陳鷹，楊燦軍，顧臨怡，等

高被引論文摘要

被引頻次：73

基于載人潛水器的深海資源勘探作業(yè)技術(shù)研究

陳鷹，楊燦軍，顧臨怡，等

研究大深度的載人潛水器，對(duì)于我國(guó)深海資源勘探和科學(xué)考察意義重大。作業(yè)技術(shù)在深海資源勘探工作中具有不可替代的作用。該載人潛水器的研究，將資源勘探的作業(yè)技術(shù)與深潛器一體化作為一項(xiàng)重要的技術(shù)特色提出，充分顯示了國(guó)家對(duì)深海資源勘探事業(yè)的重視。針對(duì)我國(guó)自行研制的大深度載人潛水器，在借鑒國(guó)外研究工作的基礎(chǔ)上，開展作業(yè)系統(tǒng)技術(shù)中的水下作業(yè)機(jī)械手、物理化學(xué)量異常檢測(cè)設(shè)備、采樣技術(shù)以及其他相關(guān)技術(shù)，如深海無線耦合傳輸系統(tǒng)及觸發(fā)技術(shù)的研究與討論。

深海技術(shù)；作業(yè)工具；載人潛水器；水下作業(yè)機(jī)械手；采樣技術(shù)

來源出版物：機(jī)械工程學(xué)報(bào), 2003, 39(11): 38-42

被引頻次：60

國(guó)際海底資源開發(fā)技術(shù)及其發(fā)展趨勢(shì)

陽寧，夏建新

摘要：綜合評(píng)述了深海礦產(chǎn)資源開發(fā)涉及的探測(cè)和開采技術(shù)發(fā)展的背景與現(xiàn)狀，同時(shí)指出該領(lǐng)域?qū)⒊夹g(shù)與設(shè)備更新、多用途技術(shù)集成及相關(guān)技術(shù)同步開發(fā)的方向發(fā)展。

關(guān)鍵詞：海底資源；技術(shù)開發(fā)；深海采礦；發(fā)展趨勢(shì)

來源出版物：礦冶工程, 2000, 20(1): 1-4

被引頻次：53

深海高技術(shù)發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀及趨勢(shì)

高艷波，李慧青，柴玉萍，等

摘要：深海高技術(shù)是海洋開發(fā)和海洋技術(shù)發(fā)展的最前沿和制高點(diǎn)，是國(guó)家綜合實(shí)力的集中表現(xiàn)，也是目前世界高科技發(fā)展的方向之一。深海高技術(shù)是綜合性的技術(shù)，主要包括：深海環(huán)境監(jiān)測(cè)技術(shù)，深水油氣、礦產(chǎn)、生物及其基因資源勘查和開發(fā)技術(shù)，深海運(yùn)載平臺(tái)和作業(yè)技術(shù)。文章綜合了國(guó)外深海高技術(shù)發(fā)展的最新動(dòng)態(tài)，研究了國(guó)外深海高技術(shù)的研究現(xiàn)狀，分析了深海高技術(shù)的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)，對(duì)了解認(rèn)識(shí)我國(guó)與世界先進(jìn)水平之間的差距，深入開展我國(guó)深海高技術(shù)的發(fā)展具有重要的意義。

關(guān)鍵詞：深海；高技術(shù)；現(xiàn)狀；趨勢(shì)

來源出版物：海洋技術(shù), 2010, 29(3): 119-124

被引頻次：42

深水海底管道鋪管設(shè)備技術(shù)現(xiàn)狀與國(guó)產(chǎn)化設(shè)想

張宏，李志剛，趙宏林，等

摘要：深水海底管道鋪設(shè)技術(shù)是我國(guó)進(jìn)行深海油氣資源開發(fā)的關(guān)鍵技術(shù)。綜述了國(guó)外深海海底管道鋪設(shè)技術(shù)，著重介紹了深水鋪管船及鋪管主要設(shè)備的技術(shù)現(xiàn)狀，并在分析各主要設(shè)備技術(shù)特點(diǎn)和國(guó)內(nèi)技術(shù)條件的基礎(chǔ)上，提出了通過引進(jìn)、消化、技術(shù)集成、技術(shù)創(chuàng)新的方式進(jìn)行深水鋪管關(guān)鍵設(shè)備國(guó)產(chǎn)化的設(shè)想。

