• 
    

    
    

      99热精品在线国产_美女午夜性视频免费_国产精品国产高清国产av_av欧美777_自拍偷自拍亚洲精品老妇_亚洲熟女精品中文字幕_www日本黄色视频网_国产精品野战在线观看 ?

      低溫對(duì)腦缺血的神經(jīng)保護(hù)作用及其機(jī)制研究進(jìn)展

      2015-04-04 14:00:07宋福軍關(guān)世奎武桂鈴李悅狄守印辛振龍蔣帥楊陽(yáng)
      山東醫(yī)藥 2015年14期
      關(guān)鍵詞:腦損傷腦缺血磷酸化

      宋福軍,關(guān)世奎,武桂鈴,李悅,狄守印,辛振龍,蔣帥,楊陽(yáng),

      (1北京軍區(qū)北戴河療養(yǎng)院,河北秦皇島066100;2中國(guó)人民解放軍第四軍醫(yī)大學(xué))

      研究發(fā)現(xiàn),溫度小范圍變化(28℃ ~35℃)可阻止腦細(xì)胞凋亡[1]。在心搏驟停、新生兒缺血缺氧腦病等導(dǎo)致的腦缺氧損傷中,治療性降溫具有較好的的神經(jīng)保護(hù)作用[2,3]。同時(shí),低溫也是實(shí)現(xiàn)“冬眠”的要素之一,“冬眠”時(shí)人體基本代謝過(guò)程減緩甚至停止,但未發(fā)生機(jī)體死亡[4]。低溫可影響腦缺血中各細(xì)胞信號(hào)通路,從而影響腦組織的病理生理改變?,F(xiàn)就低溫對(duì)腦缺血的神經(jīng)保護(hù)作用及其機(jī)制的進(jìn)展綜述如下。

      1 低溫對(duì)腦生理病理改變的影響

      研究表明,低溫可通過(guò)阻斷氨甲基磷酸通道介導(dǎo)的鈣內(nèi)流來(lái)防止興奮性毒性的產(chǎn)生[5]。最新研究發(fā)現(xiàn),腦損傷后7 h行低溫處理可降低腦創(chuàng)傷模型中miR-874、miR-451等miRNA的表達(dá),但損傷后24 h行低溫處理則可引起miR-451表達(dá)的上調(diào)[6]。研究證實(shí),炎癥反應(yīng)可能加重急性腦損傷[7]。低溫可多方面抑制腦組織免疫應(yīng)答,對(duì)缺血及創(chuàng)傷后腦組織起保護(hù)作用;可降低缺血區(qū)域的中性粒細(xì)胞和活化的小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞比例,減少活性氧化合物[8]、活性含氮化合物[9]、黏附分子[10]、促炎細(xì)胞因子(IL-1β、TNF-α、IL-6)[7,11]、趨化因子配體 2(CCL2)、CCL20[12,13]的表達(dá);低溫可作用于絲裂原相關(guān)的蛋白激酶并抑制信號(hào)調(diào)節(jié)激酶(ERK)通路,減弱炎性反應(yīng)[14];低溫還可保護(hù)血腦屏障的結(jié)構(gòu)蛋白和細(xì)胞[15]、抑制蛋白酶的活化[16]、阻止水通道蛋白的開(kāi)放[17],減輕腦水腫和腦出血造成的二次腦損傷。低溫的抗炎作用可能是其腦保護(hù)作用的主要機(jī)制。

      2 低溫對(duì)腦缺血下游信號(hào)通路的影響

      2.1 對(duì)細(xì)胞存活通路的影響 研究發(fā)現(xiàn),缺血損傷后大腦中腦源性神經(jīng)生長(zhǎng)因子(BDNF)[18]、膠質(zhì)源性神經(jīng)生長(zhǎng)因子[19]、神經(jīng)營(yíng)養(yǎng)因子[20]的水平均升高。其中,神經(jīng)營(yíng)養(yǎng)因子可調(diào)節(jié)突觸功能,提高突觸可塑性,維持神經(jīng)元正常形態(tài)、存活與分化。一種或多種外源神經(jīng)營(yíng)養(yǎng)因子共同作用可降低腦損傷程度,改善神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)功能。低溫可提高BDNF信號(hào)通路改變介導(dǎo)的下游反應(yīng),也可上調(diào)其他細(xì)胞存活因子[11,21,22]。低溫上調(diào)抗凋亡因子 B 細(xì)胞淋巴瘤-2(BCL-2),并可促使蛋白激酶B活化。活化的AKT使得糖原合酶3β、細(xì)胞死亡相關(guān)的BCL-2抑制物等促凋亡蛋白磷酸化,使其失活。在缺血腦損傷模型中,低溫通過(guò)活化AKT實(shí)現(xiàn)其腦保護(hù)作用。在與AKT抑制劑聯(lián)用時(shí),低溫的腦保護(hù)作用會(huì)被削弱。盡管已有確鑿證據(jù)說(shuō)明低溫可以抑制代謝,減少蛋白表達(dá),但它的確可以上調(diào)細(xì)胞存活和生長(zhǎng)相關(guān)蛋白含量。在除中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)外的多個(gè)系統(tǒng)中,實(shí)現(xiàn)低溫可以上調(diào)組織內(nèi)熱休克蛋白家族成員含量。這提示低溫腦保護(hù)機(jī)制與之有關(guān)。

