羅鴻宇 華琦
100053 北京,首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)宣武醫(yī)院老年病(綜合)科(羅鴻宇),心臟中心(華琦)
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·綜述·
失眠對心血管疾病的影響
羅鴻宇華琦
100053 北京,首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)宣武醫(yī)院老年病(綜合)科(羅鴻宇),心臟中心(華琦)
【摘要】失眠是臨床工作中最常見的睡眠障礙之一,因其可影響代謝、內(nèi)分泌、免疫等,甚至引發(fā)或加重多種內(nèi)科疾病,近年來受到廣泛關(guān)注。目前許多研究顯示,失眠與高血壓、冠心病、心力衰竭、心律失常等多種心血管疾病密切相關(guān)。因此,本文就失眠對上述心血管疾病的影響及其可能機制進行綜述,以期提高臨床醫(yī)師對心血管疾病患者睡眠質(zhì)量的關(guān)注。
【關(guān)鍵詞】入睡和睡眠障礙;心血管疾病
睡眠是人和高等動物普遍存在的生理節(jié)律現(xiàn)象,以維護機體健康及中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)正常功能。人類的正常睡眠對于生物修復(fù)十分重要。盡管睡眠被機體內(nèi)多系統(tǒng)共同調(diào)節(jié),但睡眠障礙仍普遍存在。睡眠障礙是睡眠-覺醒過程中表現(xiàn)出的各種功能障礙的總稱,包括睡眠的數(shù)量、質(zhì)量、時間或節(jié)律紊亂。由于目前睡眠障礙影響著全世界45%以上的人口,因此該問題已成為重要的全球性公共衛(wèi)生問題[1]。失眠是最常見的睡眠障礙,因其可能影響代謝、內(nèi)分泌、免疫等,甚至引發(fā)或加重多種內(nèi)科疾病,近年來受到廣泛關(guān)注。目前許多研究顯示,失眠與高血壓、冠心病、心力衰竭、心律失常等心血管疾病密切相關(guān)[2-5],并指出失眠可作為心血管疾病的危險因素之一[6]。因此,本文就失眠對心血管疾病的影響進行綜述,以期提高臨床醫(yī)師對心血管疾病患者睡眠質(zhì)量的關(guān)注。
1失眠的定義及流行病學(xué)
失眠指由于各種原因引起的主觀上的睡眠不足,包括入睡困難、睡眠維持困難、過早覺醒以及不能恢復(fù)體力的睡眠[7]。由于失眠的診斷受患者主觀因素影響,不同研究對于失眠流行病學(xué)的統(tǒng)計差異較大。
2失眠對心血管疾病的影響
2.1失眠與高血壓
國內(nèi)外很多研究顯示,失眠為高血壓發(fā)生的危險因素之一[8-9]。Meng等[8]采用薈萃分析方法對11項研究進行匯總,指出短睡眠時間以及失眠相關(guān)癥狀與高血壓患病風(fēng)險的增加相關(guān)。美國一項研究對4 810例32~59歲的研究對象進行了為期8~10年的隨訪,結(jié)果顯示每晚睡眠≤5 h者,在調(diào)整肥胖、糖尿病等因素后,發(fā)生高血壓的危險仍可增加2.1倍(HR:2.10,95%CI:1.58~2.79)[9]。針對亞裔人群的研究也獲得了相似結(jié)果[10-11]。此外,失眠亦可影響血壓。Sherwood等[12]在校正人種差別后發(fā)現(xiàn),睡眠質(zhì)量差可導(dǎo)致睡眠期收縮壓下落不足。Huang等[13]則提出,睡眠質(zhì)量可作為非杓型高血壓的獨立預(yù)測因子。
上述研究均提示,失眠可顯著影響健康人群及高血壓人群的血壓狀況,但其作用機制目前仍不明確。有研究認為睡眠不足可能導(dǎo)致胰島素敏感性降低,瘦素分泌減少,胃饑餓素分泌增加[14],引發(fā)2型糖尿病或肥胖,從而增加高血壓發(fā)病風(fēng)險。另一些研究指出,血壓和交感神經(jīng)活性在睡眠剝奪后可顯著升高[15-16],這可能與長期睡眠障礙引起反復(fù)緊張、焦慮、抑郁等情緒,興奮大腦皮層,使皮層下中樞活動的調(diào)節(jié)發(fā)生異常,交感神經(jīng)活性增強,周圍動脈血管收縮,外周阻力增加有關(guān)。Ogawa等[17]利用微神經(jīng)成像技術(shù)對成年男性進行睡眠剝奪的相關(guān)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在完全睡眠剝奪后,動脈壓力感受器的敏感性降低,自主神經(jīng)對動脈壓力感受器進行調(diào)節(jié),導(dǎo)致血壓升高。另有學(xué)者認為,失眠可引起腎素-血管緊張素-醛固酮系統(tǒng)異常激活,導(dǎo)致體液調(diào)節(jié)失衡,進而影響血壓[18-19]。血管緊張素Ⅱ是強有力的縮血管物質(zhì),可使全身微動脈收縮,血壓升高;同時,促進醛固酮分泌,引起水鈉潴留,加重血壓升高。正常情況下,醛固酮的分泌節(jié)律為清醒時多,睡眠時少[20],而長期的失眠使機體處于清醒狀態(tài)的時間延長,醛固酮分泌節(jié)律紊亂,分泌增加,進一步使血壓升高。
