《模仿游戲》
——銀幕上與銀幕下的圖靈

∷宋云峰

《模仿游戲》海報(bào)

1. 圖靈其人其事

During the Second World War, Turing worked for the Government Code and Cypher School (GC&CS) at Bletchley Park*Bletchley Park: 布萊切利園，是二戰(zhàn)期間英國情報(bào)機(jī)構(gòu)進(jìn)行密碼破解的秘密基地。, Britain’s codebreaking centre. Turing’s pivotal（重要的）role in cracking intercepted coded messages（破譯截獲的密碼情報(bào)）enabled the Allies to defeat the Nazis in many crucial engagements, including the Battle of the Atlantic; it has been estimated that the work at Bletchley Park shortened the war in Europe by as many as two to four years.

圖靈是計(jì)算機(jī)邏輯的奠基者，他提出了“圖靈機(jī)”（Turing Machine）和“圖靈測試”（Turing Test）等重要概念，被譽(yù)為“計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)之父”和“人工智能之父”。美國計(jì)算機(jī)協(xié)會(huì)（ACM）1966年設(shè)立的以其命名的“圖靈獎(jiǎng)”是計(jì)算機(jī)界最負(fù)盛名和最崇高的一個(gè)獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)，有“計(jì)算機(jī)界的諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)”之稱。

From 1945 to 1947, Turing lived in Hampton,London while he worked on the design of the ACE(Automatic Computing Engine) at the National Physical Laboratory (NPL). Since 1966, the Turing Award has been given annually by the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) for technical or theoretical contributions to the computing community. It is widely considered to be the computing world’s highest honour,equivalent to the Nobel Prize.

圖靈還是一名世界級(jí)的長跑運(yùn)動(dòng)員。他的馬拉松最好成績是2小時(shí)46分3秒，比1948年奧林匹克運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)銀牌得主湯姆·理查茲（Tom Richards）僅慢了11分鐘。

While working at Bletchley, Turing, who was a talented long-distance runner, occasionally ran the 40 miles (64 km) to London when he was needed for high-level meetings, and he was capable of world-class marathon standards. Turing tried out for the 1948 British Olympic team, hampered（受阻礙）by an injury. His tryout time for the marathon was only 11 minutes slower than British silver medalist Thomas Richards’ Olympic race time of two hours 35 minutes.

圖靈因其同性戀行為于1952年被起訴（這種行為在當(dāng)時(shí)的英國仍屬刑事犯罪）。為了繼續(xù)科研工作，他接受了雌激素注射治療（化學(xué)閹割）代替牢獄之刑。圖靈于1954年6月7日去世（食用氰化物泡過的蘋果中毒），官方勘驗(yàn)確定他的死亡是自殺。

Turing was prosecuted（被起訴）in 1952 for homosexual acts, when such behaviour was still criminalised in the UK. He accepted treatment with oestrogen（雌激素）injections［chemical castration（化學(xué)閹割）］as an alternative to prison. Turing died in 1954, 16 days before his 42nd birthday, from cyanide poisoning（氰化物中毒）.

As a conclusion,only if the black women break through the cage of race and gender,accept and reconstruct their identities,can they gain the real emancipation and respect.

2009年9月10日，圖靈死后55年，在超過三萬名網(wǎng)民聯(lián)名的強(qiáng)烈呼吁和壓力下，時(shí)任英國首相布朗代表英國政府正式對(duì)圖靈的遭遇表示道歉。英國女王伊麗莎白二世在2013年也對(duì)圖靈追授特赦。

In 2009, following an Internet campaign, British Prime Minister Gordon Brown made an official public apology on behalf of the British government for “the appalling way he was treated”. Queen Elizabeth II granted him a posthumous（死后的）pardon in 2013.

英國首相布朗的道歉聲明：

“Thousands of people have come together to demand justice for Alan Turing and recognition of the appalling way he was treated. While Turing was dealt with under the law of the time and we can’t put the clock back, his treatment was of course utterly unfair and I am pleased to have the chance to say how deeply sorry I and we all are for what happened to him... So on behalf of the British government, and all those who live freely thanks to Alan’s work I am very proud to say: we’re sorry, you deserved so much better.”

