陳世敏(綜述),胡成進(jìn)(審校)
(濟(jì)南軍區(qū)總醫(yī)院實(shí)驗(yàn)診斷科,濟(jì)南 250031)
MALDI-TOF MS在感染性疾病診斷中的應(yīng)用
陳世敏(綜述),胡成進(jìn)※(審校)
(濟(jì)南軍區(qū)總醫(yī)院實(shí)驗(yàn)診斷科,濟(jì)南 250031)
摘要:基質(zhì)輔助激光解吸電離飛行時(shí)間質(zhì)譜(MALDI-TOF MS)用于臨床感染性疾病的診斷具有操作簡(jiǎn)單、鑒定快速、通量高、靈敏度好、準(zhǔn)確性高的優(yōu)點(diǎn),已成為目前臨床微生物實(shí)驗(yàn)室方便快捷的實(shí)驗(yàn)技術(shù)。該文依據(jù)現(xiàn)有文獻(xiàn)綜述了MALDI-TOF MS在臨床感染性疾病診斷中的最新應(yīng)用,介紹了MALDI-TOF MS用于微生物鑒定的基本原理和現(xiàn)狀,以及在抗生素耐藥性檢測(cè)和臨床標(biāo)本直接測(cè)試中的應(yīng)用。
關(guān)鍵詞:感染性疾??;基質(zhì)輔助激光解吸電離飛行時(shí)間質(zhì)譜;微生物鑒定
臨床微生物實(shí)驗(yàn)室在給醫(yī)師提供明確的患者感染信息方面起著至關(guān)重要的作用。感染的快速診斷能明顯改善患者的預(yù)后,尤其是對(duì)膿毒癥患者,有效抗生素的及時(shí)應(yīng)用能直接降低患者病死率[1]。然而,傳統(tǒng)方法和新興的分子生物學(xué)方法在臨床微生物檢測(cè)中都存在局限性?;|(zhì)輔助激光解吸電離飛行時(shí)間質(zhì)譜(matrixassisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry,MALDI-TOF MS)是近年發(fā)展起來(lái)的一種新型軟電離質(zhì)譜技術(shù),對(duì)臨床感染性疾病中微生物的檢測(cè)快速、可靠,具有較好的穩(wěn)定性和可重復(fù)性,為微生物的鑒定帶來(lái)了革命性的變化,已成為目前臨床微生物實(shí)驗(yàn)室方便快捷的實(shí)驗(yàn)技術(shù)。該文介紹了MALDI-TOF MS鑒定微生物的工作原理和基本流程,并對(duì)MALDI-TOF MS在感染性疾病診斷方面的研究現(xiàn)狀和應(yīng)用前景進(jìn)行綜述。
1MALDI-TOF MS鑒定微生物的工作原理和基本流程
每種微生物都有其自身獨(dú)特的蛋白質(zhì)組成,因而擁有獨(dú)特的蛋白質(zhì)指紋圖譜。MALDI-TOF MS就是通過(guò)檢測(cè)微生物的蛋白質(zhì)指紋譜圖來(lái)鑒定微生物。研究表明,MALDI-TOF MS檢測(cè)的蛋白質(zhì)指紋圖譜主要來(lái)自菌株的核糖體蛋白,當(dāng)然也有其他的高豐富的胞質(zhì)蛋白(如DNA結(jié)合蛋白和冷激蛋白)[2]。MALDI-TOF MS的工作原理和基本流程:將待測(cè)微生物樣品與基質(zhì)分別點(diǎn)加在樣品板上,溶劑揮發(fā)后形成樣品與基質(zhì)的共結(jié)晶;檢測(cè)時(shí)質(zhì)譜儀利用激光作為能量來(lái)源轟擊結(jié)晶體,基質(zhì)從激光中吸收能量使樣品解吸,基質(zhì)與樣品之間發(fā)生電荷轉(zhuǎn)移使得樣品分子電離,經(jīng)過(guò)飛行時(shí)間檢測(cè)器,采集數(shù)據(jù)并獲得特異性指紋圖譜,然后通過(guò)相應(yīng)的數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)軟件,自動(dòng)匹配待測(cè)菌株的圖譜至參考數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)的已知菌株圖譜從而得到鑒定結(jié)果[3]。目前臨床微生物實(shí)驗(yàn)室中應(yīng)用較多的質(zhì)譜儀主要是德國(guó)布魯克公司和法國(guó)梅里埃公司的產(chǎn)品。MALDI-TOF MS檢測(cè)到的菌株蛋白質(zhì)指紋圖譜一般不會(huì)與數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中的已知菌株圖譜完全相同,針對(duì)此種情況,布魯克公司的質(zhì)譜儀和梅里埃公司的質(zhì)譜儀分別以“score value” 和“confidence value”來(lái)表示待測(cè)菌株與數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中參考圖譜匹配的相似度。MALDI-TOF MS對(duì)菌株的鑒定嚴(yán)重依賴于所用數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)的質(zhì)量和準(zhǔn)確性。
