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      快通道麻醉在非體外循環(huán)冠狀動(dòng)脈搭橋術(shù)的研究進(jìn)展

      2015-12-09 21:41:32陶明子綜述簡(jiǎn)文亭審校
      醫(yī)學(xué)綜述 2015年18期

      陶明子(綜述),簡(jiǎn)文亭(審校)

      (三峽大學(xué)第一臨床醫(yī)學(xué)院 a.醫(yī)保辦, b.麻醉科,湖北 宜昌 443003)

      ?

      快通道麻醉在非體外循環(huán)冠狀動(dòng)脈搭橋術(shù)的研究進(jìn)展

      陶明子a※(綜述),簡(jiǎn)文亭b(審校)

      (三峽大學(xué)第一臨床醫(yī)學(xué)院 a.醫(yī)保辦, b.麻醉科,湖北 宜昌 443003)

      摘要:快通道麻醉是近十年來(lái)麻醉學(xué)領(lǐng)域出現(xiàn)的嶄新概念,它以理想化的麻醉技術(shù)為基礎(chǔ),通過(guò)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的治療流程,讓患者的重要臟器從大手術(shù)中盡早恢復(fù),也是“快通道”心臟手術(shù)的重要組成部分。該文主要介紹不同快通道麻醉技術(shù)在非體外循環(huán)冠狀動(dòng)脈搭橋術(shù)的應(yīng)用。

      關(guān)鍵詞:冠狀動(dòng)脈搭橋術(shù);快通道麻醉;非體外循環(huán)

      隨著非體外循環(huán)冠狀動(dòng)脈搭橋術(shù)(off-pump coronary artery bypass,OPCAB)的技術(shù)和相關(guān)知識(shí)的進(jìn)步,相應(yīng)麻醉技術(shù)、圍術(shù)期管理也逐步完善,使患者的安全得到一定程度的保證。近年來(lái),麻醉學(xué)領(lǐng)域出現(xiàn)了“快通道麻醉”的概念,它主要強(qiáng)調(diào)以理想化的麻醉技術(shù)為基礎(chǔ),通過(guò)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的治療流程,讓患者的重要臟器從大手術(shù)中盡早恢復(fù)。OPCAB的順利實(shí)施,術(shù)后并發(fā)癥的預(yù)防,必須依靠良好的麻醉管理方案,對(duì)于健康狀況不同的患者,應(yīng)該選擇不同的麻醉方法,這就需要對(duì)患者進(jìn)行選擇。麻醉醫(yī)師和外科醫(yī)師合作,并規(guī)劃最佳圍術(shù)期的策略,以提供最佳的圍術(shù)期管理,確?;颊呖焖俸屯耆謴?fù)[1]。近年來(lái),主要有以下麻醉技術(shù)用于OPCAB,現(xiàn)綜述如下。

      1全身麻醉聯(lián)用阿片類藥物和吸入麻醉或全憑靜脈麻醉

      1.1揮發(fā)性麻醉藥的預(yù)處理在全身麻醉的方案中,揮發(fā)性麻醉藥的缺血預(yù)處理改善了高危患者在OPCAB圍術(shù)期心血管的預(yù)后[2]。研究表明,七氟烷吸入麻醉對(duì)OPCAB手術(shù)的患者心肌損傷小,降低了心肌肌鈣蛋白的水平,而丙泊酚沒有表現(xiàn)出心臟保護(hù)作用[3-4]。

      1.2長(zhǎng)效神經(jīng)肌肉阻斷劑的使用泮庫(kù)溴銨在快通道麻醉的心臟手術(shù)患者的使用可伴有復(fù)蘇和氣管拔管延遲[5-6]。因此,有學(xué)者建議使用順阿曲庫(kù)銨或羅庫(kù)溴銨神經(jīng)肌肉阻滯[7]。微創(chuàng)冠狀動(dòng)脈搭橋手術(shù)需要單肺萎陷(左肺更常見),所以需要使用雙腔支氣管導(dǎo)管或支氣管受體阻滯劑。麻醉醫(yī)師應(yīng)該避免使用可能延長(zhǎng)呼吸抑制的大劑量長(zhǎng)效阿片類藥物,這些藥物在胸骨切開期間以及切開后可引起低血壓,導(dǎo)致心肌缺血和梗死[8],延遲腸運(yùn)動(dòng)恢復(fù)[9]。

      1.3新型短效鎮(zhèn)痛藥的使用Engoren等[10]通過(guò)比較芬太尼、舒服芬太尼、瑞芬太尼用于心臟手術(shù)的效果發(fā)現(xiàn),與芬太尼相比,價(jià)格稍昂貴但短效的舒服芬太尼、瑞芬太尼產(chǎn)生同樣迅速的拔管時(shí)間、相近的住院時(shí)間和成本的花費(fèi),因此這3種麻醉藥均可以用于快通道心臟手術(shù)。