2.《模仿游戲》塑造的圖靈

2014年根據(jù)安德魯·霍奇斯所著傳記《艾倫·圖靈傳》改編的電影《模仿游戲》上映后受到歡迎，獲得2015年第87屆奧斯卡最佳改編劇本獎(jiǎng)，主演為本尼迪克特·康伯巴奇（卷福）。

The Imitation Gameis a 2014 historical thriller film directed by Morten Tyldum, with a screenplay by Graham Moore loosely based on the biographyAlan Turing: The Enigmaby Andrew Hodges. It stars Benedict Cumberbatch as real life British cryptanalyst（密碼專家）Alan Turing, who in the film is hired to decrypt（解碼，破譯）German intelligence codes for the British government during World War II.

維恩斯坦公司以創(chuàng)紀(jì)錄的700萬美元購買了小說的電影改編權(quán)，并投資1,400萬美元，將其改編成電影《模仿游戲》。影片上映后獲得巨大成功。截至2015年4月《模仿游戲》在全球的票房超過2.19億美元。影片獲得第87屆奧斯卡獎(jiǎng)八項(xiàng)提名，并獲得最佳改編劇本獎(jiǎng)。

The Weinstein Company acquired the film for $7 million in February 2014, the highest amount ever paid for U.S. distribution rights at the European Film Market.The Imitation Gamewas a commercial and critical success. By April 2015, it had grossed（總共賺得）over$219 million worldwide against a $14 million production budget, making it the highest-grossing independent film of 2014. It was nominated in eight categories at the 87th Academy Awards, including Best Picture, Best Director(Tyldum), Best Actor (Cumberbatch), and Best Supporting Actress (Keira Knightley). It won an Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay.

影片的名稱來源于圖靈在1950年論文中所提出的同名試驗(yàn)。在論文中，圖靈提出了機(jī)器（計(jì)算機(jī)）是否能像人一樣思考的問題（人工智能）。

The film’s title refers to Turing’s proposed test of the same name, which he discussed in his 1950 paper on artificial intelligence entitled “Computing Machinery and Intelligence”. The paper opens: “I propose to consider the question, ‘Can machines think?’ This should begin with definitions of the meaning of the terms ‘machine’ and‘think’.”

3.《模仿游戲》故事情節(jié)

The story is nonlinear（非線性的）, beginning in 1951 as two policemen, Nock and Staehl, investigate the mathematician Alan Turing after an apparent break-in（入室搶劫）at his home. Turing’s suspicious behaviour and lack of war records triggers Nock’s suspicion that he might be a Soviet spy. During his interrogation（審問）by Nock, Turing tells of his time working at Bletchley Park.

Attention then switches to 1927, when the young Turing is unhappy and bullied at boarding school.He develops a friendship with Christopher Morcom,who sparks his interest in cryptography（密碼術(shù)，密碼使用法）, and develops romantic feelings for him.Before Turing can confess his love, Christopher dies unexpectedly from bovine tuberculosis（牛結(jié)核）.

When Britain declares war on Germany in 1939,Turing travels to Bletchley Park, where, under the direction of Commander Alastair Denniston, he joins the cryptography team of Hugh Alexander, John Cairncross,Peter Hilton, Keith Furman, and Charles Richards. The team are trying to break the ciphers（密碼）created by the Enigma machine, which the Nazis use to provide security for their wireless messages.

Turing is difficult to work with and considers his colleagues inferior; he works alone to design a machine to decipher（解碼，破譯）Enigma. After Denniston refuses to fund construction of the machine, Turing writes to Prime Minister Winston Churchill, who puts him in charge of the team and funds the machine. Turing fires Furman and Richards and places a difficult crossword in newspapers to find replacements（替代者）. Joan Clarke, a Cambridge graduate, surpasses Turing’s test, but her parents will not allow her to work with the male cryptographers. Turing arranges for her to live and work with the female clerks who intercept（攔截，截獲）the messages and shares his plans with her.

Turing’s machine, which he names Christopher, is constructed but cannot determine the Enigma settings（設(shè)置）before the Germans reset（重新設(shè)置）the Enigma encryption（加密，密碼）each day. Denniston orders it destroyed and Turing fired, but the other cryptographers threaten to leave if Turing goes. After Clarke plans to leave on the wishes of her parents, Turing proposes marriage, which she accepts. During their reception, Turing confirms his homosexuality to Cairncross, who warns him to keep it secret. After overhearing a conversation with a clerk about messages she receives, Turing has an epiphany（頓悟）, realising he can program the machine to decode（解碼）words he already knows exist in certain messages. After he recalibrates（重新校準(zhǔn)）the machine,it quickly decodes a message and the cryptographers celebrate; however, Turing realises they cannot act on every decoded message or the Germans will realise Enigma has been broken.