2MALDI-TOF MS的細(xì)菌鑒定性能
2.1臨床常見(jiàn)分離菌株MALDI-TOF MS對(duì)臨床分離菌株的鑒定明顯優(yōu)于傳統(tǒng)的微生物鑒定技術(shù)。Saffert等[4]對(duì)比分析了440株臨床革蘭陰性桿菌分離株,結(jié)果顯示,MALDI-TOF MS準(zhǔn)確鑒定至微生物屬和種的結(jié)果分別為93%和82%,而自動(dòng)生化鑒定儀的正確識(shí)別率僅為83%和75%。McElvania Tekippe等[5]通過(guò)MALDI-TOF MS分析了臨床分離獲得的239株需氧革蘭陽(yáng)性菌株,結(jié)果顯示,鑒定到微生物屬和種的水平分別達(dá)92%和76%。Schulthess等[6]評(píng)估革蘭陽(yáng)性桿菌的鑒定情況,顯示190株細(xì)菌中能直接菌株克隆鑒定的占72%,甲酸提取后能使準(zhǔn)確鑒定結(jié)果提高至87%。Richter等[7]報(bào)道,對(duì)于臨床常見(jiàn)腸桿菌科細(xì)菌的鑒定97%能達(dá)到屬的水平,84%的細(xì)菌能鑒定至種的水平;對(duì)于非腸桿菌科革蘭陰性桿菌的鑒定分別為91%和78%。Garner等[8]報(bào)道,對(duì)于部分傳統(tǒng)方法不能鑒定的菌株,MALDI-TOF MS可以給出準(zhǔn)確鑒定。而且,在MALDI-TOF MS獲得的鑒定結(jié)果與傳統(tǒng)方法的鑒定結(jié)果不一致時(shí),16S rDNA序列分析驗(yàn)證結(jié)果大多支持MALDI TOF MS的鑒定(75.0%~78.3%);另外, MALDI-TOF MS鑒定菌株在菌屬水平的錯(cuò)誤率僅為0.1%,而傳統(tǒng)方法的錯(cuò)誤率高達(dá)1.6%;而且因MALDI-TOF MS采集的優(yōu)勢(shì)峰主要由2000~20 000的核糖體蛋白質(zhì)組成,所以MALDI-TOF MS鑒定菌株的性能不受培養(yǎng)基、培養(yǎng)條件、培養(yǎng)時(shí)間的影響,而且具有高度重復(fù)性[9-11]。
2.2厭氧菌MALDI-TOF MS鑒定細(xì)菌的優(yōu)勢(shì)不僅體現(xiàn)在臨床常見(jiàn)需氧菌的鑒定上,對(duì)厭氧菌的鑒定已經(jīng)成為替代16S RNA和氣液相色譜法的檢測(cè)方法。一直以來(lái),許多臨床微生物實(shí)驗(yàn)室還不具有檢測(cè)厭氧菌的能力,MALDI-TOF MS使臨床厭氧菌感染的診斷成為可能。Barreau等[12]通過(guò)布魯克的MALDI Biotyper評(píng)估了1325株厭氧菌,鑒定到菌屬和種水平的比例分別高達(dá)100%和93%。Garner等[8]采用VITEK MS系統(tǒng)評(píng)估651株厭氧菌,鑒定結(jié)果分別為93%鑒定到菌屬,91%鑒定到菌種。
2.3分枝桿菌與厭氧菌的鑒定一樣,臨床微生物實(shí)驗(yàn)室在進(jìn)行分枝桿菌的鑒定時(shí)也面臨挑戰(zhàn)。以前常用的鑒定方法有生化反應(yīng)測(cè)試法、DNA探針?lè)?、高效液相色譜法以及測(cè)序法等,目前,MALDI-TOF MS被認(rèn)為是鑒定分枝桿菌的有效工具。MALDI-TOF MS鑒定分枝桿菌需要經(jīng)過(guò)特殊處理,Balada-Llasat等[13]評(píng)估了178株生長(zhǎng)在培養(yǎng)基中的分枝桿菌,按照布魯克公司推薦方法,先是加熱滅活,再乙醇處理并機(jī)械粉碎,最后鑒定結(jié)果是98%鑒定到菌屬,94%鑒定到菌種。Mather等[14]則比較分析了布魯克公司的MALDI Biotyper系統(tǒng)和梅里埃的Vitek MS RUO平臺(tái),198株臨床分離菌株中95%的分枝桿菌可通過(guò)Biotyper系統(tǒng)及其擴(kuò)展數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)得到鑒定,94%的菌株可在Vitek MS RUO平臺(tái)得到正確鑒定。
3MALDI-TOF MS的真菌鑒定性能
