卻獲得了侵襲與轉(zhuǎn)移能力增強(qiáng)。
大量的研究已表明,YB-1在多種腫瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展中發(fā)揮著至關(guān)重要的作用。然而這種作用具有兩面性:它既可以促進(jìn)腫瘤的增殖、侵襲與轉(zhuǎn)移及多藥耐藥性的產(chǎn)生;也可以抑制腫瘤的增殖。所以,一方面充分了解YB-1的促癌作用,有助于實(shí)現(xiàn)腫瘤的早期發(fā)現(xiàn)、早期診斷的目的;另一方面掌握YB-1的抑癌作用,可以將YB-1作為一種抗癌藥物應(yīng)用于腫瘤的臨床治療,從而取得更為理想的治療效果,然而,YB-I在腫瘤中雙重作用的機(jī)制尚未完全闡明,所以深入探討這一機(jī)制對(duì)掌握更為準(zhǔn)確的診斷方法和治療方案有著重要的臨床意義。
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R730.2
A
1003—6350(2015)21—3182—05
2015-03-05)
10.3969/j.issn.1003-6350.2015.21.1157
廣東省自然科學(xué)基金(編號(hào):2014A030313536)
孫麗萍。E-mail:1009202758@qq.com