李文樺 綜述,張 文 審校
復(fù)旦大學(xué)附屬腫瘤醫(yī)院腫瘤內(nèi)科,復(fù)旦大學(xué)上海醫(yī)學(xué)院腫瘤學(xué)系,上海 200032
晚期結(jié)直腸癌的化療進(jìn)展
李文樺 綜述,張 文 審校
復(fù)旦大學(xué)附屬腫瘤醫(yī)院腫瘤內(nèi)科,復(fù)旦大學(xué)上海醫(yī)學(xué)院腫瘤學(xué)系,上海 200032
張文,復(fù)旦大學(xué)附屬腫瘤醫(yī)院腫瘤內(nèi)科副主任醫(yī)師,碩士生導(dǎo)師。主要從事胃腸道腫瘤的臨床和基礎(chǔ)研究,曾在美國(guó)MD Anderson腫瘤中心腫瘤內(nèi)科擔(dān)任訪問(wèn)學(xué)者。曾被評(píng)為復(fù)旦大學(xué)附屬腫瘤醫(yī)院優(yōu)秀臨床一線工作者和復(fù)旦大學(xué)附屬腫瘤醫(yī)院優(yōu)秀教師。獲得上海市科委課題、復(fù)旦大學(xué)基礎(chǔ)-臨床醫(yī)學(xué)交叉研究基金、腫瘤醫(yī)院院級(jí)基金等。參與獲得上海市科技進(jìn)步二等獎(jiǎng)和高等學(xué)校科學(xué)研究?jī)?yōu)秀成果獎(jiǎng)二等獎(jiǎng)。在國(guó)內(nèi)外學(xué)術(shù)雜志上發(fā)表了學(xué)術(shù)論文30余篇。參與編著《現(xiàn)代腫瘤學(xué)》等。
化療是晚期結(jié)直腸癌的主要治療手段,以氟尿嘧啶(5-fluorouracil,5-FU)、奧沙利鉑和伊立替康為主的三藥是晚期腸癌治療的重要藥物,聯(lián)合化療和“打打停?!钡闹委熌J皆谔岣忒熜У耐瑫r(shí)兼顧了治療的耐受性。新的化療藥物雷替曲塞、替吉奧和TAS-102也在臨床中獲得應(yīng)用。就晚期結(jié)直腸癌化療的進(jìn)展進(jìn)行綜述。
結(jié)直腸癌;化療;轉(zhuǎn)移
大部分轉(zhuǎn)移性結(jié)直腸癌患者都不能治愈,姑息性化療是主要的治療手段。對(duì)于僅存在肝或肺轉(zhuǎn)移灶的局部復(fù)發(fā)或局限性腹腔內(nèi)轉(zhuǎn)移的患者有通過(guò)手術(shù)獲得治愈的機(jī)會(huì),但絕大多數(shù)晚期患者的治療目標(biāo)仍是提高生活質(zhì)量、延長(zhǎng)生存期。
全程化治療策略管理理念提出需要根據(jù)不同的患者類(lèi)型及治療目的,對(duì)晚期結(jié)直腸癌患者的化療選擇合適的治療方案,才能真正做到個(gè)體化的最佳治療模式。本文對(duì)晚期結(jié)直腸癌化療的新進(jìn)展作一綜述。
根據(jù)ESMO指南,將晚期轉(zhuǎn)移性結(jié)直腸癌分為4組:
① 伴有臨床癥狀的不可切除的晚期轉(zhuǎn)移患者:這部分患者雖已無(wú)根治手術(shù)的機(jī)會(huì),但存在臨床癥狀影響生活質(zhì)量,急需有效的化療短期控制癥狀,但總體的治療目標(biāo)仍為姑息性;② 不伴有臨床癥狀的不可切除的晚期轉(zhuǎn)移患者:這部分患者已無(wú)手術(shù)切除機(jī)會(huì),但不伴有臨床癥狀,以姑息性治療為原則,可選擇單藥序貫或兩藥聯(lián)合方案化療;③ 潛在可切除的轉(zhuǎn)移性患者:這部分患者初診時(shí)轉(zhuǎn)移灶或原發(fā)灶無(wú)法手術(shù)切除,但有望通過(guò)強(qiáng)勁有效的治療退縮腫瘤從而獲得手術(shù)機(jī)會(huì)。采用多藥聯(lián)合化療,結(jié)合靶向治療有助于盡快獲得手術(shù)切除的機(jī)會(huì);④ 可切除的轉(zhuǎn)移性患者:這部分患者初診時(shí)雖有轉(zhuǎn)移灶或復(fù)發(fā)病灶,但可以通過(guò)手術(shù)完整切除,對(duì)于這部分患者圍手術(shù)期化療可能提高無(wú)疾病進(jìn)展時(shí)間[1]。
根據(jù)不同患者的不同類(lèi)型,選擇相應(yīng)的治療策略已成為晚期腸癌治療的新理念,對(duì)晚期患者進(jìn)行全程化管理,既體現(xiàn)在對(duì)治療目的的明確上,也體現(xiàn)在個(gè)體化治療藥物和方案的選擇中。
數(shù)10年來(lái),氟尿嘧啶(5-fluorouracil,5-FU)是晚期結(jié)直腸癌唯一的活性藥物。2000年后伊立替康、奧沙利鉑、卡培他濱、抗血管內(nèi)皮生長(zhǎng)因子(貝伐珠單抗)和抗表皮生長(zhǎng)因子受體的單克隆抗體(西妥昔單抗C225、帕尼單抗)的問(wèn)世大幅延長(zhǎng)了晚期腸癌患者的生存時(shí)間。最近獲批的阿柏西普靜脈劑型和瑞格非尼(VEGF受體1-3激酶、間質(zhì)激酶和致癌性激酶的活性抑制劑)是最新的靶向治療藥物。在化療藥物方面,口服活性5-FU類(lèi)藥物S-1(包含有替加氟、吉美嘧啶和奧替拉西鉀3種成分)及新藥TAS-102也相繼在臨床中應(yīng)用。
2.1 5-FU類(lèi)藥物
5-FU作為晚期結(jié)直腸癌的基礎(chǔ)藥物在過(guò)去40多年中一直是重要的化療主體。作為細(xì)胞毒性藥物,它通過(guò)抑制胸苷酸合成酶(thymidylate synthetase,TS)破壞DNA合成,而靜脈推注5-FU還具有抑制RNA合成的作用[2]。5-FU在體內(nèi)快速代謝成不具活性的代謝產(chǎn)物,有極小部分患者(約1.8%)存在二氫嘧啶脫氫酶(dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase,DPD)缺乏,因無(wú)法正常代謝可能導(dǎo)致致命性的不良反應(yīng)[3]。
5-FU有靜脈推注和靜脈滴注兩種給藥方式,前者有效率約為10%,后者有效率更高,但兩者對(duì)長(zhǎng)期生存的影響差異不顯著[4-5]。靜脈推注給藥出現(xiàn)3/4度中性粒細(xì)胞缺乏癥比例更高(31% vs 4%),而靜脈滴注出現(xiàn)手足綜合征更多(34% vs 13%)[6]。
亞葉酸鈣(leucovorin,LV)可以與TS結(jié)合成更穩(wěn)定的結(jié)構(gòu),通過(guò)延長(zhǎng)對(duì)酶的抑制起到增強(qiáng)5-FU細(xì)胞毒性的作用[7]。相比單用5-FU靜脈推注,5-FU/LV能夠提高1倍的療效,甚至提高了10%的1年生存率[8-9]。在奧沙利鉑和伊立替康問(wèn)世前,5-FU/LV方案一直是晚期結(jié)直腸癌的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)一線治療方案;甚至在新藥問(wèn)世后,對(duì)于不可耐受化療不良反應(yīng)的患者,5-FU/LV仍是值得推薦的治療方案。
