委托代理沖突下的企業(yè)投融資決策楊招軍 夏鑫 甘柳
摘 要 采用實(shí)物期權(quán)與均衡定價(jià)理論,研究委托-代理沖突下的企業(yè)投融資決策問題.考慮管理者擁有企業(yè)投融資決策權(quán)時(shí),其如何同時(shí)選擇投資時(shí)機(jī)、投資規(guī)模及資本結(jié)構(gòu).分析了管理者持股與項(xiàng)目風(fēng)險(xiǎn)(不確定性)對(duì)企業(yè)非效率投融資的影響.數(shù)值分析表明:給定資本結(jié)構(gòu)下,杠桿企業(yè)管理者決策的投資時(shí)機(jī)與投資規(guī)模變化呈現(xiàn)出負(fù)相關(guān);對(duì)比于純股權(quán)融資企業(yè),杠桿企業(yè)管理者加速了投資期權(quán)的執(zhí)行并增大了投資規(guī)模;財(cái)務(wù)杠桿率是管理者持股比例的U形函數(shù),且管理者持股比例的增大,會(huì)加速投資期權(quán)的執(zhí)行、增大投資規(guī)模與債務(wù)融資規(guī)模,并降低代理成本;項(xiàng)目風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的增大會(huì)導(dǎo)致企業(yè)投資時(shí)機(jī)、投資規(guī)模、債務(wù)融資規(guī)模和代理成本增大及財(cái)務(wù)杠桿率降低.
關(guān)鍵詞 委托代理;投資時(shí)機(jī);投資規(guī)模;資本結(jié)構(gòu)
中圖分類號(hào) F830.59 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼 A
Corporate Investment and Financing Decisions under
PrincipalAgent Conflict
YANG Zhaojun, XIA Xin, GAN Liu
(College of Finance and Statistics, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410079, China)
Abstract This paper studied corporate investment and financing decisions under principalagent conflict by means of real options approach and equilibrium pricing theory. We considered the investment timing, investment capacity and capital structure choice simultaneously when corporate investment and financing decisions were made by a selfinterested manager. We analyzed how the manager's ownership stake and project risk affected inefficient investment and financing decisions. The numerical results show that the investment timing and investment capacity of leveraged firm are negatively related to each other under the given capital structure; The manager will accelerate the investment and increase the investment capacity, compared with an unlevered firm; Leverage ratio exhibits a Ushaped pattern against the manager's ownership stake; A greater manager's ownership stake makes investment earlier and results in an increase in investment capacity and debt financing capacity, and a decrease in agency costs of debt; An increase in project risk delays investment and leads to an increase in investment capacity and debt financing capacity, a sharp increase in agency costs of debt, and a decrease in leverage ratio.
Key words principalagent; investment timing; investment capacity; capital structure
1 引 言
投融資決策是公司理財(cái)?shù)闹匾獌?nèi)容,其科學(xué)性直接關(guān)系到公司發(fā)展和經(jīng)營(yíng)的持續(xù)性.因此,公司投融資決策理論和應(yīng)用問題一直是公司金融的研究熱點(diǎn).其中,以Dixit and Pindyck(1994)[1]為代表,實(shí)物期權(quán)理論已成為了探究公司不可逆投資策略的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)方法.然而,隨后基于標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的實(shí)物期權(quán)模型對(duì)公司決策的擴(kuò)展研究多集中在無委托-代理沖突下最優(yōu)投資時(shí)機(jī)和最優(yōu)融資策略(資本結(jié)構(gòu))的選擇上,如Mauer and Triantis(1994)[2]與Mauer and Sarkar(2005)[3],著眼于最優(yōu)投資規(guī)模的研究很少,尤其是考慮委托-代理沖突下同時(shí)選擇最優(yōu)投資時(shí)機(jī)、最優(yōu)投資規(guī)模及最優(yōu)資本結(jié)構(gòu)的問題.
實(shí)際中,公司投資規(guī)模的大小反映未來公司生產(chǎn)水平的高低,進(jìn)而影響公司投資效益的好壞.有鑒于此,一些文獻(xiàn)在實(shí)物期權(quán)模型中融入公司選擇投資規(guī)模的靈活性,從而拓展了標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的實(shí)物期權(quán)方法.例如,Barllan and Strange(2000)[4]和Barllan and Agne(2002)[5]比較了一次性投資、增量投資和可逆性投資對(duì)最優(yōu)投資時(shí)機(jī)和最優(yōu)投資規(guī)模的影響;Sudipto(2011)[6]基于文獻(xiàn)[4]融入債務(wù)融資,并假定管理者和整個(gè)公司利益一致,同時(shí)考慮了最優(yōu)投資時(shí)機(jī)、最優(yōu)生產(chǎn)規(guī)模及最優(yōu)資本結(jié)構(gòu)的選擇問題.但現(xiàn)實(shí)中,管理者由于沒有擁有公司的所有權(quán),他們的投融資決定往往都是追求個(gè)人財(cái)富價(jià)值最大化,而不是股東和整個(gè)公司利益,從而導(dǎo)致委托-代理沖突問題,對(duì)公司的投融資選擇造成不利的影響.