      此外,低溫可增加胞外 ERK磷酸化[18]。這一過(guò)程是BDNF信號(hào)通路改變介導(dǎo)的下游反應(yīng)。但ERK磷酸化反應(yīng)本身并不參與低溫腦保護(hù)機(jī)制,因?yàn)橛肬0126對(duì)ERK進(jìn)行藥物阻斷后,低溫保護(hù)作用依然存在[21]。

      2.2 對(duì)細(xì)胞死亡通路的影響 細(xì)胞凋亡主要通過(guò)內(nèi)源性和外源性兩種途徑,內(nèi)源性途徑由線粒體啟動(dòng)[23],而外源性途徑則由一種細(xì)胞表面受體啟動(dòng)[24]。細(xì)胞凋亡遵循既定的模式進(jìn)行時(shí),低溫可同時(shí)作用于這兩種途徑。低溫可通過(guò)改變BCL-2家族成員表達(dá)、抑制細(xì)胞色素C釋放、減少細(xì)胞凋亡蛋白活化[25]等多種途徑影響內(nèi)源性細(xì)胞凋亡途徑。在全腦缺血模型中,低溫可調(diào)低BCL-2相關(guān)蛋白X等促凋亡的BCL-2家族成員,同時(shí)調(diào)高BCL-2等抗凋亡蛋白的表達(dá)水平。作為BCL-2家族調(diào)控的下游蛋白,蛋白激酶Cδ(PKCδ)是一種抗凋亡的蛋白激酶C異構(gòu)體,凋亡蛋白可介導(dǎo)PKCδ從胞質(zhì)到線粒體再到細(xì)胞核的轉(zhuǎn)位。最終導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞凋亡[26,27]。低溫?zé)o法改變PKCδ的數(shù)量,但可在缺血發(fā)生后阻斷 PKCδ 的轉(zhuǎn)位,促使 PKCε 發(fā)揮抗凋亡作用[28,29]。低溫可降低活化的基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶表達(dá)水平,降低腦組織中溶解狀態(tài)的凋亡相關(guān)因子配體含量,減少FAS的活化,近而減少細(xì)胞凋亡蛋白酶8的活化[16,30~32]。在嚴(yán)重的大腦中動(dòng)脈阻斷模型中,低溫可抑制凋亡誘發(fā)因子移位,減少細(xì)胞凋亡[33]。張力蛋白同源的磷酸酯酶(PTEN)是一個(gè)具有促凋亡作用的腫瘤抑制分子,PTEN基因的缺失可以阻斷缺血腦損傷[34,35]。低溫可使 PTEN磷酸化水平增加,導(dǎo)致PTEN失活、促凋亡作用減弱。但在并沒(méi)有起到腦保護(hù)作用的低溫狀態(tài)下,PTEN磷酸化水平并不增加[28]。因此,PTEN的失活與低溫腦保護(hù)作用密切相關(guān),但其具體機(jī)制有待于進(jìn)一步研究。

      3 小結(jié)

      低溫可影響細(xì)胞凋亡過(guò)程中的每一個(gè)代謝活動(dòng)、分子事件、細(xì)胞行為。將低溫處理與其他治療措施(如神經(jīng)保護(hù)劑、溶栓)聯(lián)用,可延長(zhǎng)藥物或低溫本身的有效治療時(shí)間窗,創(chuàng)造更好的藥物使用時(shí)機(jī)。盡管低溫的治療效果已經(jīng)在實(shí)驗(yàn)研究中得到證實(shí),但其臨床應(yīng)用尚存在一定難度,如探索低溫的有效實(shí)現(xiàn)途徑、防止不良反應(yīng)(系統(tǒng)性并發(fā)癥[36]、低溫的有害影響)的發(fā)生、劃定低溫處理的適用人群等。綜上所述,低溫治療是一種神經(jīng)保護(hù)方法,同時(shí)也是一種腦缺血損傷的治療方法。其具體機(jī)制及臨床應(yīng)用尚有待于進(jìn)一步研究。

      [1]Laptook A.The importance of temperature on the neurovascular unit[J].Early Hum Dev,2014,90(10):713-717.

