譚支娥,王朋,代文莉,鄧鵬裔,田金玲,崔邦平
(三峽大學(xué)第一臨床醫(yī)學(xué)院宜昌市中心人民醫(yī)院核醫(yī)學(xué)科宜昌市核醫(yī)學(xué)分子影像重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,湖北 宜昌 443003)
PET/CT在前列腺癌生化復(fù)發(fā)中的應(yīng)用進(jìn)展
譚支娥,王朋,代文莉,鄧鵬裔,田金玲,崔邦平
(三峽大學(xué)第一臨床醫(yī)學(xué)院宜昌市中心人民醫(yī)院核醫(yī)學(xué)科宜昌市核醫(yī)學(xué)分子影像重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,湖北 宜昌 443003)
前列腺癌是威脅男性健康的常見惡性腫瘤,治療后易出現(xiàn)生化復(fù)發(fā),其中部分生化復(fù)發(fā)患者存在局部復(fù)發(fā)、區(qū)域淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移或遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移。PET/CT作為一種先進(jìn)的分子影像技術(shù),可使用多種顯像劑來早期評(píng)估前列腺癌生化復(fù)發(fā)患者的全身情況。本文對(duì)PET/CT在前列腺癌生化復(fù)發(fā)中的應(yīng)用價(jià)值予以綜述。
前列腺癌;18F-FDG;膽堿;PET/CT;生化復(fù)發(fā)
前列腺癌是全球男性發(fā)病率第2位的惡性腫瘤,在美國(guó)的發(fā)病率居第1位,死亡率僅次于肺癌,近年來,本病的發(fā)病率在亞洲國(guó)家明顯增加[1-2]。隨著前列腺癌根治術(shù)聯(lián)合內(nèi)分泌治療和放射治療的廣泛開展,許多前列腺癌患者獲得了根治和長(zhǎng)期生存,復(fù)發(fā)率已明顯降低。但是,臨床上前列腺癌治療后生化復(fù)發(fā)仍不少見,約40%的患者在初次治療后10年內(nèi)會(huì)發(fā)生生化復(fù)發(fā),其中45%~55%的患者存在局部復(fù)發(fā)或遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移[3-4]。臨床工作中對(duì)生化復(fù)發(fā)患者的正確評(píng)估和規(guī)范化治療,有助于提高前列腺癌患者的預(yù)后效果。
通常將生化復(fù)發(fā)作為患者治療失敗的標(biāo)志,前列腺癌根治術(shù)后血清前列腺特異性抗原(Prostate specific antigen,PSA)水平連續(xù)兩次≥0.2 ng/mL;或接受放射治療后的前列腺癌在PSA最低值基礎(chǔ)上增加2 ng/mL定義為生化復(fù)發(fā)[5-6]。PSA是一個(gè)非特異性的腫瘤標(biāo)志物,PSA的上升并不總是與疾病進(jìn)展有關(guān)。接受近距離放射治療后,10%~30%的前列腺癌患者可能發(fā)生多年的良性PSA反彈而與生化復(fù)發(fā)混淆,部分中高危前列腺癌患者在使用雄激素剝奪治療后,因雄激素抑制作用,在復(fù)發(fā)早期,PSA未見升高[7]。另有少數(shù)前列腺癌患者出現(xiàn)局部復(fù)發(fā)和遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移時(shí),也會(huì)出現(xiàn)PSA表達(dá)較低甚至不表達(dá)的情況[8-9]。由此可見,單純依靠PSA的水平來評(píng)估前列腺癌患者復(fù)發(fā),對(duì)全面了解病情和指導(dǎo)治療存在不足。目前,對(duì)于前列腺癌治療后生化復(fù)發(fā)的患者,通過一定的評(píng)估后,會(huì)有主動(dòng)監(jiān)測(cè)、挽救性治療和內(nèi)分泌治療等選擇方法。解決前列腺癌生化復(fù)發(fā)的關(guān)鍵是使用可靠的檢測(cè)方法,早期識(shí)別臨床復(fù)發(fā),以便選擇相應(yīng)的治療方案,進(jìn)行目標(biāo)和個(gè)性化治療,這樣可以減少盲目治療及其帶來的副作用,提高患者預(yù)后效果。