關(guān)鍵詞：海底管道；鋪管船；張緊器；A&R絞車；管道輸送系統(tǒng)

來源出版物：石油機(jī)械, 2008, 36(9): 201-204

被引頻次：40

21世紀(jì)深海資源開發(fā)利用的展望

方銀霞，包更生，金翔龍

摘要：針對(duì)當(dāng)前人類面臨的陸地資源和能源日趨嚴(yán)峻的危機(jī)，討論了深海資源和能源開發(fā)利用的前景，認(rèn)為深海資源和能源是21世紀(jì)的資源儲(chǔ)備，要保持世界經(jīng)濟(jì)的可持續(xù)性發(fā)展，就必須運(yùn)用海洋高新科學(xué)技術(shù)開發(fā)利用深海資源。并強(qiáng)調(diào)了在開發(fā)利用深海資源的同時(shí)要注重環(huán)境效應(yīng)，只有科學(xué)、合理、有序地開發(fā)利用海洋資源，才能使人類實(shí)現(xiàn)可持續(xù)性發(fā)展。

關(guān)鍵詞：深海；資源開發(fā)；高新技術(shù)；環(huán)境效應(yīng)

來源出版物：海洋通報(bào), 2000, 19(5): 73-78

被引頻次：37

海底淺表層信息聲探測(cè)技術(shù)研究現(xiàn)狀及發(fā)展

吳自銀，鄭玉龍，初鳳友，等

摘要：回顧了我國(guó)海洋儀器研發(fā)的歷史，綜述并對(duì)比了多波束測(cè)深、側(cè)掃聲吶和淺層剖面儀等海底淺表層信息聲吶探測(cè)技術(shù)的國(guó)內(nèi)外研究現(xiàn)狀：經(jīng)過數(shù)十年的海洋技術(shù)研發(fā)，國(guó)內(nèi)在設(shè)備研發(fā)、數(shù)據(jù)資料處理方法研究和探測(cè)數(shù)據(jù)資料應(yīng)用研究等方面已取得了較豐碩的研究成果，但同時(shí)也發(fā)現(xiàn)在當(dāng)前國(guó)內(nèi)海洋技術(shù)研發(fā)中仍存在一些潛在的問題，與國(guó)外相關(guān)海洋技術(shù)尚存在一定差距。以維護(hù)海洋權(quán)益為目標(biāo)的系列重大海洋基礎(chǔ)勘測(cè)項(xiàng)目的啟動(dòng)和深海資源勘查及研究的縱深發(fā)展是近年海洋技術(shù)得以快速發(fā)展的源動(dòng)力。聲學(xué)底質(zhì)分類、聲學(xué)海底原位測(cè)試、動(dòng)力地貌和構(gòu)造地貌等是目前海底淺表層聲探測(cè)信息資料應(yīng)用于海底科學(xué)研究的熱點(diǎn)。對(duì)海洋技術(shù)的可持續(xù)發(fā)展提出了幾點(diǎn)建議：1）提高理論研究水平；2）加快儀器設(shè)備研制的國(guó)產(chǎn)化進(jìn)程；3）加強(qiáng)自主知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)數(shù)據(jù)處理軟件的研發(fā)；4）進(jìn)行探測(cè)數(shù)據(jù)資料的深層次利用研究。

關(guān)鍵詞：海底科學(xué)；多波束測(cè)深；淺層剖面儀；側(cè)掃聲吶

來源出版物：地球科學(xué)進(jìn)展, 2005, 20(11): 1210-1217

被引頻次：34

深海資源開采技術(shù)的研究現(xiàn)狀

呂東，何將三，劉少軍

摘要：介紹了海洋礦產(chǎn)資源開發(fā)技術(shù)發(fā)展的基本情況，對(duì)目前國(guó)內(nèi)外資源開采裝備技術(shù)的研究現(xiàn)狀作了簡(jiǎn)要分析，并結(jié)合我國(guó)具體國(guó)情，介紹了我國(guó)研究人員利用虛擬樣機(jī)技術(shù)對(duì)深海開采裝備進(jìn)行研究的情況，并對(duì)其研究方法和關(guān)鍵技術(shù)作了簡(jiǎn)要闡述。