      [2]Dankiewicz J,Schmidbauer S,Nielsen N,et al.Safety,F(xiàn)easibility,and Outcomes of Induced Hypothermia Therapy Following In-Hospital Cardiac Arrest-Evaluation of a Large Prospective Registry[J].Crit Care Med,2014,42(12):2537-2545.

      [3]Wu TW,McLean C,F(xiàn)riedlich P,et al.Brain Temperature in Neonates with Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy during Therapeutic Hypothermia[J].J Pediatr,2014,165(6):1125-1134.

      [4]Nozari A,Safar P,Wu X,et al.Suspended animation can allow survival without brain damage after traumatic exsanguination cardiac arrest of 60 minutes in dogs[J].J Trauma,2004,57(6):1266-1275.

      [5]Colbourne F,Grooms SY,Zukin RS,et al.Hypothermia rescues hippocampal CA1 neurons and attenuates downregulation of the AMPA receptor GluR2 subunit after forebrain ischemia[J].Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,2003,100(5):2906-2910.

      [6]Truettner JS,Alonso OF,Bramlett HM,et al.Therapeutic hypothermia alters microRNA responses to traumatic brain injury in rats[J].J Cereb Blood Flow Metab,2011,31(9):1897-1907.

      [7]Wang Q,Tang XN,Yenari MA.The inflammatory response in stroke[J].J Neuroimmunol,2007,184(1-2):53-68.

      [8]Perrone S,Szabó M,Bellieni CV,et al.Whole body hypothermia and oxidative stress in babies with hypoxic-ischemic brain injury[J].Pediatr Neurol,2010,43(4):236-240.

      [9]Léon K,Moisan C,Amérand A,et al.Effect of induced mild hypothermia on two pro-inflammatory cytokines and oxidative parameters during experimental acute sepsis[J].Redox Rep,2013,18(3):120-126.

      [10]Deng H,Han HS,Cheng D,et al.Mild hypothermia inhibits inflammation after experimental stroke and brain inflammation[J].Stroke,2003,34(10):2495-2501.

      [11]Lee JH,Wei L,Gu X,et al.Therapeutic Effects of Pharmacologically Induced Hypothermia against Traumatic Brain Injury in Mice[J].J Neurotrauma,2014,31(16):1417-1430.

      [12]Meybohm P,Gruenewald M,Zacharowski KD,et al.Mild hypothermia alone or in combination with anesthetic post-conditioning reduces expression of inflammatory cytokines in the cerebral cortex of pigs after cardiopulmonary resuscitation[J].Crit Care,2010,14(1):21.

      [13]Terao Y,Ohta H,Oda A,et al.Macrophage inflammatory protein-3alpha plays a key role in the inflammatory cascade in rat focal cerebral ischemia[J].Neurosci Res,2009,64(1):75-82.

      [14]Schmitt KR,Diestel A,Lehnardt S,et al.Hypothermia suppresses inflammation via ERK signaling pathway in stimulated microglial cells[J].J Neuroimmunol,2007,189(1-2):7-16.

      [15]Duz B,Oztas E,Erginay T,et al.The effect of moderate hypothermia in acute ischemic stroke on pericyte migration:an ultrastructural study[J].Cryobiology,2007,55(3):279-284.

      [16]Zhao JK,Guan FL,Duan SR,et al.Effect of focal mild hypothermia on expression of MMP-9,TIMP-1,Tau-1 and β-APP in rats with cerebral ischaemia/reperfusion injury[J].Brain Inj,2013,27(10):1190-1198.

      [17]Kim JH,Seo M,Han HS,et al.The neurovascular protection afforded by delayed local hypothermia after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion[J].Curr Neurovasc Res,2013,10(2):134-143.

      [18]Eshimi MS,Awad HA,Hassanein SM,et al.Single dose recombinant erythropoietin versus moderate hypothermia for neonatal hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy in low resource settings[J].J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med,2014,27(13):1295-1300.

      [19]Xiong M,Yang Y,Chen GQ,et al.Post-ischemic hypothermia for 24h in P7 rats rescues hippocampal neuron:association with decreased astrocyte activation and inflammatory cytokine expression[J].Brain Res Bull,2009,79(6):351-357.

      [20]Boris-Moller F,Kamme F,Wieloch T.The effect of hypothermia on the expression of neurotrophin mRNA in the hippocampus fol-lowing transient cerebral ischemia in the rat[J].Brain Res Mol Brain Res,1998,63(1):163-173.

      [21]Jiang S,Guo R,Zhang Y,et al.Heavy metal scavenger metallothionein mitigates deep hypothermia-induced myocardial contractile anomalies:role of autophagy[J].Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab,2013,304(1):74-86.

      [22]Neutelings T,Lambert CA,Nusgens BV,et al.Effects of mild cold shock(25°C)followed by warming up at 37°C on the cellular stress response[J].PLoS One,2013,8(7):69687.

