周童瑜,南京大學(xué)博士,主要研究方向是國(guó)際關(guān)系和中美文化。托??荚嚌M分獲得者,知名語(yǔ)法專家,對(duì)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法有獨(dú)到研究。
語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法分兩條主線:一條是動(dòng)詞,另一條則是從句。從句就像“迷宮”,語(yǔ)法規(guī)則多而繁,考生稍不留神就容易迷失。而what和that這兩個(gè)長(zhǎng)得差不多的單詞,則馬不停蹄地穿梭于這些從句里,到處都有其蹤影,讓人眼花繚亂。本期我們?yōu)榇蠹仪逦尸F(xiàn)what和that在多種從句中的細(xì)微差異。
主語(yǔ)從句
that與what都可以引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句。that在主語(yǔ)從句中不充當(dāng)句子成分,且不能省略;what 在主語(yǔ)從句中可充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)等句子成分,也不能省略。
1. It is pretty well understood _______ controls the flow of carbon dioxide in and out the atmosphere today.
A.that B.when C.what D.how
【點(diǎn)撥】看到句首的it,考生應(yīng)當(dāng)迅速聯(lián)想到it充當(dāng)形式主語(yǔ)的情況,并可以迅速判定該句是考查主語(yǔ)從句。橫線后的句子很明顯缺少主語(yǔ),when和how都是副詞,不能充當(dāng)主語(yǔ),故排除。that和what引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句時(shí),that不能充當(dāng)句子成分,也排除,所以鎖定答案C項(xiàng),what在這里充當(dāng)?shù)氖侵髡Z(yǔ)從句的主語(yǔ)。
賓語(yǔ)從句
that與what都可以引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句。that在賓語(yǔ)從句中不充當(dāng)句子成分,且通??梢允÷?,但如果有兩個(gè)以上的并列賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí),只能省略掉第一個(gè)that,后面的that不能省略;what 在賓語(yǔ)從句中可充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)等句子成分,且不能省略。
2. A modern city has been set up in was a wasteland ten years ago.
A.what B.which C.that D.where
【點(diǎn)撥】此題橫線處所填的詞,充當(dāng)介詞in的賓語(yǔ)從句中的主語(yǔ),而that在賓語(yǔ)從句中不能充當(dāng)句子成分,故排除;而連接代詞what引導(dǎo)的這個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句,表示的“是十年前一個(gè)什么樣的地方”,符合句意邏輯,故選A項(xiàng)。
3.We know little about the young lady except you told me.
4.I know nothing about her except she is from Canada.
A.what B.which C.that D.how
【點(diǎn)撥】第3題為what引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句,做介詞except的賓語(yǔ),而在從句中what做told的直接賓語(yǔ),故選A項(xiàng)。第4題選擇C項(xiàng)that,其引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句做介詞except的賓語(yǔ), that不充當(dāng)任何句子成分,僅起連接作用。
表語(yǔ)從句
that與what都可以引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句。that在表語(yǔ)從句中不充當(dāng)句子成分,且不能省略;what 在表語(yǔ)從句中可充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)等,同樣不能省略。
5. See the flags on top of the building? That was______ we did this morning.
6.The reason for his success is he worked hard.
A.that B.which C.where D.what
【點(diǎn)撥】第5題選D。what引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句,且在從句中做did的賓語(yǔ),what相當(dāng)于all that。第6題選D。從句he worked hard,是S+Vi句式,結(jié)構(gòu)完整,that不充當(dāng)任何句子成分。
同位語(yǔ)從句
that與what都可以引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句。that在同位語(yǔ)從句中不充當(dāng)句子成分,且不能省略;what 在同位語(yǔ)從句中可充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)等,同樣不可省略。
7. It's beyond doubt man will lag behind in the race.
A.what B. which C. when D. that
【點(diǎn)撥】此題選D。that引導(dǎo)的同位語(yǔ)從句在抽象名詞doubt后起補(bǔ)充、說(shuō)明具體內(nèi)容的作用,that不能省略且不充當(dāng)任何成分。注意:that man中的that起修飾man的作用,指“那個(gè)人”,而不是引導(dǎo)詞。
定語(yǔ)從句
that可以引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句,且在從句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ),既可指人也可以指物,充當(dāng)定語(yǔ)從句賓語(yǔ)時(shí),that可以省略;what此輪出局,它不可以引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。
8. Because of my poor memory, all ____ you told me has been forgotten.
A.that B.which C.what D.as
【點(diǎn)撥】此題答案為A項(xiàng)。句中先行詞為all,that為關(guān)系代詞,意指all,在從句中充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)。all that相當(dāng)于what。
狀語(yǔ)從句
that單獨(dú)使用可以引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句,另外可通過(guò)in that,now that,considering that, on condition that,so...that, such...that,so that等來(lái)引導(dǎo)多種狀語(yǔ)從句;what在狀語(yǔ)從句中,只有通過(guò)no matter what來(lái)引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句。
9. The British Museum was unique ______ it housed both a national museum of antiquities and a national library in the same building.