關(guān)鍵詞：海洋資源開發(fā)；深海采礦；虛擬樣機(jī)

來源出版物：礦山機(jī)械, 2004, (9): 6-9

被引頻次：30

美國(guó)MARS海底觀測(cè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)中國(guó)節(jié)點(diǎn)試驗(yàn)

彭曉彤，周懷陽，吳邦春，等

摘要：MARS海底觀測(cè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)是國(guó)際深海海底觀測(cè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)組網(wǎng)設(shè)備的主要試驗(yàn)場(chǎng)所。2011年4月21日，由接駁盒子系統(tǒng)、海底化學(xué)環(huán)境監(jiān)測(cè)子系統(tǒng)和海底動(dòng)力環(huán)境監(jiān)測(cè)子系統(tǒng)等海底觀測(cè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)組網(wǎng)設(shè)備組成的中國(guó)節(jié)點(diǎn)與美國(guó)MARS海底觀測(cè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)主節(jié)點(diǎn)成功接并，檢測(cè)和考驗(yàn)了我國(guó)深海海底觀測(cè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)組網(wǎng)關(guān)鍵設(shè)備的主要性能，中國(guó)成為第三個(gè)在MARS網(wǎng)上進(jìn)行大規(guī)模組網(wǎng)設(shè)備測(cè)試的國(guó)家。到目前為止，中國(guó)節(jié)點(diǎn)在MARS網(wǎng)上的運(yùn)行穩(wěn)定，正源源不斷從美國(guó)蒙特利灣海底傳回各種觀測(cè)數(shù)據(jù)，表明我國(guó)深海海底觀測(cè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)組網(wǎng)關(guān)鍵技術(shù)已取得了重要突破，基本達(dá)到了實(shí)際應(yīng)用水平。實(shí)時(shí)、高分辨率和海量的數(shù)據(jù)特征為開展海洋科學(xué)研究提供了寶貴的資料，顯示了利用海底觀測(cè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)開展海洋科學(xué)研究的巨大優(yōu)勢(shì)。

關(guān)鍵詞：海底觀測(cè)網(wǎng)；MARS；中國(guó)節(jié)點(diǎn)；關(guān)鍵技術(shù)；蒙特利灣

來源出版物：地球科學(xué)進(jìn)展, 2011, 26(9): 991-996

被引頻次：29

中國(guó)深海采礦技術(shù)的發(fā)展

陳新明

摘要：我國(guó)深海采礦技術(shù)的研究歷經(jīng)15年的發(fā)展，基本完成了深海多金屬結(jié)核開采專有技術(shù)體系的構(gòu)建及主要裝備的研制。在解析發(fā)展背景、總結(jié)技術(shù)進(jìn)步的基礎(chǔ)上，對(duì)如何加快我國(guó)發(fā)展深海采礦技術(shù)提出了新的見解。

關(guān)鍵詞：深海采礦；礦物資源；開采技術(shù)；深海產(chǎn)業(yè)；區(qū)域

來源出版物：礦業(yè)研究與開發(fā), 2006, (S1): 40-48

被引頻次：27

深海載人潛水器發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀及技術(shù)進(jìn)展

劉濤，王璇，王帥，等

摘要：本文對(duì)國(guó)內(nèi)外深海載人潛水器裝備的發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀進(jìn)行了綜述，介紹了我國(guó)“蛟龍”號(hào)載人潛水器研制的基本情況。在此基礎(chǔ)上，對(duì)國(guó)內(nèi)外深海載人潛水器裝備的特點(diǎn)進(jìn)行了總結(jié)，并討論了深海潛水器裝備的最新技術(shù)進(jìn)展。

關(guān)鍵詞：深海；載人潛水器；無人潛水器；技術(shù)進(jìn)展

來源出版物：中國(guó)造船, 2012, 53(3): 233-243

被引頻次：127

來源出版物：Geophysics, 2007, 72(2): 3-12

被引頻次：78

Marine magnetotellurics for petroleum exploration Part I: A sea-floor equipment system

Constable, SC; Orange, AS; Hoversten, GM; et al.

