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      兒童期橋本甲狀腺炎的病變特征及轉(zhuǎn)歸

      2015-03-20 15:26:33李俊峰
      淮海醫(yī)藥 2015年3期
      關(guān)鍵詞:兒童期橋本甲狀腺炎

      李俊峰

      自身免疫性甲狀腺病(AITD)存在不同的臨床類型:典型的橋本甲狀腺炎(HT)和格雷夫斯病(GD)。GD 和HT 有著不同的表現(xiàn)形式和發(fā)病機(jī)制,因此二者的存在機(jī)制尚未完全清楚。通常認(rèn)為,HT 和GD 有許多共同的致病因素。曾有報(bào)道,單卵雙胞胎中1 人患有GD,而另1 人患有HT[1-3]。2 種情況也可集中出現(xiàn)在同一家族中[4],甚至可共存于同一甲狀腺組織[5]。另外,一些個(gè)體也可出現(xiàn)有二者互相轉(zhuǎn)換的情況。GD 自發(fā)進(jìn)展成橋本甲減的情況是比較常見的[6],而HT 進(jìn)展為GD 的情況偶爾也可見報(bào)道[7-9]。HT 是兒童期最常見的甲狀腺炎類型[10],它也是世界上高碘地區(qū)兒科甲狀腺疾病最常見的原因。雖然存在著極高的發(fā)病率,但關(guān)于HT,尤其是兒童期HT 的自然進(jìn)展至今仍存在許多爭(zhēng)議?,F(xiàn)就本病的疾病進(jìn)展進(jìn)行文獻(xiàn)綜述,為臨床醫(yī)師診治本病提供參考。

      1 HT 的表現(xiàn)

      在診斷時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn),兒童及青少年HT 患者通??蔁o癥狀。??捎跈z查無關(guān)疾病或高危人群篩查時(shí),發(fā)現(xiàn)主要表現(xiàn)為甲狀腺腫或甲狀腺機(jī)能減退癥狀的情況[11]。在兒科病例報(bào)告中,HT 患兒甲狀腺功能狀態(tài)有顯著的不同[12-16]。根據(jù)甲狀腺功能可分為甲狀腺機(jī)能減退、甲狀腺機(jī)能亢進(jìn)及亞臨床甲減或甲亢。

      在近期一項(xiàng)研究中,通過評(píng)估多中心608 名診斷為HT 的兒童及青少年的臨床和實(shí)驗(yàn)室特征。通過研究HT 病例中的甲狀腺功能狀態(tài)分布比例,分析就診時(shí)甲狀腺機(jī)能狀態(tài)的影響因素[17]。結(jié)果顯示,有52.1%的病人為甲狀腺機(jī)能正常;41.4%的病人為甲狀腺機(jī)能減退或亞臨床甲狀腺機(jī)能減退;6.5%的病人為甲狀腺機(jī)能亢進(jìn)或亞臨床甲亢。HT 患兒發(fā)生甲狀腺功能異常的平均年齡顯著低于甲狀腺功能正常的兒童。另外,其他影響甲狀腺機(jī)能狀態(tài)的因素還有如下幾個(gè)方面。首先,與青春期前的體質(zhì)有關(guān),如合并Down 或Turner 綜合征及其他自身免疫病,會(huì)顯著增加發(fā)生甲狀腺功能不全的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[17]。其次,HT 患者的甲狀腺機(jī)能狀態(tài)與兒童年齡有關(guān),在早期橋本甲狀腺的病例中發(fā)生嚴(yán)重腺體功能障礙的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)有所增加[17]。再次,還存在其他與之相關(guān)的因素包括染色體病、其他自身免疫病及環(huán)境因素等[18]。

      HT 的暫時(shí)性甲狀腺機(jī)能亢進(jìn)階段被稱為橋本中毒(Htx),它是由于炎癥介導(dǎo)的甲狀腺破壞,儲(chǔ)存的甲狀腺激素釋放入血造成的[19]。Htx 是兒童甲狀腺毒癥的第二位常見因素,僅次于GD[20]。Htx 所表現(xiàn)的癥狀和體征十分接近于GD的常見表現(xiàn)。曾有兒童期Htx 臨床表現(xiàn)的回顧性研究指出[21],只基于臨床癥狀和實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢查,鑒別Htx 和GD 是存在一定困難的[22]。