免疫功能低下的患者在侵襲性治療后真菌感染風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加,但可以出現(xiàn)非特異性感染的癥狀和體征。有證據(jù)表明,抗真菌治療延遲與病死率升高密切相關(guān)[15-16],因此導(dǎo)致感染真菌的快速識(shí)別是醫(yī)師采取適當(dāng)治療措施的關(guān)鍵。因不同菌株對(duì)抗真菌藥物的天然耐藥性存在明顯差異(如克柔假絲酵母菌對(duì)氟康唑天然耐藥,而葡萄牙假絲酵母菌則對(duì)兩性霉素B具有天然耐藥性),所以真菌菌株的快速鑒定勢(shì)在必行?,F(xiàn)行情況下真菌鑒定嚴(yán)重滯后,尤其是絲狀真菌的鑒定,主要依賴于顯微鏡檢體外增殖產(chǎn)生的形態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu),然而這些特征結(jié)構(gòu)的形成不但需要漫長(zhǎng)的過(guò)程,而且也不是一定能發(fā)生的。在沒(méi)有附加的基于分子水平的檢測(cè)時(shí),該分離株的鑒定只能描述為“絲狀真菌”,再?zèng)]有任何詳細(xì)的信息提供給臨床醫(yī)師。MALDI-TOF MS鑒定酵母樣真菌和絲狀真菌的研究已有多個(gè)報(bào)道,相比于細(xì)菌的鑒定,鑒定真菌時(shí)需要對(duì)待測(cè)樣本進(jìn)行裂解、蛋白提取等處理。目前,常用的簡(jiǎn)單操作程序是涂布樣本后覆蓋適量甲酸,室溫干燥后再覆蓋基質(zhì)進(jìn)行檢測(cè),對(duì)于大部分臨床酵母樣真菌的鑒定完全可行[17]。Dhiman等[18]在對(duì)包括念珠菌屬、隱球菌屬、紅酵母菌屬和釀酒酵母菌屬在內(nèi)的241株酵母菌進(jìn)行MALDI-TOF MS分析時(shí),92%的菌株能鑒定到種的水平。重要的是, MALDI-TOF MS對(duì)克柔念珠菌和都柏林念珠菌的鑒定明顯優(yōu)于傳統(tǒng)鑒定方法。Bader等[19]通過(guò)對(duì)包含36種菌屬的1192株酵母菌的鑒定比對(duì)了布魯克的MALDI Biotyper系統(tǒng)和梅里埃的VITEK MS系統(tǒng),結(jié)果顯示,兩者均能成功鑒定傳統(tǒng)方法不能區(qū)分的親緣關(guān)系較近的菌屬。與細(xì)菌分離株的鑒定一樣,MALDI-TOF MS鑒定錯(cuò)誤或不能鑒定酵母菌的常見(jiàn)原因是數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中相應(yīng)菌株參考圖譜的缺失。
最近,陸續(xù)出現(xiàn)了臨床使用MALDI-TOF MS鑒定霉菌菌株的評(píng)估報(bào)道。絲狀真菌的鑒定受限于參考數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)覆蓋菌株的深度和廣度。然而,隨著數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)的適當(dāng)開(kāi)發(fā),MALDI-TOF MS可以成功完成霉菌的鑒定。有報(bào)道,臨床相關(guān)曲霉菌數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)的建立,已使臨床分離株的鑒定準(zhǔn)確到種的水平,而且不受待測(cè)菌成熟度的影響[20]。對(duì)于在目前可用參考數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)鑒定結(jié)果表現(xiàn)較差的情況下,需要大家不斷地將臨床相關(guān)分離株圖譜補(bǔ)充到商業(yè)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中。De Carolis等[21]前瞻性地分析了103株臨床分離的黑曲霉、鐮刀菌和毛霉菌,并利用培養(yǎng)收集菌株創(chuàng)建了相應(yīng)的參考數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)。Alshawa等[22]創(chuàng)建了一個(gè)包含12種臨床相關(guān)皮膚癬菌屬50個(gè)參考圖譜的數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù),通過(guò)這個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)可以正確鑒定臨床91.9%的皮膚癬菌。雖然MALDI-TOF MS在霉菌的鑒定上顯示了巨大潛力,但是臨床實(shí)驗(yàn)室常規(guī)鑒定霉菌仍處于起步階段。
4MALDI-TOF MS檢測(cè)抗菌素耐藥性