5-FU和LV聯(lián)合治療具有靜脈推注和靜脈滴注兩種模式。靜脈推注有Mayo方案(5-FU 425 mg/m2,LV 20 mg/m2,靜脈推注,第1~5天,每4~5周重復(fù))、改良的Mayo方案(5-FU 370 mg/m2,LV 200 mg/m2,靜脈推注,第1~5天,每4~5周重復(fù))[10]及Roswell Park方案(5-FU 500 mg/m2,LV 500 mg/m2,靜脈推注,每周給藥,連續(xù)6周,休息2周)[11]。每月給藥的方案發(fā)生中性粒細(xì)胞缺乏癥和口腔黏膜炎事件更多,而每周給藥出現(xiàn)腹瀉比例更高,5 d靜脈推注的方案在女性患者中不良反應(yīng)大于男性,因此相對(duì)而言,每周用藥的Roswell Park方案應(yīng)用更為廣泛[11-13]。靜脈滴注主要有De Gramont方案(LV 200 mg/m2,5-FU 400 mg/m2,靜脈推注,600 mg/m2,持續(xù)靜脈滴注22 h,第1~2天,每2周重復(fù)),相比靜脈推注方案而言,靜脈滴注具有更好的療效和無(wú)進(jìn)展生存期(progression-free survival,PFS),中位總生存期(overall survival,OS)有延長(zhǎng)趨勢(shì)(62周 vs 57周,P=0.067)[14]。靜脈滴注方案出現(xiàn)血液學(xué)毒性和胃腸道不良反應(yīng)的比例相對(duì)更低,因此,在之后的聯(lián)合奧沙利鉑或伊立替康為基礎(chǔ)的方案中多選擇靜脈滴注5-FU/LV。目前在臨床聯(lián)合化療方案中更為廣泛應(yīng)用的是簡(jiǎn)化的LV5FU2方案(LV 400 mg/m2,5-FU 400 mg/m2,靜脈推注,2 400 mg/m2,持續(xù)靜脈滴注46 h,每2周重復(fù))。
除了靜脈用藥的5-FU外,5-FU類(lèi)藥物還有一些新型的口服制劑,如卡培他濱。卡培他濱本身無(wú)細(xì)胞毒性,但在體內(nèi)經(jīng)羧酸酯酶、胞苷脫氨酶和胸苷酸磷酸化酶(thymidine phosphorylase,TP)作用轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榫哂屑?xì)胞毒性的5-FU。它利用腫瘤組織中TP的活性比在正常組織中高的特性,達(dá)到選擇性腫瘤內(nèi)激活的目的,從而最大程度地降低了5-FU對(duì)正常人體細(xì)胞的損害[15]。研究表明口服卡培他濱單藥(1 250 mg/m2口服,第1~14天,每3周為1個(gè)周期)與靜脈推注5-FU/LV(Mayo方案)療效相似,甚至客觀有效率更高(25% vs 16%)[16-17]。目前沒(méi)有隨機(jī)臨床試驗(yàn)比較卡培他濱單藥與5-FU/LV靜脈滴注的方案。高膽紅素血癥和手足綜合征是常見(jiàn)的卡培他濱的不良反應(yīng)。
雷替曲塞是一種葉酸抑制劑,也是TS抑制劑[18]。它可以作為DPD缺乏患者的5-FU代替物。雖然尚未在美國(guó)上市,但有研究報(bào)道對(duì)于伊立替康或奧沙利鉑失敗的二線治療中可以考慮采用[19-22]。
2.2 奧沙利鉑為主的聯(lián)合化療
奧沙利鉑是二氨基環(huán)己烷的鉑類(lèi)復(fù)合物,能阻斷DNA的復(fù)制和轉(zhuǎn)錄,是唯一被證明在晚期腸癌中聯(lián)合5-FU治療有效的鉑類(lèi)藥物[23]。早年有Ⅱ期臨床研究報(bào)道奧沙利鉑單藥一線治療有效率為20%~25%[24],但之后的隨機(jī)對(duì)照臨床研究顯示單藥治療療效極低[25]。因而,單藥奧沙利鉑不作為晚期腸癌的一線選擇。
奧沙利鉑聯(lián)合5-FU/LV具有協(xié)同作用,歐洲的3項(xiàng)Ⅲ期臨床研究比較了奧沙利鉑聯(lián)合5-FU/ LV(FOLFOX)與單用5-FU/LV的一線治療的療效結(jié)果[26-28],均提示奧沙利鉑聯(lián)合5-FU/LV有效率提高1倍,PFS較單用5-FU/LV延長(zhǎng)約3個(gè)月,但OS均無(wú)差別。而3項(xiàng)研究中患者治療失敗后大多接受了后續(xù)奧沙利鉑或伊立替康化療。對(duì)照組的生存期比5-FU時(shí)代有了顯著的改進(jìn),間接提示后續(xù)治療具有生存益處。3項(xiàng)研究的OS改善較明顯,可能與先后接受過(guò)所有3個(gè)有效藥物的治療的患者比例高有關(guān)。
在De Gramont開(kāi)展的Ⅲ期研究中,420例晚期初治的結(jié)直腸癌患者隨機(jī)進(jìn)入5-FU/LV組和FOLFOX4組(奧沙利鉑85 mg/m2,第1天+De Gramont方案),兩組客觀有效率分別為51%和22%,PFS為9個(gè)月和6.2個(gè)月,OS為16.2個(gè)月和14.7個(gè)月。加用奧沙利鉑后3/4度中性粒細(xì)胞缺乏癥(42% vs 5%)和腹瀉(12% vs 5%)發(fā)生率相對(duì)更多[26]。此研究奠定了FOLFOX4方案在晚期腸癌中一線治療的地位。
隨后法國(guó)FFCD2000-05研究[29]對(duì)奧沙利鉑和5-FU/LV的劑量做了改良,采用奧沙利鉑100 mg/m2聯(lián)合簡(jiǎn)化的LV5FU2的FOLFOX6方案對(duì)比簡(jiǎn)化的LV5FU2,聯(lián)合用藥組客觀有效率(58% vs 24%)和PFS(7.6個(gè)月 vs 5.3個(gè)月)顯著提高,中位OS兩者相似(16.2個(gè)月 vs 16.4個(gè)月)。進(jìn)一步調(diào)整奧沙利鉑劑量為85 mg/m2聯(lián)合簡(jiǎn)化的LV5FU2的改良FOLFOX6方案目前在臨床上也廣為應(yīng)用。