      [23]Sinha K,Das J,Pal PB,et al.Oxidative stress:the mitochondriadependent and mitochondria-independent pathways of apoptosis[J].Arch Toxicol,2013,87(7):1157-1180.

      [24]Ashkenazi A,Dixit VM.Death receptors:signaling and modulation[J].Science,1998,281(5381):1305-1308.

      [25]Liu L,Yenari MA.Therapeutic hypothermia:neuroprotective mechanisms[J].Front Biosci,2007,12:816-825.

      [26]Zheng H,Liu J,Liu C,et al.Calcium-sensing receptor activating phosphorylation of PKCδ translocation on mitochondria to induce cardiomyocyte apoptosis during schemia/reperfusion[J].Mol Cell Biochem,2011,358(1-2):335-343.

      [27]Yogalingam G,Hwang S,F(xiàn)erreira JC,et al.Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase(GAPDH)phosphorylation by protein kinase Cδ (PKCδ)inhibits mitochondria elimination by lysosomallike structures following ischemia and reoxygenation-induced injury[J].J Biol Chem,2013,288(26):18947-18960.

      [28]Lee SM,Zhao H,Maier CM,et al.The protective effect of early hypothermia on PTEN phosphorylation correlates with free radical inhibition in rat stroke[J].J Cereb Blood Flow Metab,2009,29(9):1589-1600.

      [29]Duquesnes N,Lezoualc'h F,Crozatier B.PKC-delta and PKC-epsilon:foes of the same family or strangers[J].J Mol Cell Cardiol,2011,51(5):665-673.

      [30]Liu L,Kim JY,Koike MA,et al.FasL shedding is reduced by hypothermia in experimental stroke[J].J Neurochem,2008,106(2):541-550.

      [31]Lee JE,Yoon YJ,Moseley ME,et al.Reduction in levels of matrix metalloproteinases and increased expression of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 2 in response to mild hypothermia therapy in experimental stroke[J].J Neurosurg,2005,103(2):289-297.

      [32]Zhao J,Duan S,Zhou J,et al.Mild hypothermia reduces expression of Fas/FasL and MMP-3 after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion in rats[J].Iran J Basic Med Sci,2014,17(6):454-459.

      [33]Zhao H,Wang JQ,Shimohata T,et al.Conditions of protection by hypothermia and effects on apoptotic pathways in a rat model of permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion[J].J Neurosurg,2007,107(3):636-641.

      [34]Shi GD,Ou Yang YP,Shi JG,et al.PTEN deletion prevents ischemic brain injury by activating the mTOR signaling pathway[J].Biochem Biophys Res Commun,2011,404(4):941-945.

      [35]Zhao H,Steinberg GK,Sapolsky RM.General versus specific actions of mild-moderate hypothermia in attenuating cerebral ischemic damage[J].J Cereb Blood Flow Metab,2007,27(12):1879-1894.

      [36]Kim JH,Yun SH,Jang KH,et al.Delayed and prolonged local brain hypothermia combined with decompressive craniectomy:a novel therapeutic strategy that modulates glial dynamics[J].Exp Neurobiol,2014,23(2):115-123.

      猜你喜歡
      腦損傷腦缺血磷酸化
      腦損傷 與其逃避不如面對(duì)
      幸福(2019年21期)2019-08-20 05:39:10
      ITSN1蛋白磷酸化的研究進(jìn)展
      原花青素對(duì)腦缺血再灌注損傷后腸道功能的保護(hù)作用
      血必凈對(duì)大鼠腦缺血再灌注損傷的保護(hù)作用及其機(jī)制
      MAPK抑制因子對(duì)HSC中Smad2/3磷酸化及Smad4核轉(zhuǎn)位的影響
      細(xì)胞外組蛋白與腦缺血再灌注損傷關(guān)系的初探
      認(rèn)知行為療法治療創(chuàng)傷性腦損傷后抑郁
      組蛋白磷酸化修飾與精子發(fā)生
      遺傳(2014年3期)2014-02-28 20:59:01
      新生兒腦損傷的早期診治干預(yù)探析
      腦鈉肽與心肺復(fù)蘇后腦損傷預(yù)后的相關(guān)性研究
      桓台县| 济源市| 板桥市| 布尔津县| 砀山县| 泽库县| 兰州市| 鄂温| 西林县| 岢岚县| 武夷山市| 崇信县| 宁南县| 托克逊县| 福泉市| 冕宁县| 嘉义县| 苍溪县| 清丰县| 山西省| 吉木萨尔县| 扎赉特旗| 大竹县| 定襄县| 安平县| 邯郸县| 廊坊市| 赣榆县| 光泽县| 资源县| 抚远县| 台江县| 崇礼县| 峨边| 民勤县| 三穗县| 江城| 海伦市| 丰台区| 萍乡市| 来宾市|