用于前列腺癌生化復(fù)發(fā)的影像學(xué)檢查主要有經(jīng)直腸前列腺超聲(Transrctal uhrasonography,TRUS)、CT、MRI和ECT骨掃描。TRUS主要用于引導(dǎo)穿刺活檢,有一定量的假陰性,準(zhǔn)確率約為80%[10]。CT、MRI主要根據(jù)病變的形態(tài)學(xué)改變來診斷疾病,對(duì)早期形態(tài)改變不明顯的病灶診斷有一定局限。前列腺癌是容易發(fā)生骨轉(zhuǎn)移的腫瘤,ECT骨掃描對(duì)前列腺癌骨轉(zhuǎn)移敏感性較高,可比常規(guī)X線片提前3~6個(gè)月發(fā)現(xiàn)骨轉(zhuǎn)移灶,但特異性較差。這些常規(guī)影像手段在PSA<5 ng/mL或者PSA倍增時(shí)間大于10個(gè)月時(shí),對(duì)復(fù)發(fā)的陽性檢出率明顯偏低[11]。其次,對(duì)于術(shù)后瘢痕組織、放療后輻射損傷等組織良性改變和微小腫瘤復(fù)發(fā)灶,常規(guī)影像很難對(duì)其區(qū)分。因此,常規(guī)的影像學(xué)檢查評(píng)價(jià)前列腺癌復(fù)發(fā)存在較多困擾,這就需要一種更先進(jìn)的檢測(cè)技術(shù)來解決上述問題,PET/CT顯像在這方面有一定優(yōu)勢(shì)。
3.1 脫氧葡萄糖 PET/CT是集PET功能顯像和CT解剖顯像于一體的影像設(shè)備,能一次進(jìn)行全身檢查,現(xiàn)有多種正電子顯像劑可用于PET/CT顯像。18F-氟代脫氧葡萄糖(FDG)是最常用的顯像劑,其在體內(nèi)的生物學(xué)行為與葡萄糖相似。惡性腫瘤的特點(diǎn)之一就是對(duì)葡萄糖的攝取和利用較正常組織增高,靜脈注射顯像劑18F-FDG后會(huì)被腫瘤組織大量攝取,PET顯像時(shí)就呈現(xiàn)為異常放射性濃聚,所以18F-FDG PET/CT可被用來檢測(cè)前列腺癌病灶。一項(xiàng)回顧性研究顯示,在91例PSA升高且經(jīng)病理或者隨訪證實(shí)有臨床復(fù)發(fā)的患者中,18F-FDG PET/CT檢測(cè)出31%的患者有局部或遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移灶,其中檢測(cè)陽性者的PSA值明顯高于陰性者[(9.5±2.2)ng/mL與(2.1±3.3)ng/mL],且18F-FDG PET/CT的陽性率與PSA的升高呈正相關(guān)[12]。相對(duì)于常規(guī)影像,18F-FDG PET/CT在前列腺癌生化復(fù)發(fā)患者早期復(fù)發(fā)及轉(zhuǎn)移方面更有優(yōu)勢(shì)。Chang等[13]研究了24例治療后PSA升高且盆腔CT難以診斷是否有轉(zhuǎn)移的前列腺癌患者,這些患者均行18F-FDG PET/CT掃描以及盆腔淋巴結(jié)清掃,與病理學(xué)結(jié)果對(duì)比,18F-FDG PET/ CT的敏感性、特異性、準(zhǔn)確性、陽性預(yù)測(cè)值和陰性預(yù)測(cè)值分別為75.0%(12/16)、100%(8/8)、83.3%(20/24)、100%(12/12)和66.7%(8/12)。同樣,對(duì)于前列腺癌的復(fù)發(fā)和轉(zhuǎn)移灶,18F-FDG PET/CT和MRI檢測(cè)的陽性率分別為73.3%(11/15)和26.7%(4/15)[14]。一項(xiàng)403例前列腺癌骨轉(zhuǎn)移患者的檢測(cè)結(jié)果顯示,18F-FDG PET/CT顯像能比ECT骨掃描發(fā)現(xiàn)更多的病灶[15]。另有研究者認(rèn)為,18F-FDG PET/CT對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)移性前列腺癌激素治療后復(fù)發(fā)的早期檢測(cè)具有重要價(jià)值[16]。由于多數(shù)前列腺癌惡性程度并不是很高,腫瘤細(xì)胞糖酵解水平較低[17],18F-FDG的顯像靈敏度仍存在一定不足,而且在一些前列腺良性病變中,也存在葡萄糖高代謝,影響復(fù)發(fā)病灶的檢測(cè)。此外,膀胱尿液的高放射性也會(huì)對(duì)局部腫瘤組織的顯像造成一定干擾。盡管受上述因素的影響,但與常規(guī)影像學(xué)檢查比較,18F-FDG PET/CT對(duì)前列腺癌生化復(fù)發(fā)的檢測(cè)仍有明顯優(yōu)勢(shì)。