奧沙利鉑聯(lián)合口服卡培他濱(XELOX)也是常用的腸癌一線、二線治療方案。根據(jù)Ⅱ期研究結(jié)果[30-32]:采用奧沙利鉑130 mg/m2,第1天,卡培他濱1 000 mg/m2口服,第1~14天,每3周重復(fù)的方案,患者客觀有效率為36%~55%,中位OS為19.5個(gè)月。在超過(guò)70歲的老年患者中也有采用低劑量起始奧沙利鉑(85 mg/m2)聯(lián)合卡培他濱的方案[33],如果患者能耐受,后續(xù)第2、3個(gè)療程時(shí)奧沙利鉑劑量可以升高到110 mg/m2和130 mg/m2,該方案客觀有效率達(dá)到41%,中位OS接近初始即為130 mg/m2奧沙利鉑的高劑量方案(14.4個(gè)月),該研究?jī)H有5%患者出現(xiàn)3/4度血液學(xué)毒性,8%患者出現(xiàn)外周神經(jīng)毒性,13%患者出現(xiàn)嚴(yán)重的手足綜合征,對(duì)老年患者耐受性良好。
聯(lián)合兩種5-FU類(lèi)藥物制劑,究竟FOLFOX方案好還是XELOX方案更優(yōu)?多項(xiàng)隨機(jī)對(duì)照研究顯示,XELOX方案與FOLFOX方案療效和耐受性基本相當(dāng),但兩者不良反應(yīng)譜有所不同[34-38]。TREE-1研究[34]作為一項(xiàng)Ⅱ期研究,150例患者隨機(jī)入組FOLFOX6組、XELOX組或bFOL組(奧沙利鉑85 mg/m2,第1、15天+ LV 20 mg/m2,每周1次,連續(xù)3周,休息1周+5-FU 500 mg/m2,靜脈推注,每周1次,連續(xù)3周,休息1周),研究發(fā)現(xiàn)FOLFOX與XELOX方案在有效率、疾病進(jìn)展時(shí)間(time to progression,TTP)和OS上差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。但XELOX組患者出現(xiàn)手足綜合征、3/4度惡心嘔吐和神經(jīng)毒性(38% vs 21%)比例更高,也因不良反應(yīng)終止治療;而FOLFOX組患者出現(xiàn)3/4度中性粒細(xì)胞缺乏癥的比例更高(53% vs 15%),而兩組的3/4度腹瀉發(fā)生率基本一致,均為31%。AIO研究[35]入組474例患者隨機(jī)進(jìn)入XELOX組(奧沙利鉑:70 mg/m2,第1、8天)和FUFOX組(奧沙利鉑50 mg/m2+5-FU 2 000 mg/m2,持續(xù)靜脈滴注24 h+LV 500 mg/m2,均為第1、8、15、22天,每5周重復(fù))。結(jié)果顯示,XELOX和FUFOX組在客觀有效率(54% vs 48%)、PFS (8.0個(gè)月 vs 7.1個(gè)月)和OS (18.8個(gè)月 vs 16.8個(gè)月)上差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。有研究回顧性分析了6項(xiàng)Ⅱ期或Ⅲ期XELOX對(duì)比FOLFOX方案一線治療的臨床研究數(shù)據(jù),結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)XELOX方案相對(duì)有效率更低,但有效率的下降并未轉(zhuǎn)化為生存的影響,兩者在PFS和OS上無(wú)顯著差別,XELOX組患者出現(xiàn)血小板下降和手足綜合征反應(yīng)更多,而FOLFOX組出現(xiàn)中性粒細(xì)胞缺乏癥比例更高[39]。因此,XELOX和FOLFOX在療效上基本相似,但口服卡培他濱不需要靜脈置管相對(duì)便捷,但出現(xiàn)血小板下降和手足綜合征的不良反應(yīng)大。
韓國(guó)開(kāi)展的一項(xiàng)非劣效性隨機(jī)多中心Ⅲ期研究入組了340例晚期一線腸癌患者接受S-1聯(lián)合奧沙利鉑的SOX方案或XELOX方案,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)SOX方案的PFS不低于XELOX方案(HR=0.79,95%CI:0.60~1.04),而且有效率高于XELOX(48% vs 36%),但3/4度中性粒細(xì)胞缺乏癥、血小板下降和腹瀉反應(yīng)更多見(jiàn)[31]。SOFT研究[30]在SOX方案的基礎(chǔ)上加用貝伐珠單抗。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),在512例日本一線晚期腸癌患者中SOX/貝伐珠單抗不劣于FOLFOX/貝伐珠單抗,兩組中位PFS分別為11.5個(gè)月和11.7個(gè)月,客觀有效率相似,分別為61%和62%。因此,SOX也可以作為亞洲人群中晚期腸癌一線治療的選擇[40],但S-1在美國(guó)尚未批準(zhǔn)上市。
以?shī)W沙利鉑為主的方案也可以應(yīng)用于一線伊立替康治療失敗的晚期結(jié)直腸癌。在隨機(jī)Ⅲ期GERCOR臨床研究中,F(xiàn)OLFOX和FOLFIRI兩組在PD后交叉互換,一線FOLFIRI方案治療失敗后采用FOLFOX6二線治療患者的有效率為15%,PFS為4.2個(gè)月[41]。一項(xiàng)在美國(guó)和加拿大開(kāi)展的大規(guī)模隨機(jī)Ⅲ期臨床研究中,812例伊立替康治療失敗的晚期腸癌患者隨機(jī)分為3組:一組接受奧沙利鉑單藥(85 mg/m2,每2周重復(fù)),一組采用De Gramont 5-FU/LV方案(LV 200 mg/m2,5-FU 400 mg/m2,靜脈推注,600 mg/m2,持續(xù)靜脈滴注22 h,第1~2天),另一組為FOLFOX4方案[32]。研究顯示,F(xiàn)OLFOX4組客觀有效率顯著高于奧沙利鉑單藥和5-FU/LV組(分別為9.6%、1.1%和0.7%);中位TTP時(shí)間FOLFOX4組顯著高于5-FU/LV組(4.2個(gè)月 vs 2.1個(gè)月),同時(shí)更多的患者采用FOLFOX4方案后癥狀好轉(zhuǎn)(28% vs 15%),中位OS分別為9.8個(gè)月和8.7個(gè)月。雖然FOLFOX4組出現(xiàn)3/4度不良反應(yīng)(如腹瀉、惡心嘔吐和中性粒細(xì)胞缺乏癥等)比例更高,但并未因此導(dǎo)致治療提前終止率或治療相關(guān)死亡率的升高[33]。另一項(xiàng)Ⅲ期非劣效性研究,627例經(jīng)伊立替康/5-FU一線治療失敗后的晚期腸癌患者隨機(jī)入組FOLFOX4或XELOX組,觀察奧沙利鉑二線治療的療效,發(fā)現(xiàn)XELOX方案在有效率、TTP和中位OS上均不劣于FOLFOX4方案[35]。因此,奧沙利鉑聯(lián)合5-FU/LV(FOLFOX)在美國(guó)被批準(zhǔn)用于伊立替康一線治療失敗后治療結(jié)束6個(gè)月內(nèi)復(fù)發(fā)、進(jìn)展的晚期結(jié)直腸癌。