Abstract:Induction in electrically conductive seawater attenuates the magnetotelluric (MT) fields and, coupled with a minimum around 1 Hz in the natural magnetic field spectrum, leads to a dramatic loss of electric and magnetic field power on the sea floor at periods shorter than 1000 s, For this reason the marine MT method traditionally has been used only at periods of 103to 105s to probe deep mantle structure; rarely does a sea-floor MT response extend to a 100-s period. To be useful for mapping continental shelf structure at depths relevant to petroleum exploration, however, MT measurements need to be made at periods between 1 and 1000 s. This can be accomplished using ac-coupled sensors, induction coils for the magnetic field, and an electric field amplifier developed for marine controlled-source applications. The electrically quiet sea floor allows the attenuated electric field to be amplified greatly before recording; in deep (l km) water, motional noise in magnetic field sensors appears not to be a problem. In shallower water, motional noise does degrade the magnetic measurement, but sea-floor magnetic records can be replaced by land recordings, producing an effective seasurface MT response. Field trials of such equipment in l-kmdeep water produced good-quality MT responses at periods of 3 to 1000 s; in shallower water, responses to a few hertz can be obtained. Using an autonomous sea-floor data logger developed at Scripps Institution of Oceanography, marine surveys of 50 to 100 sites are feasible.

來源出版物：Geophysics, 1998, 63(3): 816-825

被引頻次：68

Contourites and associated sediments controlled by deep-water circulation processes: State-of-the-art and future considerations

Rebesco, Michele; Hernandez-Molina, F. Javier; Van Rooij, David; et al.

Abstract:The contourite paradigm was conceived a few decades ago, yet there remains a need to establish a sound connection between contourite deposits, basin evolution and oceanographic processes. Significant recent advances have been enabled by various factors, including the establishment of two IGCP projects and the realisation of several IODP expeditions. Contourites were first described in the Northern and Southern Atlantic Ocean, and since then, have been discovered in every major ocean basin and even in lakes. The 120 major contourite areas presently known are associated to myriad oceanographic processes in surface, intermediate and deep-water masses. The increasing recognition of these deposits is influencing palaeoclimatology & palaeoceanography, slope-stability/geological hazard assessment, and hydrocarbon exploration. Nevertheless, there is a pressing need for a better understanding of the sedimentological and oceanographic processes governing contourites, which involve dense bottom currents, tides, eddies, deep-sea storms, internal waves and tsunamis. Furthermore, in light of the latest knowledge on oceanographic processes and other governing factors (e.g. sediment supply and sea-level), existing facies models must now be revised. Persistent oceanographic processes significantly affect the seafloor, resulting in large-scale depositional and erosional features. Various classifications have been proposed to subdivide a continuous spectrum of partly overlapping features. Although much progress has been made in the large-scale, geophysically based recognition of these deposits, there remains a lack of unambiguous and commonly accepted diagnostic criteria for deciphering the small-scaled contourite fades and fordistinguishing them from turbidite ones. Similarly, the study of sandy deposits generated or affected by bottom currents, which is still in its infancy, offers great research potential: these deposits might prove invaluable as future reservoir targets. Expectations for the forthcoming analysis of data from the IODP Expedition 339 are high, as this work promises to tackle much of the aforementioned lack of knowledge. In the near future, geologists, oceanographers and benthic biologists will have to work in concert to achieve synergy in contourite research to demonstrate the importance of bottom currents in continental margin sedimentation and evolution.

關(guān)鍵詞：contourite; oceanographic process; sedimentary drift; bedform; sedimentary structure; facies model

來源出版物：Marine Geology, 2014, 352(S1): 111-154

被引頻次：66

Highstand transport of coastal sand to the deep ocean: A case study from Fraser Island, southeast Australia

Boyd, Ron; Ruming, Kevin; Goodwin, Ian; et al.