3.2 膽堿 膽堿可在體內(nèi)被膽堿激酶磷酸化生成磷酸膽堿,進(jìn)一步轉(zhuǎn)化為胞嘧啶二磷酸膽堿,最終轉(zhuǎn)化為磷脂酰膽堿整合到細(xì)胞膜上。腫瘤細(xì)胞增殖較快,細(xì)胞膜的生物合成也更加活躍,因此膽堿的需要量相應(yīng)增加。臨床上可用11C或18F標(biāo)記膽堿進(jìn)行PET/CT顯像。對(duì)于前列腺癌治療后復(fù)發(fā)病灶,11C-膽堿PET/CT具有較好的診斷能力。薈萃分析結(jié)果顯示,11C及18F-膽堿PET/CT對(duì)前列腺癌生化復(fù)發(fā)的檢測(cè)敏感性和特異性分別為85%和88%[18]。Mitchell等[19]對(duì)176例前列腺癌治療后生化復(fù)發(fā)的患者行11C-膽堿PET/CT顯像,組織病理學(xué)檢查確認(rèn)其顯像的敏感性、特異性、陽性預(yù)測(cè)值和陰性預(yù)測(cè)值分別為93%、76%、91%和81%。在PSA水平較低時(shí),11C-膽堿PET/CT也能檢測(cè)出一部分復(fù)發(fā)病灶,而且隨著PSA的上升,11C-膽堿PET/CT對(duì)復(fù)發(fā)病灶的檢出率也隨之升高,當(dāng)PSA<1 ng/mL時(shí),檢測(cè)率為36%,1 ng/mL<PSA<2 ng/mL為43%,2 ng/mL<PSA<3 ng/mL為62%,PSA>3 ng/mL則升高到73%[20]。這在Kruse等[11]的研究中也得到驗(yàn)證,在PSA低于1 ng/mL時(shí),1/3的患者可檢測(cè)出復(fù)發(fā)病灶,而在PSA>3 ng/mL的患者中,檢出率可達(dá)75%。11C-膽堿PET/CT能在復(fù)發(fā)早期檢測(cè)到局部淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移,指導(dǎo)進(jìn)一步的有效治療[21]。與常規(guī)MRI和CT掃描比較,11C-膽堿PET/CT掃描在檢測(cè)轉(zhuǎn)移淋巴結(jié),尤其是對(duì)<5 mm的淋巴結(jié)更有優(yōu)勢(shì)[9]。Karne等[22]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),對(duì)多數(shù)患者來說,切除11C-膽堿PET/CT顯像的陽性結(jié)節(jié),PSA會(huì)有明顯降低,且淋巴結(jié)切除術(shù)后患者無生化復(fù)發(fā)的中位時(shí)間達(dá)20個(gè)月,三年內(nèi)無生化復(fù)發(fā)率、疾病無進(jìn)展率和生存率分別為45.5%、46.9%和92.5%。上述研究顯示,當(dāng)前列腺癌患者出現(xiàn)生化復(fù)發(fā)時(shí),11C-膽堿PET/CT能較早地檢測(cè)出前列腺癌的局部復(fù)發(fā)與轉(zhuǎn)移病灶,為后續(xù)治療提供可靠的診斷依據(jù),并且隨著PSA值的升高,檢出率也隨之增高,對(duì)指導(dǎo)臨床復(fù)發(fā)患者的個(gè)體化治療具有重要意義。
3.3 乙酸鹽 乙酸鹽在體內(nèi)可以合成乙酰輔酶A,進(jìn)而在脂肪酸合成酶的作用下參與合成脂肪酸,前列腺癌攝取脂肪酸的增加與脂肪酸合成酶表達(dá)增高有關(guān)[23]。11C-乙酸鹽不經(jīng)泌尿系排泄,減少了膀胱對(duì)局部病灶顯像的影響。張建平等[24]的一項(xiàng)薈萃分析顯示11C-乙酸鹽PET/CT顯像對(duì)于前列腺癌復(fù)發(fā)具有較高診斷準(zhǔn)確性。也有報(bào)道顯示,在前列腺癌局部復(fù)發(fā)和淋巴轉(zhuǎn)移檢測(cè)率上,11C-乙酸鹽要優(yōu)于11C-膽堿,但差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義[25]??梢?,11C-乙酸鹽PET/CT也是評(píng)估前列腺癌生化復(fù)發(fā)的有效手段。