A.while B.in which C.except that D.in that
【點(diǎn)撥】此題選D項(xiàng)。in that可以翻譯成“在于……的情況”,有些語(yǔ)法書(shū)將in that翻譯成“因?yàn)椤?,也符合意義,即等同于because。但需要注意的是,because表示的是強(qiáng)烈的因果關(guān)系,而in that則更多表示的是“特性或者特征性情況的補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明”。
10. It is generally considered unwise to give a child__________ her or she wants.
A.whatever B.no matter what
C.whenever D.no matter when
【點(diǎn)撥】此題應(yīng)選 A項(xiàng)。因橫線后的從句缺少賓語(yǔ),C、D兩項(xiàng)相當(dāng)于副詞,只能充當(dāng)狀語(yǔ),故排除。而容易誤選的B項(xiàng)和A項(xiàng)的區(qū)別為:no matter what 只能引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句,不能引導(dǎo)名詞性從句,而 whatever 既能引導(dǎo)名詞性從句,此時(shí)whatever=anything that,也可引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句,此時(shí)whatever才等于no matter what。
11. Chinese parents prove to be the most loving parents in the world, trying every effort to satisfy ______ desire their kids cherish.
12. The magnificent tower must be saved, ______the cost!
A.whichever B.no matter what
C.no matter which D.whatever
【點(diǎn)撥】第11題應(yīng)選D項(xiàng)。whatever在這里相當(dāng)于形容詞,意為“不管什么樣的”,修飾desire。whatever desire做cherish的賓語(yǔ)。第12題則可以選擇B和D兩項(xiàng)。whatever在此引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句,no matter what亦可,該句是省略句,省略了cost后面的is。
混合從句(含強(qiáng)調(diào)句)
13.You can only be sure of ____ you have at present; you cannot be sure of something ____ you might get in the future.
A.that; what B.what; /
C.which; that D./; that
【點(diǎn)撥】此題同時(shí)考查名詞性從句和定語(yǔ)從句。前面一個(gè)空格后的從句做介詞of的賓語(yǔ),即賓語(yǔ)從句,用what,同時(shí)充當(dāng)從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞get的賓語(yǔ);后面一個(gè)空格則為定語(yǔ)從句,先行詞為不定代詞something,橫線處需要關(guān)系代詞充當(dāng)從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞get的賓語(yǔ),故關(guān)系代詞此處可以省略。對(duì)應(yīng)選項(xiàng)即可鎖定B項(xiàng)為正確答案。
14. It is such a big stone _____ nobody can lift.
15. It is such a big stone _____ nobody can lift it.
【點(diǎn)撥】這兩道題考查的是定語(yǔ)從句和結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句。第14題nobody can lift,lift后面缺少賓語(yǔ),此時(shí)應(yīng)填as,as充當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞,代指stone。在第15題中,橫線后的句子不缺賓語(yǔ),此時(shí)應(yīng)用that,that僅起連接作用,不充當(dāng)成分,引導(dǎo)的是結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句。考生要注意兩題的比較,不可混淆。
16.It is what you do rather than what you say _______ matters.
A.that B.what C.which D.this
【點(diǎn)撥】此題答案為A項(xiàng)??疾閺?qiáng)調(diào)句結(jié)構(gòu)“It is (was)+ 所強(qiáng)調(diào)的成分+ that (who)+ 其他成分”,注意不要受到被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分的干擾而誤判。
17. It was said __was all _boy had said.
A.that what,what that B.what that, that that
C.what that, that what D.that that, that that
【點(diǎn)撥】此題答案選擇D項(xiàng)。It was said that...是固定句型,意思是“據(jù)說(shuō)……”,其中that是連詞,無(wú)詞義;第二個(gè)空格,that在這里是代詞,意思是“那”。
推薦閱讀:直接賓語(yǔ)和間接賓語(yǔ)是雙賓語(yǔ)中兩個(gè)常見(jiàn)的概念,雙賓語(yǔ)真的so easy嗎?本期同步推出的《求學(xué)》文科版“新生語(yǔ)法系列”之《雙賓語(yǔ)的“三重門(mén)”》,帶你了解雙賓語(yǔ)的“三重門(mén)”境界。