Abstract:Deep-water sands form a new frontier for marine geology and petroleum exploration, but how does sand reach the deep sea? Existing geological models predict that deep-water sands are mainly supplied from rivers during times of low sea level, or by incision of canyons into the shelf to tap river or longshore-transport sand sources. Here, we demonstrate that at high sea level, southeast Australian deep-water sands are delivered by a wave-driven coastal transport system, interacting with estuarine ebb tidal flows, that transports sand over the shelf edge at a change in margin orientation. Discovery of this new process results from an investigation that combines multibeam acoustic, microfaunal, zircon and luminescence dating, oceanographic, Landsat, remotely operated vehicle, and sediment property methods. Our longshore transport- driven model is capable of forecasting new locations for deep-water sand deposits in a predictive paleoclimatic and paleotectonic setting.

關(guān)鍵詞：longshore transport; sea level; Fraser Island; coastal; deep water; sand transport; highstand; sediment

來源出版物：Geology, 2008, 36(1): 15-18

被引頻次：53

Detection of gas migration from a deep source by the use of exploration 3D seismic data

Heggland, R

Abstract:Periods of sustained gas seepage since Mid Miocene time is indicated in exploration 3D seismic data from the area of the Sleipner fields in the North Sea. Buried mounds, suspected to be mud volcanoes, may have been generated in association with gas migration in Mid Miocene time. Minor faults and fractures are present at the same horizon, and the mud volcanoes seem to be distributed along some of these. Seismic chimneys indicate migration of gas from below this level through the faults and fractures and up to the seabed. Shallow gas accumulations in Late Pliocene sands above the mud volcanoes may be a result of the gas migration. Possible buried craters, overlying seismic chimneys, may have been generated in a period of sustained gas seepage followed by a less active period during which the craters have been buried. A large depression at the seabed, overlying seismic chimneys, indicates a recent period of sustained gas seepage. The gas is believed to have migrated from the Sleipner gas reservoirs.

關(guān)鍵詞：gas; gas sand; migration; mud volcano; crater; seismic exploration; attribute

來源出版物：Marine Geology, 1997, 137(1-2): 41-47

被引頻次：52

Application of the integrated NMR TDEM method in groundwater exploration in Israel

Goldman, M; Rabinovich, B; Rabinovich, M

Abstract:The Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) method is the only physical tool currently available which is able to detect directly the presence of fresh water in the subsurface. The Time Domain Electromagnetic (TDEM) method, in turn, has been proven highly efficient in detecting saline groundwater. The combined application of these two methods is the most promising way to delineate accurately groundwater-bearing aquifers and to evaluate the quality of the water. This idea was tested during the feasibility study carried out under different hydrogeological conditions throughout Israel during August-September 1992. The Russian Hydroscope and Geonics PROTEM-IV instruments were used for the NMR and TDEM measurements, respectively. A total of 36 NMR and 12 TDEM stations was established, mostly in close proximity to existing observation wells. Among these only 19 NMR measurements showed reasonable signal-to-noise characteristics, while the rest were obviously distorted by ambient noise. The number of distorted measurements could have been even greater had they been carried out at all points planned. However, a significant number of theNMR stations were cancelled due to their proximity (less than 1-1.5 km) to electric power lines. As a result almost the entire Mediterranean coast of Israel, which was originally chosen as the main test site for this survey, turned out to be unsuitable owing to the low ambient noise protection of the Hydroscope. Another serious limitation of NMR measurements is the maximum penetration depth. The deepest information obtained during the feasibility study was from a depth of 74 m. Nevertheless, within the framework of its applicability, the NMR measurements proved to be sufficiently accurate and to have a high resolving capability. A comparison with the borehole data shows that, in most cases, NMR is able not only to detect the presence of water, but also to delineate different subaquifers. At the same time, however, the transmissivity and aquifer texture are much less reliably detected. The combined application of the NMR and TDEM methods may essentially improve the reliability of the interpretation. In all cases where the NMR anomaly fits the drop in TDEM resistivity, water of a different salinity is found at approximately the same depth. A reasonable correlation between the interpreted resistivities and water salinities is obtained for these horizons. However, if only one method indicates the presence of water, this, in many cases, was not confirmed by the borehole data. The TDEM anomalies were obviously caused by low-resistivity lithologies, while some of the false NMR signals could be explained by a low signal-to-noise ratio. As regards the freshwater/seawater interface, this was, in all cases, accurately detected by the TDEM measurements alone. It is interesting to note that at the same depth, NMR measurements indicated a drastically increasing anomaly followed by the absence of water at greater depths. The latter can most likely be explained by the very low resistivity of the sea water, which is not taken into account by the existing NMR interpretation.