神經(jīng)毒性是奧沙利鉑的主要不良反應(yīng),可分為可逆性蓄積性感覺(jué)神經(jīng)病變和急性感覺(jué)神經(jīng)綜合征,前者以遠(yuǎn)端感覺(jué)缺失和感覺(jué)障礙為主要表現(xiàn),累積劑量達(dá)到850 mg/m2后出現(xiàn)3度感覺(jué)神經(jīng)病變的發(fā)生率為10%~15%,并隨著劑量進(jìn)一步累積癥狀加重;后者以突發(fā)的手、足、口周區(qū)域感覺(jué)缺失和感覺(jué)障礙為主要表現(xiàn),可伴有下頜關(guān)節(jié)僵硬,咽喉麻痹雖罕有發(fā)生,但一旦出現(xiàn)往往十分嚴(yán)重。在奧沙利鉑輸注期間應(yīng)避免口服冰冷液體、觸碰金屬或冰冷物品??赏ㄟ^(guò)延長(zhǎng)靜脈輸注的時(shí)間(從2 h延長(zhǎng)至6 h)避免急性感覺(jué)神經(jīng)綜合征的再次發(fā)生。
急性輸注反應(yīng)也是奧沙利鉑的一個(gè)重要不良反應(yīng),約25%接受奧沙利鉑治療的患者可能會(huì)出現(xiàn)皮疹、發(fā)熱、視覺(jué)及呼吸系統(tǒng)癥狀。輕中度反應(yīng)患者可以考慮予以苯海拉明和激素對(duì)癥處理,待癥狀緩解后繼續(xù)用藥,并延長(zhǎng)靜脈滴注時(shí)間或減少劑量。
2.3 伊立替康及其為主的聯(lián)合化療
伊立替康是拓?fù)洚悩?gòu)酶Ⅰ抑制劑,破壞DNA的雙鏈結(jié)構(gòu)。無(wú)論是單藥還是聯(lián)合5-FU或其他靶向藥物在晚期腸癌中均有效。
伊立替康單藥可用于5-FU治療失敗的患者,相比最佳支持治療,單藥伊立替康能提高1年生存率(36% vs 14%)和生活質(zhì)量[42]。
有4項(xiàng)Ⅲ期臨床試驗(yàn)證實(shí),伊立替康聯(lián)合5-FU/LV相比單用5-FU/LV具有更好的生存優(yōu)勢(shì)。歐洲D(zhuǎn)ouillard研究[43]入組387例初治的晚期結(jié)直腸癌患者,隨機(jī)進(jìn)入5-FU/LV組和伊立替康聯(lián)合5-FU/LV組,聯(lián)合用藥組有效率(49% vs 31%)、TTP(6.7個(gè)月 vs 4.4個(gè)月)和OS(17.4個(gè)月 vs 14.1個(gè)月)均獲得顯著提高。聯(lián)合用藥組出現(xiàn)伊立替康相關(guān)的不良反應(yīng)更多,如3/4度的腹瀉(44% vs 27%)和中性粒細(xì)胞缺乏癥(29% vs 2%~4%),但均可控、不具有蓄積性。另一項(xiàng)歐洲EORTC 40986研究[44]入組430例晚期腸癌患者,隨機(jī)分為單周5-FU/LV靜滴組和伊立替康聯(lián)合5-FU/LV組,研究也發(fā)現(xiàn)加入伊立替康后有效率和PFS明顯提高,OS雖也有提高(20.1個(gè)月 vs 16.9個(gè)月),但差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。美國(guó)Saltz等[45]開(kāi)展的研究采用的是靜脈推注的5-FU/LV聯(lián)合伊立替康(IFL方案:伊立替康125 mg/m2,5-FU 500 mg/m2,靜脈推注,LV 20 mg/m2,靜脈推注,每周重復(fù),連續(xù)4周,休息2周),雖然IFL方案相比靜脈推注5-FU/LV療效更好,但I(xiàn)FL方案不良反應(yīng)較靜脈滴注5-FU/LV聯(lián)合伊立替康(FOLFIRI方案)更為嚴(yán)重[45-48]。因此,IFL方案已不作為伊立替康聯(lián)合FU/LV的優(yōu)選給藥方案。BICC-C研究[46]比較了3種不同的含CPT-11和5-FU類(lèi)藥物的方案,患者隨機(jī)進(jìn)入5-FU靜脈滴注聯(lián)合CPT-11(FOLFIRI)組、改良的IFL(mIFL)組或卡培他濱聯(lián)合CPT-11(CapeIRI)組。FOLFIRI組PFS比mIFL組(7.6個(gè)月 vs 5.9個(gè)月,P=0.004)和CapeIRI組(7.6個(gè)月 vs 5.8個(gè)月,P=0.015)明顯延長(zhǎng),F(xiàn)OLFIRI組的OS達(dá)到23.1個(gè)月,mIFL組為17.6個(gè)月(P=0.087),CapeIRI組為18.9個(gè)月(P=0.27)。CapeIRI組Ⅲ度以上不良反應(yīng)最多,F(xiàn)OLFIRI組最少。該研究顯示,F(xiàn)OLFIRI在療效和安全性方面優(yōu)于mIFL或CapeIRI。FOLFIRI方案應(yīng)作為晚期結(jié)直腸癌一線治療的選擇。
伊立替康也可用于奧沙利鉑失敗后的二線治療,F(xiàn)OLFIRI方案二線治療有效率為4%~20%,PFS為2.5~7.1個(gè)月[41,49-50]。
伊立替康能否與卡培他濱聯(lián)合獲得與5-FU/ LV同樣的療效呢?有兩項(xiàng)Ⅲ期研究因?yàn)橐亮⑻婵德?lián)合卡培他濱的不良反應(yīng)較大而提早終止了這樣的組合。BICC-C研究[46]CapeIRI組患者在腹瀉和脫水的發(fā)生率上顯著高于FOLFIRI和mIFL組,而且未帶來(lái)療效上的優(yōu)勢(shì);EORTC 41005研究[51]直接比較FOLFIRI方案和CapeIRI方案的療效和安全性,研究早期即有8例患者發(fā)生了治療相關(guān)性死亡,其中6例發(fā)生在CapeIRI組,而2例發(fā)生在FOLFIRI組,CapeIRI組有61%的患者需要減量,而在FOLFIRI組僅有7%,因而提前終止了該項(xiàng)研究。然而,最新的一篇Meta分析同時(shí)納入了6項(xiàng)臨床研究[46,51-55]探討了CapeIRI(加或不加貝伐珠單抗)與FOLFIRI方案(加或不加貝伐珠單抗)的療效和不良反應(yīng),其中包括了以上2項(xiàng)Ⅲ期研究,也加入了新近開(kāi)展的同時(shí)聯(lián)合貝伐珠單抗用藥的幾項(xiàng)研究,Meta分析結(jié)果提示CapeIRI與FOLFIRI具有相似的療效和安全性[56]。復(fù)旦大學(xué)附屬腫瘤醫(yī)院牽頭國(guó)內(nèi)多中心也探索了伊立替康聯(lián)合卡培他濱單周治療方案(XELIRI:伊立替康90 mg/m2,第1天+卡培他濱1 200 mg/m2口服,每天2次,第1~5天,每周重復(fù))的可行性,結(jié)果顯示3/4度腹瀉發(fā)生率為7.7%,中性粒細(xì)胞缺乏癥發(fā)生率為17.3%,一線PFS為8.5個(gè)月,二線PFS為5個(gè)月[57]。目前,CapeIRI方案可以作為FOLFIRI方案的一種替代,但仍未作首選推薦,如何選擇更為合適的劑量提高療效和耐受性,尤其是對(duì)老年患者,需要進(jìn)一步的探索。