      2 HT 的進(jìn)展

      近期有關(guān)于兒童期HT 長期預(yù)后的回顧性研究指出,有顯著的甲狀腺機(jī)能亢進(jìn)的HT 病例中,在Htx 癥狀出現(xiàn)平均8個(gè)月之后(其時(shí)間區(qū)間有較大的變異),甲狀腺機(jī)能亢進(jìn)狀態(tài)將有所轉(zhuǎn)變[23]。該研究顯示,兒童期Htx 的病例中不僅需要延長臨床和實(shí)驗(yàn)室隨訪時(shí)間,還應(yīng)只給予必要的藥物治療,并且不需要非藥物治療[23]。兒童Htx 的甲狀腺機(jī)能亢進(jìn)將面臨著明確的機(jī)能減退。

      在生物化學(xué)和/或臨床表現(xiàn)為甲狀腺機(jī)能正常的兒童期HT 病例中,其自然病程特征為,50%的病例甲狀腺機(jī)能有漸進(jìn)式的減退,5年期的隨訪顯示剩余50%的病例或可轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榧谞钕俟δ苷顟B(tài)[24]。目前研究顯示,甲狀腺腫大、甲狀腺球蛋白自身抗體高表達(dá)、甲狀腺過氧化物酶抗體和TSH 的進(jìn)行性升高,被認(rèn)為是甲狀腺機(jī)能減退進(jìn)展的前瞻性因素[24]。與之相似,在最初表現(xiàn)為亞臨床甲狀腺功能低下(SH)的HT 患兒中,隨著時(shí)間的推移,存在著自發(fā)的甲狀腺機(jī)能衰退;在單一病例中,病變過程是非常緩慢和不可預(yù)知的[25]。因此,在密切的臨床隨訪下,觀察是否需應(yīng)用了L-T4治療仍需較長的時(shí)間。在SH 的HT 兒童中如存在以下危險(xiǎn)因素如腹瀉、高TSH 和過氧化物酶抗體,3年期隨訪發(fā)生明顯甲減的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)顯著增加[26-27]。目前,高水平的TSH 被公認(rèn)為是提示SH 未來進(jìn)展為甲狀腺功能低下的最好指證。

      目前眾多文獻(xiàn)指出,在SH 的患兒中,隨著時(shí)間的變化發(fā)展成為典型的甲狀腺機(jī)能減退的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),有HT 的患兒要高于不存在HT 的患兒[28-29]。這個(gè)結(jié)論被新進(jìn)許多關(guān)于亞臨床甲減的研究所支持[30-33]。這些研究表明,在AITD 疾病譜中,HT和GD 之間存在著一定聯(lián)系[7,9,34-35]。

      3 結(jié)論

      (1)常見的兒童表橋本甲狀腺炎現(xiàn)形式有甲狀腺功能正常、甲狀腺功能減退或亞臨床甲減、甲狀腺功能亢進(jìn)或亞臨床甲亢。(2)甲狀腺功能狀態(tài)與患者年齡有關(guān)。(3)在最初表現(xiàn)為甲狀腺功能正常和亞臨床甲減的橋本甲狀腺炎患兒,存在著甲狀腺功能逐步減退的趨勢(shì)。(4)隨著時(shí)間的推移,存在亞臨床甲減的患兒,存在橋本甲狀腺炎的發(fā)展成為甲狀腺機(jī)能減退的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)要高于那些沒有潛在甲狀腺疾病的兒童。

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      [2]Tani J,Yoshida K,F(xiàn)ukazawa H,et al.Hyperthyroid Graves'disease and primary hypothyroidism caused by TSH receptor antibodies in monozygotic twins:case reports[J].Endocr J,1998,45(1):117-121.

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      [9]Wasniewska M,Corrias A,Arrigo T,et al.Frequency of Hashimoto's thyroiditis antecedents in the history of children and adolescents with graves'disease[J].Horm Res Paediatr,2010,73(6):473-476.