      有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),與舒芬太尼相比,瑞芬太尼相對(duì)減少了術(shù)中切開皮膚和劈開胸骨帶來(lái)的刺激,能提供優(yōu)良的血流動(dòng)力學(xué)穩(wěn)定性,縮短拔管時(shí)間[10-12],使得它更適用于OPCAB手術(shù)的快通道麻醉。然而,瑞芬太尼短暫的術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛作用需要精心管理和使用其他治療方法[13-14]。術(shù)后疼痛控制不足通常是通過(guò)靜脈注射嗎啡或使用非甾體消炎藥來(lái)改善。或者在手術(shù)結(jié)束前,以輸注或延長(zhǎng)使用更高的劑量瑞芬太尼[12],獲得足夠水平的鎮(zhèn)痛作用[14]。

      右美托咪定在OPCAB使用可能會(huì)取得更好的術(shù)后控制疼痛效果,減少術(shù)中和術(shù)后的阿片類藥物的使用[15-17]。研究證明,使用右美托咪定能達(dá)到更好的血流動(dòng)力學(xué)穩(wěn)定性,這是一個(gè)很好的輔助麻醉劑[15,18],而且有止吐作用[16]。

      2全身麻醉聯(lián)合使用高胸段硬膜外麻醉或全身麻醉聯(lián)合鞘內(nèi)注射嗎啡

      與單獨(dú)全麻相比,全身麻醉聯(lián)合使用高胸段硬膜外麻醉提供了更好的鎮(zhèn)痛作用,更好的肺臟預(yù)后,降低圍術(shù)期的發(fā)病率和病死率,縮短拔管和住院時(shí)間[19-22]。

      Caputo等[20]通過(guò)前瞻性的隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)表明,與單獨(dú)全麻相比,全身麻醉復(fù)合胸段硬膜外麻醉縮短OPCAB術(shù)后住院的平均時(shí)間約1 d,拔管時(shí)間也明顯提前;術(shù)后的心律失常的比值比約為0.41,說(shuō)明降低了心律失常的發(fā)生率;術(shù)后疼痛控制得到明顯改善,后者的疼痛評(píng)分明顯低于前者。Scott等[21]通過(guò)類似的研究也表明,全身麻醉復(fù)合高胸段硬膜外麻醉(supper thoracic epidural anesthesia,TEA)后心律失常的發(fā)生率僅為10.2%,而未用TEA發(fā)生率高達(dá)22.3%。肺通氣功能尤其是最大吸氣量得到改善,呼吸道感染的發(fā)病率明顯降低。

      TEA改善了神經(jīng)-體液反應(yīng),改善了冠狀動(dòng)脈和微動(dòng)脈的血流灌注,確保血流動(dòng)力學(xué)穩(wěn)定,降低心肌耗氧量,改善心肌血流量,降低圍術(shù)期心律失常和心肌缺血的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),改善腎功能,顯著降低心率,因此在OPCAB使用TEA能起到很多有利的作用[23-24]。

      手術(shù)前進(jìn)行TEA或至少1 h前給予肝素可減少硬膜外血腫的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。在TEA之前,必須評(píng)估患者術(shù)前的抗凝狀態(tài),在有外傷出血的患者手術(shù)應(yīng)該延遲24 h[25]。同樣重要的是協(xié)調(diào)術(shù)后拔除尿管和藥物治療(尤其是抗凝療法)的時(shí)機(jī),并監(jiān)控整個(gè)術(shù)后的感覺和運(yùn)動(dòng)缺陷,直到拔除尿管后12 h。在OPCAB手術(shù),圍術(shù)期鞘內(nèi)注射嗎啡有利于早期拔管,改善術(shù)后肺功能,減少術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛藥的需求[26-29]。鞘內(nèi)注射低劑量嗎啡不能提供完全的鎮(zhèn)痛,因此這個(gè)技術(shù)需要聯(lián)合靜脈注射阿片類藥物(瑞芬太尼,芬太尼等)。需要進(jìn)一步研究,以驗(yàn)證這種技術(shù)的有效性,以確定最佳劑量,提供充分鎮(zhèn)痛作用,而且要將術(shù)后呼吸抑制的副作用的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)降到最低。

      3清醒自然通氣狀態(tài)下進(jìn)行胸段硬膜外節(jié)段阻滯

      清醒狀態(tài)下的心臟手術(shù)有許多好處,如縮短ICU的停留時(shí)間,自主呼吸的維持避免了機(jī)械通氣和全身麻醉帶來(lái)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[30-31]。沒有研究關(guān)注清醒心臟手術(shù)對(duì)患者的心理影響,然而一些研究指出,患者都非常合作,并愿意接受清醒心臟手術(shù)。一項(xiàng)研究甚至表明,曾經(jīng)心臟手術(shù)有全身麻醉體驗(yàn)的患者首選清醒狀態(tài)的心臟手術(shù)[1]。有患者對(duì)全身麻醉所導(dǎo)致的不清醒的狀態(tài)具有恐懼感[32-33]。