同樣作為氟尿嘧啶類(lèi)藥物,S-1聯(lián)合伊立替康方案也在日本獲得了較好的療效。FIRIS研究發(fā)現(xiàn)伊立替康方案在晚期腸癌二線治療中不劣與FOLFIRI方案,可作為新的治療選擇[58]。Ⅱ期研究數(shù)據(jù)提示伊立替康聯(lián)合貝伐珠單抗可能獲得FOLFOX/CapeOX聯(lián)合貝伐珠單抗相似的療效[59],相應(yīng)的Ⅲ期TRICOLORE研究也正在進(jìn)行[60]。
SN-38是伊立替康的活性代謝產(chǎn)物,通過(guò)尿苷二磷酸葡糖醛酰轉(zhuǎn)移酶(UGT1A1)代謝。個(gè)體存在UGT1A1基因的多態(tài)性,現(xiàn)已發(fā)現(xiàn)UGT1A1基因多態(tài)性與伊立替康的不良反應(yīng)相關(guān)。北美人群中10%的患者存在UGT1A1*28等位基因純合子突變(UGT1A1 7/7),這些患者出現(xiàn)伊立替康引起的胃腸道反應(yīng)和中性粒細(xì)胞缺乏癥風(fēng)險(xiǎn)高;但中國(guó)人群中UGT1A1 7/7型比例僅占4.3%[61],但亞洲人群存在UGT1A1*6突變,UGT1A1*6 G/A或A/A型患者酶活性較低,出現(xiàn)3/4度腹瀉和中性粒細(xì)胞缺乏癥的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)也增高[62]。有研究提示,可以根據(jù)UGT1A1的基因突變檢測(cè)結(jié)果選擇伊立替康使用的劑量[63]。
究竟先用奧沙利鉑為基礎(chǔ)的方案還是伊立替康為基礎(chǔ)的方案尚無(wú)明確定數(shù),兩者在不良反應(yīng)上各有差異,可以根據(jù)患者的意愿和腫瘤的特性做個(gè)體化選擇。盡可能地讓患者接受到所有有效的化療藥物和方案,相比用藥先后的選擇對(duì)患者的整體獲益更為關(guān)鍵[64-65]。
2.4 兩藥聯(lián)合化療方案的選擇
鑒于奧沙利鉑和伊立替康均具有良好的療效,兩者聯(lián)合5-FU/LV究竟孰優(yōu)孰劣?N9741研究入組了795例患者,隨機(jī)進(jìn)入IFL、FOLFOX4或IROX(奧沙利鉑85 mg/m2,第1天,伊立替康200 mg/m2,第1天,每3周重復(fù))方案組[23]。由于FOLFOX4組較IFL組顯示出顯著的療效優(yōu)勢(shì)且不良反應(yīng)小,該研究被提早揭盲[24]。FOLFOX4組無(wú)論是在客觀有效率(45% vs 31%)、TTP(8.7個(gè)月 vs 6.9個(gè)月)還是OS(20個(gè)月 vs 15個(gè)月)上均優(yōu)于IFL組。接受IFL治療的患者出現(xiàn)脫發(fā)、腹瀉、嘔吐、惡心以及中性粒細(xì)胞缺乏性發(fā)熱比例更高;接受FOLFOX4方案治療的患者因出現(xiàn)蓄積性感覺(jué)神經(jīng)毒性而停止治療比例較高[48]。而在之后的更新數(shù)據(jù)中,F(xiàn)OLFOX組也較IROX組顯示出在有效率(43% vs 36%)、TTP(9.2個(gè)月 vs 6.7個(gè)月)和OS(19.5個(gè)月vs 17.3個(gè)月)上的優(yōu)勢(shì)[25]。超過(guò)70歲的患者接受IROX方案出現(xiàn)3度及以上血液學(xué)毒性比例明顯升高。
考慮到靜脈推注的5-FU/LV可能影響后續(xù)療效,之后2項(xiàng)歐洲研究和1項(xiàng)日本研究采用了一線貝伐珠單抗聯(lián)合FOLFOX或貝伐珠單抗聯(lián)合FOLFIRI方案對(duì)比研究[27-28,41],結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),改用靜脈滴注的5-FU/LV后,F(xiàn)OLFOX和FOLFIRI方案療效相當(dāng)。
GERCOR研究采用的是FOLFOX6方案隨機(jī)對(duì)比FOLFIRI方案(伊立替康180 mg/m2,LV 200或400 mg/m2,5-FU 400 mg/m2,5-FU 2 400~3 000 mg/m2,持續(xù)靜脈滴注46 h,每2周重復(fù)),226例初治患者允許在隨機(jī)方案治療失敗后替換另一試驗(yàn)方案。兩組患者治療有效率(54% vs 56%)、PFS(8.0個(gè)月 vs 8.5個(gè)月)和OS (20.6個(gè)月 vs 21.5個(gè)月)結(jié)果均類(lèi)似。入組至二線治療后PFS分別為14.2個(gè)月和10.9個(gè)月(P=0.64),OS分別為21.5個(gè)月和20.6個(gè)月(P=0.99)。該研究主要終點(diǎn)是PFS,兩種用藥順序在PFS和OS方面差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。先用FOLFIRI組3/4度的黏膜炎和惡性嘔吐發(fā)生率高,先用FOLFOX4組3/4度的中性粒細(xì)胞缺乏癥和神經(jīng)毒性發(fā)生率高[26]。
意大利的研究隨機(jī)選取360例初治一線患者,接受Douilard方案(伊立替康180 mg/m2,第1天,LV 100 mg/m2,第1~2天,5-FU 400 mg/m2,靜脈推注,600 mg/m2,持續(xù)靜脈滴注22 h,第1~2天)或FOLFOX4方案化療,兩組患者治療有效率(31% vs 34%)、PFS(均為7個(gè)月)和OS(14個(gè)月 vs 15個(gè)月)結(jié)果均類(lèi)似,不良反應(yīng)差別也不大[27]。
而在日本開(kāi)展的WJOG 4407研究中,進(jìn)行貝伐珠單抗聯(lián)合FOLFOX或貝伐珠單抗聯(lián)合FOLFIRI兩組的非劣效分析,2014年ASCO大會(huì)上報(bào)告的數(shù)據(jù)顯示兩組的PFS分別為10.7個(gè)月和12個(gè)月,OS為28.9個(gè)月和31.8個(gè)月,有效率為62%和64%[28]。