來源出版物：Journal of Applied Geophysics, 1994, 3(1-2): 27-52

被引頻次：49

Deep ocean environmental biotechnology

Deming, JW

Abstract:Major recent advances in deep-sea biotechnology have come in the form of continuing discoveries of novel microorganisms, unexpected genetic diversity, and new natural products of potential relevance to human health or environmental bioremediation. Continuing explorations of submarine hydrothermal vent environments have yielded new hyperthermophiles (maximal growth at 90 degrees C or greater) and more evidence that elevated hydrostatic pressure stabilizes cells and enzymes at high temperature. Vent samples have also yielded new mesophiles (optimal growth near 30 degrees C) that produce heparin-like exopolysaccharides or express extraordinary tolerance (removal by precipitation) of heavy metals. From the cold deep sea have come new findings of unexpected microbial diversity and the promise of industrially useful enzymes or secondary metabolites. New classes of predictive models are emerging to guide future exploration of microbial diversity in the deep ocean.

來源出版物：Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 1998, 9(3): 283-287

被引頻次：48

Geochemistry, origin, and deep-water exploration potential of natural gases in the Pearl River Mouth and Qiongdongnan basins, South China Sea

Zhu, Weilin; Huang, Baojia; Mi, Lijun

Abstract:More than 10 gas pools have been discovered since 1983 in the shallow-water region of the Pearl River Mouth (PRM) Basin and the Qiongdongnan (QDN) Basin, offshore South China Sea. Gases produced from the QDN basin are characterized by high contents of benzene and toluene and relatively heavy δ13C2values (-25 to -27 parts per thousand). The associated condensates have a high abundance of bicadinanes and oleanane, providing a good correlation with the coal-bearing sequence of the Oligocene Yacheng Formation in the basin. In contrast, the gases from the PRM basin contain lower amounts of benzene and toluene and lighter δ13C2values (-24 to -34 parts per thousand). Widely variable concentrations of bicadinane and oleanane were identified from the associated condensates, which can be mostly correlated with the lower Oligocene Enping Formation source rocks formed in a swamp to shallow lake environment. Oil-cracked gases sourced from the Eocene oil-prone source rock may also provide some contribution to the PRM basin gases. The available geochemical data indicate that both the Yacheng and Enping formations contain mainly type III and II2kerogens with dominant gas potential. Regional geological information indicates that the deep-water regions of the two basins share the same hydrocarbon source sags with the shallow-water areas, and they developed massive sandstone reservoirs during the Oligocene and Miocene. Fluid-flow modeling results showthat the deep-water regions were on the pathway of lateral migrating gases, and the interpreted reservoirs in these zones have developed abundant seismic bright spots, which may reflect the presence of gas. The deep-water regions of the offshore South China Sea are believed to have great gas exploration potential.