      Watanabe 等[30]在清醒狀態(tài)下僅憑胸段硬膜外節(jié)段阻滯成功進(jìn)行了日間手術(shù)(日間手術(shù)是指選擇一定適應(yīng)證的患者,在1個(gè)工作日內(nèi)安排患者的住院、手術(shù)、手術(shù)后短暫觀察、恢復(fù)和辦理出院,患者在醫(yī)院留院24 h),與全身麻醉相比,術(shù)后飲水、行走以及住院時(shí)間均明顯提前,因此TEA用于OPCAB 手術(shù)是一種很有前景的微創(chuàng)心臟手術(shù)的麻醉方法,它采用了股神經(jīng)阻滯聯(lián)合TEA[34]或脊髓麻醉聯(lián)合TEA[35]或單用TEA的麻醉方法,如果需要獲取血管,可進(jìn)行局部浸潤(rùn)麻醉[32,36-37]。

      TEA用于清醒心臟手術(shù)是可行的,但是也存在一定的缺點(diǎn),比如有硬膜外血腫的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),不能經(jīng)食管使用超聲心動(dòng)圖以及感染。另外需要高度專業(yè)化的選擇患者,同時(shí)需要經(jīng)驗(yàn)豐富的管理團(tuán)隊(duì)[37-38]。有必要進(jìn)一步研究TEA用于心臟手術(shù)的作用和功能。

      不論采用一種或者多種麻醉方法,溫度管理在OPCAB手術(shù)中都特別具有挑戰(zhàn)性,因?yàn)樵隗w外循環(huán)的情況下失去了利用熱交換器為患者保暖的可能性。此外,手術(shù)需要打開胸部,四肢的血管暴露,從體表散失的熱量是很高的[39]。一旦患者出現(xiàn)低溫,則直到手術(shù)結(jié)束才可能增加核心溫度,而且并發(fā)癥的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加[40-41]。為了保持溫度動(dòng)態(tài)平衡,可以通過(guò)使用Hotline系統(tǒng)聯(lián)合傳統(tǒng)的溫度控制方法,比如增加手術(shù)室的環(huán)境溫度、使用加熱的床墊等,另外,靜脈輸入加熱的液體,這些措施都可以達(dá)到一定的保溫效果[39]。

      4問(wèn)題與展望

      在OPCAB手術(shù)期間,要力爭(zhēng)麻醉技術(shù)對(duì)心臟起到最大的保護(hù)作用,而且要保持血流動(dòng)力學(xué)和心律的穩(wěn)定,以及良好的術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛,并促進(jìn)患者早期下床活動(dòng)??焱ǖ缆樽淼哪康木褪鞘够颊叩陌喂軙r(shí)間提前,縮短ICU和住院的時(shí)間,改善患者的預(yù)后,降低患者的治療費(fèi)用??焱ǖ缆樽淼膬?yōu)點(diǎn)已經(jīng)在OPCAB手術(shù)中得到證明,并被認(rèn)為是可行和安全有效的。但是在我國(guó),快通道麻醉的體系尚不完善,標(biāo)準(zhǔn)也沒有建立。

      隨著快通道麻醉相關(guān)技術(shù)和理念的不斷完善,它不僅為患者提供一個(gè)無(wú)痛和安全的恢復(fù)過(guò)程,而且降低并發(fā)癥和病死率,使得住院費(fèi)用減少、醫(yī)療質(zhì)量提高,值得臨床推廣。

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      The Progress of the Applications of Fast-Track Anesthesia in Off-Pump Coronary Artery Bypass GraftingTAOMing-zia,JIANWen-tingb.(a.DepartmentofMedicalInsuranceOffice,b.DepartmentofAnesthesiology,theFirstCollegeofClinicalMedicalScience,ChinaThreeGorgesUniversity,Yichang443003,China)

      Abstract:The fast-track anesthesia is a new concept emerged over the past decade in the field of anesthesiology.Its idealized anesthesia technology and standardized treatment processes ensure that the patient′s vital organs can recover from major surgery as early as possible,which is an important part of the "fast-track" heart surgery.Here is to make a review of different fast-track anesthesia techniques in off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting.

      Key words:Coronary artery bypass grafting; Fast-track anesthesia; Off-pump

      收稿日期:2014-11-10修回日期:2015-05-09編輯:薛惠文

      doi:10.3969/j.issn.1006-2084.2015.18.044

      中圖分類號(hào):R 614

      文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A

      文章編號(hào):1006-2084(2015)18-3383-03

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