可以發(fā)現(xiàn),在N9741研究中由于伊立替康聯(lián)合組(IFL)采用了靜脈推注的5-FU,導(dǎo)致了療效劣于FOLFOX,而當(dāng)伊立替康和奧沙利鉑均聯(lián)合靜脈滴注5-FU/LV后兩者之間未見(jiàn)顯著差異。無(wú)論是FOLFOX還是FOLFIRI都是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的一線治療方案,方案的選擇可以給予患者對(duì)兩者不同不良反應(yīng)的側(cè)重考量及個(gè)人選擇。
2.5 三藥聯(lián)合方案的嘗試
奧沙利鉑和伊立替康都是晚期腸癌有效的治療藥物,兩者聯(lián)合在一線和二線治療中也顯示出了不錯(cuò)的療效。
Ⅱ期研究探索了奧沙利鉑聯(lián)合伊立替康(IROX)二線治療的療效,入組62例5-FU治療失敗的患者,隨機(jī)進(jìn)入IROX組(伊立替康200 mg/m2+奧沙利鉑85 mg/m2,每3周重復(fù))或FC/FO組(伊立替康與奧沙利鉑替換聯(lián)合5-FU/LV:伊立替康180 mg/m2,第1天,奧沙利鉑85 mg/m2,第15天,每4周重復(fù)+De Gramont 5-FU/LV,每2周重復(fù)),IROX組客觀有效率更高(23% vs 6%),中位OS相對(duì)較長(zhǎng)(12.3個(gè)月 vs 9.8個(gè)月),耐受性相對(duì)更好[66]。由于臨床大多一線已采用了奧沙利鉑或伊立替康為主的方案,因此這項(xiàng)研究對(duì)臨床應(yīng)用的意義有限。
IROX方案以及三藥聯(lián)合FOLFOXIRI方案(奧沙利鉑+伊立替康+5-FU/LV)在一線治療中的研究報(bào)道相對(duì)更多[67-70]。N9741研究更新結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)IROX方案劣于一線FOLFOX4方案,尤其在老年患者中的不良反應(yīng)大[69]。FIRI研究比較FOLFIRI與IROX一線治療的療效,發(fā)現(xiàn)兩者客觀有效率(均為41%)和OS(22個(gè)月 vs 19個(gè)月)無(wú)顯著差異[71]。
值得注意的是,三藥聯(lián)合方案由于短期內(nèi)有效率較高,對(duì)初始無(wú)法手術(shù)切除的肝轉(zhuǎn)移患者可能帶來(lái)爭(zhēng)取手術(shù)切除的機(jī)會(huì),從而長(zhǎng)期獲益[67,72]。然而,F(xiàn)OLFOXIRI方案是否一定優(yōu)于FOLFIRI方案尚不明確,有兩項(xiàng)Ⅲ期臨床研究對(duì)比FOLFOXIRI與FOLFIRI方案的療效,但兩者結(jié)果并不一致,但另一項(xiàng)FOLFOXIRI聯(lián)合貝伐珠單抗對(duì)比FOLFIRI聯(lián)合貝伐珠單抗的Ⅲ期臨床研究顯示,F(xiàn)OLFOXIRI聯(lián)合貝伐珠單抗在客觀有效率、PFS上都優(yōu)于FOLFIRI,但兩組后續(xù)肝轉(zhuǎn)移接受手術(shù)切除率差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。意大利的研究對(duì)比FOLFOXIRI(伊立替康165 mg/m2,奧沙利鉑85 mg/m2,LV 200 mg/m2,5-FU 3 200 mg/m2,持續(xù)靜脈滴注48 h,每2周重復(fù))和FOLFIRI治療6個(gè)月的療效,發(fā)現(xiàn)FOLFOXIRI客觀有效率更高(66% vs 41%),同時(shí)更多的患者接受了肝轉(zhuǎn)移的根治性切除(36% vs 12%)[67];在中位隨訪了60個(gè)月后,F(xiàn)OLFOXIRI組顯示出了更長(zhǎng)的PFS(9.8個(gè)月 vs 6.8個(gè)月)和OS(23.4個(gè)月vs 16.7個(gè)月),5年生存率為分別為15%和8%[68]。FOLFOXIRI方案較FOLFIRI方案出現(xiàn)2/3度外周神經(jīng)毒性(19% vs 0%)和3/4度中性粒細(xì)胞缺乏(58% vs 28%)比例更高,但兩者在中性粒細(xì)胞缺乏性發(fā)熱(5% vs 3%)和3/4度腹瀉(20% vs 12%)發(fā)生率上差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)[67]。TRIBE研究則在上述研究的基礎(chǔ)上都加用了貝伐珠單抗,同樣發(fā)現(xiàn)FOLFOXIRI+貝伐珠單抗組在有效率和PFS上較FOLFIRI+貝伐珠單抗更具優(yōu)勢(shì),但未能發(fā)現(xiàn)FOLFOXIRI+貝伐珠單抗在肝轉(zhuǎn)移切除率上有提升[73]。中位隨訪32.2個(gè)月后,客觀有效率(65% vs 53%)和PFS(12.1個(gè)月 vs 9.7個(gè)月)的獲益更為顯著,但OS(31個(gè)月 vs 25.8個(gè)月)差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),肝轉(zhuǎn)移切除率(15% vs 12%)差異也無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)[74]。FOLFOXIRI組3/4度腹瀉(19% vs 11%)、口腔炎(9% vs 4%)、中性粒細(xì)胞缺乏癥(50% vs 21%)和外周神經(jīng)毒性(5% vs 0%)發(fā)生率更高。與以上兩項(xiàng)研究結(jié)果不同,Hellenic Oncology Group開(kāi)展了一項(xiàng)納入283例一線晚期腸癌患者的研究,未能發(fā)現(xiàn)FOLFOXIRI對(duì)比FOLFIRI在療效上的優(yōu)勢(shì),兩者OS分別為21.5個(gè)月和19.5個(gè)月,TTP為8.4個(gè)月和6.9個(gè)月,有效率為43%和34%。但值得注意的是,在這項(xiàng)研究中FOLFOXIRI方案中藥物劑量較之前研究中要低(奧沙利鉑65 mg/m2,伊立替康150 mg/m2)[70]。