      [10]Wasniewska M,Vigone MC,Cappa M,et al.Study Group for Thyroid diseases of Italian Society for Pediatric Endocrinology:Acute suppurative thyroiditis in childhood:relative frequency among thyroid inflammatory diseases[J].J Endocrinol Invest,2007,30(4):346-347.

      [11]de Vries L,Bulvik S,Phillip M.Chronic autoimmune thyroiditis in children and adolescents:at presentation and during long-term follow-up[J].Arch Dis Child,2009,94(1):33-37.

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      [13]Gopalakrishnan S,Chugh PK,Chhillar M,et al.Goitrous autoimmune thyroiditis in a pediatric population:a longitudinal study[J].Pediatrics,2008,122(3):670-674.

      [14]Demirbilek H,Kandemir N,Gonc EN,et al.Assessment of thyroid function during the long course of Hashimoto's thyroiditis in children and adolescents[J].Clin Endocrinol,2009,71(3):451-454.

      [15]Skarpa V,Kappaousta E,Tertipi A,et al.Epidemiological characteristics of children with autoimmune thyroid disease[J].Hormones,2011,10(3):207-214.

      [16]zen S,Berk ,im ek DG,et al.Clinical course of Hashimoto's thyroiditis and effects of levothyroxine therapy on the clinical course of the disease in children and adolescents[J].J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol,2011,3(4):192-197.

      [17]Wasniewska M,Corrias A,Salerno M,et al.Thyroid Function Patterns at Hashimoto's Thyroiditis Presentation in Childhood and Adolescence Are Mainly Conditioned by Patients'Age[J].Horm Res Paediatr,2012,78(4):232-236.

      [18]Corrias A,Cassio A,Weber G,et al.Thyroid nodules and cancer in children and adolescents affected by autoimmune thyroiditis[J].Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med,2008,162(6):526-531.

      [19]Rallison ML,Dobyns BM,Keating FR,et al.Occurrence and natural history of chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis in childhood[J].J Pediatr,1975,86(5):675-682.

      [20]Williamson S,Greene SA.Incidence of thyrotoxicosis in childhood:a national population based study in the UK and Ireland[J].Clin Endocrinol,2010,72(3):358-363.

      [21]Nabhan ZM,Kreher NC,Eugster EA.Hashitoxicosis in children:clinical features and natural history[J].J Pediatr,2005,146(4):533-536.

      [22]Reinwein D,Benker G,Knig MP,et al.The different types of hyperthyroidism in Europe.Results of a prospective survey of 924 patients[J].J Endocrinol Invest,1988,11(3):193-200.

      [23]Wasniewska M,Corrias A,Salerno M,et al.Outcomes of children with hashitoxicosis[J].Horm Res Paediatr,2012,77(1):36-40.

      [24]Radetti G,Gottardi E,Bona G,et al.The natural history of euthyroid Hashimoto's thyroiditis in children[J].J Pediatr,2006,149(6):827-832.

      [25]Radetti G,Maselli M,Buzit F,et al.The natural history of the normal/mild elevated TSH serum levels in children and adolescents with Hashimoto's thyroiditis and isolated hyperthyrotropinaemia:a 3-year follow-up[J].Clin Endocrinol,2012,76(3):394-398.

      [26]Wasniewska M,Corrias A,Aversa T,et al.Comparative evaluation of therapy with L-thyroxine versus no treatment in children with idiopathic and mild subclinical hypothyroidism[J].Horm Res Paediatr,2012,77(6):376-381.

      [27]Díez JJ,Iglesias P,Burman KD.Spontaneous normalization of thyrotropin concentrations in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism[J].J Clin Endocrinol Metab,2005,90(7):4124-4127.

      [28]Wasniewska M,Salerno M,Cassio A,et al.Prospective evaluation of the natural course of idiopathic subclinical hypothyroidism in childhood and adolescence[J].Eur J Endocrinol,2009,160(3):417-421.

      [29]Cerbone M,Bravaccio C,Capalbo D,et al.Linear growth and intellectual outcome in children with long-term idiopathic subclinical hypothyroidism[J].Eur J Endocrinol,2011,164(4):591-597.

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