抗生素耐藥是感染性疾病患者發(fā)病和死亡的重要原因。據(jù)估計(jì),僅在美國(guó)每年超過(guò)70%的醫(yī)院獲得性感染是由微生物的耐藥性造成的[23]。因此,快速、準(zhǔn)確地檢測(cè)抗生素耐藥性對(duì)患者的管理和感染的預(yù)防是非常重要的。MALDI-TOF MS成功顯示出微生物鑒定方面的強(qiáng)大威力后,該方法用于檢測(cè)抗生素耐藥性的潛在應(yīng)用就成為研究熱點(diǎn)?,F(xiàn)有數(shù)據(jù)表明,對(duì)于革蘭陽(yáng)性菌,MALDI-TOF MS能夠鑒別耐甲氧西林金黃色葡萄球菌菌株[24]及萬(wàn)古霉素耐藥的腸球菌[25]。對(duì)于革蘭陰性菌藥物敏感性的研究主要針對(duì)β內(nèi)酰胺酶類抗生素,具體而言,MALDI-TOF MS能夠區(qū)分產(chǎn)超廣譜β內(nèi)酰胺酶和金屬-β內(nèi)酰胺酶的大腸埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌和銅綠假單胞菌[26]。MALDI-TOF MS檢測(cè)抗生素耐藥性的原理是抗生素、細(xì)菌混合孵育過(guò)程中產(chǎn)酶菌株具有水解抗生素的能力,可導(dǎo)致待測(cè)抗生素特定峰強(qiáng)度的改變。關(guān)于耐藥性的檢測(cè)MALDI-TOF MS獲得結(jié)果與常規(guī)藥敏方法所得結(jié)果相關(guān)性很好[27]。后續(xù)的研究表明,水解試驗(yàn)加MALDI-TOF MS在檢測(cè)碳青霉烯酶方面也是功能強(qiáng)大、快速低廉的方法;雖然這種方法的敏感度接近100%,檢測(cè)時(shí)間可縮短至1~2.5 h[28-30],但是這種技術(shù)方法用于臨床常規(guī)檢測(cè)還有待進(jìn)一步驗(yàn)證。
5MALDI-TOF MS的應(yīng)用前景
5.1快速鑒定MALDI-TOF MS不僅在微生物鑒定的準(zhǔn)確性方面優(yōu)于傳統(tǒng)的鑒定方法,更吸引人的是利用MALDI-TOF MS鑒定微生物比傳統(tǒng)鑒定方法能明顯改進(jìn)樣本的周轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)間。2009年,Seng等[31]首先報(bào)道,MALDI-TOF MS鑒定一個(gè)給定菌株僅需6~8.5 min,而常規(guī)鑒定則需要5~48 h。Cherkaoui等[32]報(bào)道,MALDI-TOF MS批量鑒定10株菌的時(shí)間不足15 min。隨后,又有報(bào)道指出,鑒定952株菌株的平均時(shí)間比傳統(tǒng)方法縮短1.45 d[33]。MALDI-TOF MS使樣本檢測(cè)周轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)間的大幅縮短無(wú)疑是臨床感染性疾病快速診斷的福音。
5.2陽(yáng)性血培養(yǎng)標(biāo)本的直接鑒定MALDI-TOF MS在臨床微生物感染檢測(cè)中最令人興奮的是使臨床標(biāo)本的直接鑒定成為可能且具有美好的應(yīng)用前景。對(duì)陽(yáng)性血培養(yǎng)瓶中菌株的直接鑒定一直是大家的研究關(guān)注點(diǎn)。目前的研究報(bào)道,大多數(shù)MALDI-TOF MS方法能快速鑒定出單種微生物感染的陽(yáng)性血培養(yǎng)而且有較高的陽(yáng)性預(yù)測(cè)值;MALDI-TOF MS直接鑒定陽(yáng)性血培養(yǎng)菌株,須進(jìn)行樣本的預(yù)處理消除培養(yǎng)基中血細(xì)胞和各種營(yíng)養(yǎng)成分的干擾,樣品的制備和鑒定大約需1 h;即便如此,因免除了分離菌株的培養(yǎng),仍能保證病原菌的鑒定時(shí)間比傳統(tǒng)方法至少縮短周轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)間24 h以上[34-35]。然而,MALDI-TOF MS直接鑒定血培養(yǎng)陽(yáng)性瓶的局限性是無(wú)法可靠地確定多種微生物感染。
5.3尿液標(biāo)本的直接鑒定MALDI-TOF MS用于臨床尿液標(biāo)本直接細(xì)菌鑒定也有報(bào)道。尿路感染患者的尿液標(biāo)本在MALDI-TOF MS分析時(shí),只需差速離心去除白細(xì)胞和其他非細(xì)菌性尿液成分即可進(jìn)行鑒定。Kohling等[36]報(bào)道,MALDI-TOF MS完成整個(gè)尿液標(biāo)本的檢測(cè)過(guò)程(包括樣品制備)僅需30 min。由于臨床尿液標(biāo)本的直接檢測(cè)不僅存在多種細(xì)菌問(wèn)題,還有標(biāo)本中細(xì)菌含量問(wèn)題,所以目前大多數(shù)臨床微生物實(shí)驗(yàn)室還不能實(shí)現(xiàn)尿液標(biāo)本中微生物的直接鑒定,但是現(xiàn)有研究結(jié)果表明了該方法在未來(lái)經(jīng)過(guò)適當(dāng)?shù)膬?yōu)化后的潛力。