2.2失眠與冠心病
目前認為,失眠可增加人群罹患冠心病的風(fēng)險[21-22],甚至促發(fā)心肌梗死(myocardial infarction,MI)[23]、急性心力衰竭、心原性休克[24]等心血管事件,間接或直接影響心臟功能。Hoevenaar-Blom等[21]通過對20 432名健康受試者進行10~15年的隨訪研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在校正混雜因素后,睡眠時間≤6 h者較睡眠時間正常者冠心病發(fā)病率提高19%(HR:1.19,95%CI:1.00~1.40);而合并睡眠質(zhì)量差的短睡者比睡眠質(zhì)量好的健康人冠心病發(fā)病率提高79%。Cappuccio等[22]的研究也獲得了近似的結(jié)果。Cole等[23]對1 270例女性初發(fā)MI患者進行回顧性分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)睡眠障礙的主訴可能與MI的發(fā)生有一定相關(guān)性。Laugsand等[25]對52 610例研究對象進行了長達11.4年的隨訪,發(fā)現(xiàn)失眠發(fā)生的頻率越高,癥狀越明顯,MI發(fā)病風(fēng)險越高。
失眠可通過改變交感神經(jīng)活性,誘發(fā)內(nèi)分泌或代謝紊亂,促進炎癥反應(yīng)等多方面影響心血管系統(tǒng),促進冠心病的發(fā)生發(fā)展。長期失眠引起交感活性增強[15-16],兒茶酚胺釋放,使心率增快,心肌耗氧量增加,冠狀動脈收縮,氧自由基釋放,導(dǎo)致心臟損傷[26]。而具有心臟保護作用的褪黑素在失眠患者中分泌水平降低[27],同樣促進冠心病的發(fā)生。有研究顯示,失眠可導(dǎo)致血管內(nèi)皮功能受損,進而使血管內(nèi)皮細胞釋放的一氧化氮活性下降,引起血管收縮、血小板聚集及血栓形成,在冠心病的發(fā)生發(fā)展中也起到了重要作用[28]。此外,近年來失眠所致炎癥反應(yīng)對心血管事件的影響也已受到廣泛重視。Frey等[29]的睡眠剝奪研究發(fā)現(xiàn),健康青年人在睡眠剝奪48 h后,機體E-選擇蛋白、細胞間黏附分子-1、白細胞介素-1β等炎癥因子水平顯著升高;而Irwin等[30]則發(fā)現(xiàn),睡眠缺失可引起單核細胞促炎細胞因子反應(yīng),驅(qū)動細胞免疫激活和炎性細胞因子釋放;這些炎性因子共同作用,增加心血管事件危險性。
2.3失眠與心力衰竭
心力衰竭是多種心血管疾病的終末狀態(tài)。在心力衰竭患者中,有23%~73%伴發(fā)失眠癥狀[31]。由于心力衰竭和失眠可互相影響,目前對于二者相關(guān)性的研究較少。但現(xiàn)有研究顯示,失眠可增加人群未來發(fā)生心力衰竭的風(fēng)險,同時可嚴重影響慢性心力衰竭患者的生活質(zhì)量。Ingelsson等[32]對2 314名中年男性進行了長達30年的隨訪,發(fā)現(xiàn)睡眠障礙可作為心力衰竭發(fā)生的獨立危險因素,但僅限于超重(體質(zhì)指數(shù)>25 kg/m2)的中年男性。Laugsand等[33]對54 279名基線無心力衰竭的研究對象進行了平均時長11.3年的隨訪研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)在校正其他心血管危險因素及急性MI后,失眠仍可增加人群心力衰竭的患病風(fēng)險,且與無失眠的健康人群比較,合并失眠癥狀越多,患病風(fēng)險越高,當(dāng)合并3種失眠癥狀時,心力衰竭的患病風(fēng)險可增至正常睡眠者的4.53倍(95%CI:1.99~10.31)。目前的研究對上述情況發(fā)生的原因尚無明確解釋,但許多學(xué)者認為,這一過程類似失眠對冠心病的促進過程。