英國演員奈特莉飾演圖靈的未婚妻瓊·克拉克

Turing discovers that Cairncross is a Soviet spy. When Turing confronts him, Cairncross argues that the Soviets are allies working for the same goals and threatens to disclose Turing’s homosexuality if his role as an agent is revealed.When the MI6（軍情六局）agent Stewart Menzies appears to threaten Clarke, Turing reveals that Cairncross is a spy.Menzies reveals that he knew this already and planted Cairncross among them in order to leak messages to the Soviets for British benefit. Fearing for her safety, Turing tells Clarke to leave Bletchley Park, revealing that he is homosexual and lying about never having cared for her.After the war, Menzies tells the cryptographers to destroy their work and that they can never see one another again or share what they have done.

In the 1950s Turing is convicted of indecency（有傷風(fēng)化的行為）and, in lieu of（代替）a jail sentence, undergoes chemical castration so he can continue his work. Clarke visits him in his home and witnesses his physical and mental deterioration（惡化）. She reminds him that his work saved lives and uses the phrase Christopher used of Turing and Turing once used of her: “Sometimes it is the people no one imagines anything of, who do the things that no one can imagine.”（有時(shí)候是意想不到的人做出了意想不到的事。）

4.《模仿游戲》引發(fā)的思考與爭議

《模仿游戲》上映后獲得了評(píng)論和票房雙豐收，也引發(fā)了一些爭議和后續(xù)影響。前者集中于電影對(duì)圖靈其人其事塑造中一些細(xì)節(jié)的真實(shí)性上，而后者則是對(duì)同性戀組織進(jìn)一步爭取權(quán)益的正面促進(jìn)。

關(guān)于影片與史實(shí)出入的主要批評(píng)包括影片刻意弱化圖靈的同性戀行為，美化圖靈的未婚妻瓊·克拉克，夸大圖靈的社交困難和自閉傾向，杜撰圖靈被捕是因?yàn)楸粦岩蔀樘K聯(lián)間諜，以及渲染圖靈的死亡是因?yàn)殡y以忍受治療的痛苦。這又涉及到人物傳記電影的藝術(shù)真實(shí)與歷史真實(shí)的區(qū)別，即歷史學(xué)與藝術(shù)（電影）之間的區(qū)別。導(dǎo)演與編劇均從藝術(shù)的角度對(duì)此進(jìn)行了說明和辯解。

In a January 2015 interview withThe Huffington Post, its screenwriter Moore said in response to complaints about the film’s historical accuracy:“When you use the language of‘fact checking’ to talk about a film,I think you’re sort of fundamentally misunderstanding how art works.You don’t fact check Monet’sWater Lilies（莫內(nèi)的《睡蓮》）. That’s not what water lilies look like, that’s what the sensation of experiencing water lilies feel like. That’s the goal of the piece.”

In the same interview, Tyldum stated: “A lot of historical films sometimes feel like people reading a Wikipedia page to you onscreen, like just reciting‘a(chǎn)nd then he did that, and then he did that, and then he did this other thing’—it’s like a ‘Greatest Hits’compilation（匯編）. We wanted the movie to be emotional and passionate. Our goal was to give you‘What does Alan Turing feel like?’ What does his story feel like? What’d it feel like to be Alan Turing?”

在社會(huì)影響方面，《模仿游戲》得到同性戀民權(quán)組織的肯定和贊賞。2015年1月，主演康伯巴奇、制片維恩斯坦以及圖靈的親屬等人發(fā)起了為因同一罪名獲罪判刑的49,000名同性戀者赦免正名的運(yùn)動(dòng)。美國電影明星馬特·達(dá)蒙、邁克爾·道格拉斯、杰西卡·阿爾巴等演藝界人士也在該運(yùn)動(dòng)網(wǎng)站上簽名支持。

The LGBT（Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transsexual）civil rights advocacy（辯護(hù)，支持）and political lobbying（游說）organisation the Human Rights Campaign honouredThe Imitation Gamefor bringing Turing’s legacy to a wider audience. In January 2015,Cumberbatch, comedian-actor Stephen Fry, producer Harvey Weinstein and Turing’s great niece Rachel Barnes launched a campaign to pardon the 49,000 gay men convicted under the same law that led to Turing’s chemical castration. In February 2015, Matt Damon, Michael Douglas, Jessica Alba, Bryan Cranston, and Anna Wintour among others joined the petition at Pardon49k.org demanding pardons for victims of anti-gay laws.