來源出版物：AAPG Bulletin, 2009, 93(6): 741-761

被引頻次：42

Biodiversity’s big wet secret: The global distribution of marine biological records reveals chronic under-exploration of the deep pelagic ocean

Webb, Thomas J.; Vanden Berghe, Edward; O’Dor, Ron

Abstract:Background: Understanding the distribution of marine biodiversity is a crucial first step towards the effective and sustainable management of marine ecosystems. Recent efforts to collate location records from marine surveys enable us to assemble a global picture of recorded marine biodiversity. They also effectively highlight gaps in our knowledge of particular marine regions. In particular, the deep pelagic ocean - the largest biome on Earth - is chronically under-represented in global databases of marine biodiversity. Methodology/Principal Findings: We use data from the Ocean Biogeographic Information System to plot the position in the water column ofca7 million records of marine species occurrences. Records from relatively shallow waters dominate this global picture of recorded marine biodiversity. In addition, standardising the number of records from regions of the ocean differing in depth reveals that regardless of ocean depth, most records come either from surface waters or the sea bed. Midwater biodiversity is drastically under-represented. Conclusions/Significance: The deep pelagic ocean is the largest habitat by volume on Earth, yet it remains biodiversity’s big wet secret, as it is hugely under-represented in global databases of marine biological records. Given both its value in the provision of a range of ecosystem services, and its vulnerability to threats including overfishing and climate change, there is a pressing need to increase our knowledge of Earth's largest ecosystem.

來源出版物：PLoS One, 2010, 5(8): e10223

被引頻次：37

The discovery of ancient history in the deep sea using advanced deep submergence technologyKemper, Nicole

Ballard, RD; McCann, AM; Yoerger, D; et al.

Abstract:The Skerki Bank Project was the first interdisciplinary effort to determine the importance of the deep sea to the field of archaeology. Over a nine year period from 1988 to 1997, its various field programs resulted in the discovery of the largest concentration of ancient ships ever found in the deep sea. In all, eight ships were located in an area of 210 km2, including five of the Roman era spanning a period of time from 100 B.C. to 400 A.D., documenting the existence of a major trading route in the central Mediterranean Sea between ancient Carthage, Rome, Sicily, and Sardinia. The project involved the use of highly sophisticated deep submergence technologies including towed acoustic and visual search vehicles, a nuclear research submarine, and an advanced remotely operated vehicle. Precision navigation and control permitted rapid yet careful mapping, both visual and acoustic, of each site with a degree of precision never attained before. Advanced robotics permitted the recovery of selected objects for subsequent analysis without intrusive excavation. This multi-disciplinary effort of archaeologists, oceanographers, and ocean engineers demonstrated that deep water archaeology has great promise and can be done without the exploitation of ancient sites for private gains. The Project also demonstrated that in the absence of evolving laws of the sea, a great deal of human history may be at peril.

關(guān)鍵詞：archaeology; image processing; marine science; marine technology; undersea robotics; marine archaeology

來源出版物：Deep-Sea Research Part I：Oceanographic Research Papers, 2000, 47(9): 1591-1620

An introduction to marine controlled-source electromagnetic methods for hydrocarbon exploration

Constable, Steven; Srnka, Leonard J

Early development of marine electromagnetic methods, dating back about 80 years, was driven largely by defense/military applications, and use for these purposes continues to this day. Deepwater, frequency-domain, electric dipole-dipole, controlled-source electromagnetic (CSEM) methods arose from academic studies of the oceanic lithosphere in the 1980s, and although the hydrocarbon exploration industry was aware of this work, the shallow-water environments being explored at that time were not ideally suited for its use. Low oil prices andincreasingly successful results from 3D seismic methods further discouraged investment in costly alternative geophysical data streams. These circumstances changed in the late 1990s, when both Statoil and ExxonMobil began modeling studies and field trials of CSEM surveying in deep water (around 1000 m or deeper), specifically for characterizing the resistivity of previously identified drilling targets. Trials offshore Angola in 2000-2002 by both these companies showed that CSEM data can successfully be used to evaluate reservoir resistivity for targets as deep as several thousand meters. Both companies leveraged instrumentation and expertise from the academic community to make swift progress. The resulting rapid growth in the use of marine EM methods for exploration has created a demand for trained personnel that is difficult to meet; nevertheless, at this time, CSEM data represent a commercial commodity within the exploration business, and acquisition services are offered by three companies. The ability to determine the resistivity of deep drilling targets from the seafloor may well make marine CSEM the most important geophysical technique to emerge since 3D reflection seismology.