盡管三藥聯(lián)合方案顯示出了較好的療效,但目前并未能作為晚期腸癌的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)一線推薦方案,對(duì)于需要短期內(nèi)爭(zhēng)取較高有效率獲得轉(zhuǎn)移灶切除機(jī)會(huì)且機(jī)體狀況良好的患者可以考慮采用,但對(duì)于老年患者三藥方案需要慎用。
2.6 新的細(xì)胞毒性藥物TAS-102
TAS-102是一種新型的口服細(xì)胞毒性藥物,包含兩種活性藥物成分:核苷類(lèi)似物三氟尿苷和TP抑制劑[75]。在日本開(kāi)展的一項(xiàng)隨機(jī)對(duì)照Ⅱ期研究中,入組了172例晚期難治性腸癌患者,TAS-102較安慰劑能延長(zhǎng)中位OS(9個(gè)月vs 6.6個(gè)月),其中主要的3/4度不良反應(yīng)為血液學(xué)毒性[76]。基于這項(xiàng)研究結(jié)果,啟動(dòng)了Ⅲ期CONCOURSE臨床研究,入組800例難治性或用5-FU、伊立替康、奧沙利鉑、貝伐珠單抗和抗EGFR藥物治療失敗的晚期腸癌患者,一組接受TAS-102治療(35 mg/m2,口服,1天2次,第1~5天,第8~12天,每4周重復(fù)),另一組接受安慰劑,2014年大會(huì)報(bào)告的初步結(jié)果顯示,TAS-102顯著提高了中位OS(7.1個(gè)月 vs 5.3個(gè)月,HR=0.68,95%CI:0.58~0.81),且這一生存獲益與是否接受過(guò)瑞格非尼無(wú)關(guān)[77]。盡管TAS-102疾病控制率有所提高(44% vs 16%),但只有8例患者客觀有效。2014年ESMO GI會(huì)議報(bào)道了該研究的安全性結(jié)果,TAS-102最常見(jiàn)的不良反應(yīng)為胃腸道反應(yīng)和血液學(xué)毒性[78]。但目前,TAS-102仍在臨床研究階段,尚無(wú)法通過(guò)商業(yè)途徑獲得。
對(duì)于病灶無(wú)法切除但也并未進(jìn)展的患者,初始化療的最佳持續(xù)時(shí)間尚存在爭(zhēng)議??傮w來(lái)講,化療期間能否中斷治療必須因人而異,其決定因素包括對(duì)化療的耐受情況、化療的療效、腫瘤體積、部位及癥狀。對(duì)于疾病發(fā)展緩慢或因聯(lián)合用藥后不良反應(yīng)較大的患者,可以在疾病穩(wěn)定后考慮采用“打打停?!钡闹委煵呗?。
奧沙利鉑可導(dǎo)致蓄積性感覺(jué)神經(jīng)毒性,這也是奧沙利鉑引起的劑量限制性毒性。因此,有多項(xiàng)臨床試驗(yàn)針對(duì)是否可以暫停奧沙利鉑用藥來(lái)減輕神經(jīng)毒性進(jìn)行了探討。
OPTIMOX-1試驗(yàn)[79]入組620例初治的晚期腸癌患者,隨機(jī)分為兩組:一組接受FOLFOX4方案化療,每2周1次直至病情進(jìn)展(A組);另一組接受FOLFOX7方案化療,僅行6個(gè)周期,之后給予12個(gè)周期的無(wú)奧沙利鉑維持治療,待病情進(jìn)展再重新給予奧沙利鉑。維持治療方案:第1天,LV 400 mg/m2,持續(xù)靜脈滴注2 h,5-FU 3 000 mg/m2,持續(xù)靜脈滴注46 h,每2周重復(fù)(B組)。FOLFOX4和FOLFOX7方案的初始緩解率(58.5% vs 59.2%)、PFS(9.0個(gè)月vs 8.7個(gè)月)和中位OS(19.3個(gè)月 vs 21.2個(gè)月)均相似。B組患者在第7個(gè)周期后出現(xiàn)3/4度不良反應(yīng)的概率明顯更低。3度感覺(jué)神經(jīng)毒性在A組和B組分別是17.9%和13.3%(P=0.12)。該研究提示6個(gè)療程后奧沙利鉑“打打停?!钡姆绞揭材塬@得較好的療效,但由于B組多達(dá)60%的患者并未按計(jì)劃重新接受奧沙利鉑化療,因此掩蓋了不含奧沙利鉑的維持化療對(duì)生存的益處[80]。
OPTIMOX-2試驗(yàn)[81]是原本計(jì)劃招募600例患者的Ⅲ期試驗(yàn),但貝伐珠單抗獲批后該試驗(yàn)便停止了招募,最后入組202例患者。隨機(jī)分組,一組接受mFOLFOX7方案治療6個(gè)周期后5-FU/LV維持至疾病進(jìn)展,另一組接受mFOLFOX7方案治療6個(gè)周期后徹底停止治療,直至進(jìn)展后再次使用mFOLFOX7方案治療。該研究結(jié)果提示完全停止治療不利于預(yù)后:自隨機(jī)分組時(shí)計(jì)算,維持治療組具有明顯更長(zhǎng)的中位疾病控制持續(xù)時(shí)間(13.1個(gè)月 vs 9.2個(gè)月,P=0.046)和中位PFS(8.6個(gè)月和6.6個(gè)月);還表現(xiàn)出中位OS改善的趨勢(shì)(24個(gè)月 vs 20個(gè)月,P=0.42)。因此,疾病控制后建議維持5-FU/LV用藥,而非完全停止化療。
MRC COIN試驗(yàn)[82]也顯示了停用化療的療效不及持續(xù)奧沙利鉑聯(lián)合5-FU類(lèi)藥物的一線化療。該試驗(yàn)共納入1 630例患者,隨機(jī)分為兩組,一組持續(xù)化療直至病情進(jìn)展、有不良反應(yīng)或患者拒絕繼續(xù)治療,另一組在化療12周后進(jìn)入無(wú)化療間期直至病情進(jìn)展。該試驗(yàn)為非劣效性研究。持續(xù)治療組的中位生存期并未明顯優(yōu)于間歇治療組(19.6個(gè)月vs 18.0個(gè)月,HR=1.087,95%CI:0.986~1.198),但是95%CI上限超過(guò)了為生存期預(yù)設(shè)的非劣效性邊界區(qū)間(1.162)。
CONcePT試驗(yàn)[83]也是一項(xiàng)多中心試驗(yàn),它將受試者隨機(jī)分為持續(xù)使用mFOLFOX7方案聯(lián)合貝伐珠單抗組和間歇使用奧沙利鉑組(每8個(gè)周期為一個(gè)時(shí)間段交替使用和停用奧沙利鉑),該試驗(yàn)證實(shí),間歇使用奧沙利鉑比持續(xù)使用更能延長(zhǎng)一線治療的持續(xù)時(shí)間(HR=0.581,P=0.002 6)。
鑒于以上研究結(jié)果,目前針對(duì)奧沙利鉑聯(lián)合5-FU類(lèi)藥物為主的治療方案可采用“打打停?!钡闹委熌J?,而不推薦徹底停用化療。但是化療間隙期究竟采用5-FU類(lèi)(或聯(lián)合靶向藥物,如貝伐珠單抗)維持治療好還是停用一切化療藥物好,下面幾項(xiàng)研究做了相應(yīng)的探討[84-86]。