2.4失眠與心律失常
健康人群在睡眠過程中可出現(xiàn)竇性心動過緩等生理性心律失常,但睡眠時間不足以及睡眠質(zhì)量下降則可能誘發(fā)心律失常。Sgoifo等[34]發(fā)現(xiàn),在48 h睡眠剝奪后大鼠心率變異性降低,迷走神經(jīng)活性明顯受到抑制,自主神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)活動失衡;當(dāng)繼續(xù)給予大鼠急性束縛應(yīng)激時,大鼠迷走神經(jīng)抑制進一步加深,并出現(xiàn)室性期前收縮。Ewing等[35]則證實,健康人群在發(fā)生睡眠剝奪后,其心率變異性的晝夜變化節(jié)律同樣消失。另有研究指出,當(dāng)健康人群發(fā)生急性睡眠不足時,其體表心電圖P波時限以及P波離散度均較正常睡眠時增加[36],心房電機械延遲也明顯增加[37],而這些指標(biāo)變化均被認為與心房顫動的發(fā)生密切相關(guān)[38]。但目前的研究尚未能完全解釋失眠如何影響心電活動,很多學(xué)者認為,神經(jīng)-體液調(diào)節(jié)在這一過程中發(fā)揮了重要作用。
3小結(jié)與展望
根據(jù)目前國內(nèi)外現(xiàn)有的研究成果,失眠可通過增加交感神經(jīng)活性,調(diào)節(jié)內(nèi)分泌或代謝情況,促進炎癥反應(yīng)等方式,促進高血壓、冠心病、心力衰竭及心律失常等心血管疾病的發(fā)生與發(fā)展,并增加相關(guān)疾病心血管事件發(fā)生率。因此,對于失眠患者,應(yīng)早期予以臨床干預(yù),以減少其對機體的損害及各種心血管事件的發(fā)生。
利益沖突:無
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(本文編輯:譚瀟)
Influence of insomnia on cardiovascular diseases
LuoHongyu,HuaQi
DepartmentofGeriatricMedicine,XuanwuHospital,CapitalMedicalUniversity,Beijing100053,China(LuoHY);DepartmentofCardiology,XuanwuHospital,CapitalMedicalUniversity,Beijing100053,China(HuaQ)
【Abstract】Insomnia is one of the most common sleep disorders in clinical practice. Because insomnia can affect the metabolic,endocrine and immune system,and even cause a variety of internal diseases,it attracted more and more attention in recent years. At present,many studies have suggested that insomnia was closely related to many cardiovascular diseases. Therefore,the influences and mechanisms of insomnia on cardiovascular disease were reviewed in this article,in order to raise the clinician attention of sleep quality in patients with cardiovascular disease.
【Key words】Sleep initiation and maintenance disorders;Cardiovascular diseases
(收稿日期:2015-06-11)
Corresponding author:Hua Qi,Email:huaqi5371@medmail.com.cn
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1007-5410.2016.02.020
通訊作者:華琦,電子信箱:huaqi5371@medmail.com.cn