5.4流行病學(xué)和預(yù)防感染方面近年來(lái),MALDI-TOF MS在流行病學(xué)和預(yù)防感染方面的應(yīng)用也越來(lái)越多?,F(xiàn)有的MALDI-TOF MS操作軟件包含分類功能,眾多研究涉及到用MALDI-TOF MS方法對(duì)耐甲氧西林葡萄球菌和產(chǎn)單核李斯特菌的分類、耐萬(wàn)古霉素腸球菌相關(guān)的流行病學(xué)檢測(cè)、結(jié)膜炎爆發(fā)期間肺炎鏈球菌分離株的分型、沙門(mén)菌和小腸結(jié)腸炎耶爾森菌的快速亞種測(cè)定等。
6小結(jié)
MALDI-TOF MS在臨床微生物學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)室的應(yīng)用不僅可以明顯縮短樣本檢測(cè)周期,而且具有自動(dòng)化、高通量、測(cè)試費(fèi)用低的特點(diǎn),且與現(xiàn)有的常規(guī)檢測(cè)方法相比其結(jié)果準(zhǔn)確、重復(fù)性好,對(duì)常規(guī)方法難以鑒定的部分病原微生物也能進(jìn)行檢測(cè)。當(dāng)然,MALDI-TOF MS也有其局限性,首先是儀器本身購(gòu)置費(fèi)用昂貴,中小規(guī)模的實(shí)驗(yàn)室目前還難以承受;其次對(duì)于個(gè)別微生物的鑒定還有待于進(jìn)一步的改進(jìn)[37]。相信隨著數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)的逐步完善、現(xiàn)有問(wèn)題的逐步解決,MALDI-TOF MS在臨床微生物領(lǐng)域的應(yīng)用將更加普及。
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Application of MALDI-TOF MS in the Diagnosis of Infectious DiseasesCHENShi-min,HUCheng-jin.(DepartmentofClinicalLaboratory,GeneralHospitalofJinanMilitaryRegion,Jinan250031,China)
Abstract:Matrixassisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry(MALDI-TOF MS)has the advantages of simple operation,rapid identification,high throughput,good sensitivity and high accuracy for the diagnosis of clinical infectious diseases.It has become an incontrovertibly convenient and rapid technology for the clinical microbiological laboratory.Here is to make a review of the latest clinical application of MALDI-TOF MS in the diagnosis of infectious diseases.Here is to introduce the basic principle and application status of MALDI-TOF MS in the microorganisms detection,the detection of antimicrobial resistance,and the direct organism identification from clinical specimens.
Key words:Infectious diseases; Matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry; Microorganism identification
收稿日期:2015-01-26修回日期:2015-03-21編輯:鄭雪
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1006-2084.2015.22.036
中圖分類號(hào):R446.1
文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A
文章編號(hào):1006-2084(2015)22-4127-04