NO16966試驗(yàn)[84]發(fā)現(xiàn),接受以?shī)W沙利鉑為基礎(chǔ)的化療的患者在病情進(jìn)展前停用貝伐珠單抗,可能會(huì)對(duì)結(jié)局產(chǎn)生不利影響;NO16966是一項(xiàng)隨機(jī)試驗(yàn),設(shè)置兩個(gè)基于奧沙利鉑的方案(XELOX和FOLFOX),隨著貝伐珠單抗在晚期腸癌批準(zhǔn)后對(duì)試驗(yàn)方案進(jìn)行了修改,以將患者進(jìn)一步2×2隨機(jī)分為貝伐珠單抗組和無(wú)貝伐珠單抗組。貝伐珠單抗的加入顯著延長(zhǎng)了兩種方案的PFS,但獲益程度明顯低于其他試驗(yàn),且對(duì)緩解率無(wú)影響。雖然該研究設(shè)定治療持續(xù)至疾病進(jìn)展,但只有29%的貝伐珠單抗組患者接受治療直至進(jìn)展。根據(jù)患者在病情進(jìn)展時(shí)正在治療與否重新分析結(jié)果,研究者認(rèn)為,為優(yōu)化加用貝伐珠單抗的獲益有必要持續(xù)治療直至病情進(jìn)展。
荷蘭的CAIRO3試驗(yàn)[85]共納入558例接受6個(gè)周期XELOX聯(lián)合貝伐珠單抗治療后病情穩(wěn)定或改善的患者,這些患者都不適合行潛在治愈性轉(zhuǎn)移灶切除術(shù),將其隨機(jī)分為持續(xù)性卡培他濱(625 mg/m2,口服,1天2次)聯(lián)合貝伐珠單抗組(7.5 mg/kg,每3周1次)或單純觀察組。按照試驗(yàn)方案,在出現(xiàn)第1次進(jìn)展(PFS1)時(shí),兩組患者均接受XELOX方案聯(lián)合貝伐珠單抗治療,直至出現(xiàn)第2次進(jìn)展(PFS2)。試驗(yàn)的主要終點(diǎn)是PFS2,從隨機(jī)分組時(shí)開(kāi)始計(jì)算。2014年ASCO胃腸道癌癥研討會(huì)上發(fā)表的初步報(bào)告顯示,維持治療組的PFS1(中位時(shí)間:8.5個(gè)月 vs 4.1個(gè)月,HR=0.43,P<0.000 1)、PFS2(中位時(shí)間:11.7個(gè)月 vs 8.5個(gè)月,HR=0.67,P<0.000 1)、2次進(jìn)展時(shí)間(定義為從PFS1到病情再次進(jìn)展或死亡的時(shí)間,19.8個(gè)月 vs 15.0個(gè)月,HR=0.67,P<0.000 1)均明顯長(zhǎng)于單純觀察組,并表現(xiàn)出OS更長(zhǎng)的趨勢(shì)(中位時(shí)間:21.7個(gè)月 vs 18.2個(gè)月,HR=0.87,P=0.16)。這提示5-FU類(lèi)藥物聯(lián)合貝伐珠單抗可能用于維持治療。
西班牙的MACRO試驗(yàn)[86]將接受過(guò)6個(gè)周期XELOX聯(lián)合貝伐珠單抗一線化療的患者隨機(jī)分為持續(xù)治療組或貝伐珠單抗單藥維持治療組,直至病情進(jìn)展或患者不耐受治療。試驗(yàn)未設(shè)不維持治療組。貝伐珠單抗單藥維持組的中位PFS和OS并沒(méi)出現(xiàn)顯著縮短,而嚴(yán)重的神經(jīng)毒性、手足綜合征及乏力的發(fā)生率顯著下降。但是,該試驗(yàn)未能在95%CI預(yù)設(shè)上限內(nèi)達(dá)到主要非劣效性終點(diǎn)。
轉(zhuǎn)移性結(jié)直腸癌不可切除的患者在僅接受最佳支持治療的情況下,中位生存期為5~6個(gè)月。全身化療使患者的生存期出現(xiàn)有意義的改善,在使用所有活性藥物的患者中最為明顯。目前可用的藥物包括:奧沙利鉑、伊立替康、5-FU的胃腸外劑型和口服劑型、靶向血管生成的治療(貝伐珠單抗、阿柏西普和瑞格非尼)及靶向表皮生長(zhǎng)因子受體的治療(西妥昔單抗和帕尼單抗)。
對(duì)于無(wú)法得到治愈的患者,治療目標(biāo)是盡可能地延長(zhǎng)生存期和提高生活質(zhì)量。使用所有活性藥物進(jìn)行治療可得到最佳結(jié)局;對(duì)于部分Ⅳ期的患者(尤其是僅有肝轉(zhuǎn)移的患者)能通過(guò)手術(shù)治愈,一些肝轉(zhuǎn)移患者起初無(wú)法切除,不過(guò)如果化療后能夠充分緩解,這些患者也有行手術(shù)切除的機(jī)會(huì),選擇具體治療方案的關(guān)鍵就不是延長(zhǎng)生存期和提高生活質(zhì)量,而是早期退縮和客觀有效率。根據(jù)患者的不同類(lèi)型決定不同的治療目標(biāo),并選擇合適的治療藥物和方案是晚期結(jié)直腸癌化療的新方向。
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Advances in chemotherapy for advanced colorectal cancer
LI Wenhua, ZHANG Wen (Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China)
ZHANG Wen E-mail: zw65242@163.com
Chemotherapy is the main treatment approach for advanced colorectal cancer. The 5-f l uorouracil(5-FU), oxaliplatin and irinotecan are three major chemotherapeutic drugs. The combined chemotherapy and “stop and go” treatment mode increase the eff i cacy and patients’ tolerance. The new drugs, raltitrexed, S-1 and TAS-102, have been approved for use in cancer treatment. This article reviews the new development in chemotherapy for the treatment of advanced colorectal cancer.
Colorectal cancer; Chemotherapy; Metastases
10.3969/j.issn.1007-3969.2015.11.007
R735.3
A
1007-3639(2015)11-0877-13
2015-05-12)
張文 E-mail:zw65242@163.com