3.4 反式-18F-氟環(huán)丁羧酸(Anti-1-amino-3-18F-fluorocyclobutane-1-carboxylicacid,18F-FACBC) 反式-18F -氟環(huán)丁羧酸是一種非代謝類氨基酸合成物,因前列腺癌細(xì)胞中氨基酸轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)體的過度表達(dá)而濃聚[26]。Schuster等[27]報(bào)道,反式-18F-氟環(huán)丁羧酸PET/CT在前列腺癌復(fù)發(fā)部位有明顯濃聚,對(duì)局部復(fù)發(fā)病灶的檢測(cè)敏感性、特異性和準(zhǔn)確性分別為89%(32/36)、67%(8/12)和83%(40/48),對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)移病灶的檢測(cè)敏感性、特異性和準(zhǔn)確性均為100%(10/10)、100%(7/7)和100%(17/17)。Nanni等[28]在28位PSA中位值為2.9 ng/mL的前列腺癌患者中,11C-膽堿PET/CT陽性檢測(cè)率為17.8%(5/28),反式-18F-氟環(huán)丁羧酸PET/CT陽性檢測(cè)率為35.7%(10/ 28)。以上研究表明,反式-18F-氟環(huán)丁羧酸PET/CT對(duì)前列腺生化復(fù)發(fā)的檢測(cè)有價(jià)值較高,其在臨床上的確切作用還需要進(jìn)一步研究。
3.5 前列腺特異性膜抗原 前列腺特異性膜抗原(PSMA)是前列腺上皮細(xì)胞分泌的一種糖蛋白,其表達(dá)量與前列腺癌惡性程度呈正相關(guān)[29]。對(duì)于前列腺癌生化復(fù)發(fā),新型示蹤劑68Ga標(biāo)記放射性配體靶向PSMA敏感性很高,特別是在低PSA水平時(shí),68Ga-PSMA PET/CT掃描顯示淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移率高于11C-膽堿PET/CT[30-31]。Afshar-Oromieh等[32]對(duì)37位前列腺癌生化復(fù)發(fā)患者進(jìn)行68Ga-PSMA PET/CT和18F-膽堿PET/CT顯像,68Ga-PSMAPET/CT發(fā)現(xiàn)32例患者的78個(gè)病灶,18F-膽堿PET/CT檢測(cè)到26例患者的56個(gè)病灶,兩者檢出率分別為86.5%(32/37)、70.3%(26/37),差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.04)。其中,所有18F-膽堿PET/CT檢測(cè)的病變均被68Ga-PSMA PET/CT所檢出。Yu等[33]在一項(xiàng)薈萃分析中比較了18F-FDG、11C-乙酸鹽、11C-及18F-膽堿、反式-18F-氟環(huán)丁羧酸和放射性配體靶向PSMA在前列腺癌治療后生化復(fù)發(fā)的檢出率,無論是局部復(fù)發(fā)還是遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移,68Ga-PSMA與其他四種顯像劑相比,對(duì)疑似病灶的檢出比例最高。
綜上所述,對(duì)于前列腺癌治療后生化復(fù)發(fā)的評(píng)估,18F-FDG、11C-乙酸鹽、11C-及18F-膽堿、反式-18F-氟環(huán)丁羧酸和放射性配體靶向PSMA等顯像劑均有不同程度價(jià)值,多種顯像劑聯(lián)合應(yīng)用,能提高復(fù)發(fā)病灶檢測(cè)的準(zhǔn)確性,從而有效指導(dǎo)患者的個(gè)體化治療,改善預(yù)后。隨著更加優(yōu)良的新顯像劑出現(xiàn),PET/CT顯像在前列腺癌生化復(fù)發(fā)中的應(yīng)用將會(huì)有更加光明的前景。
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Progress in the application of PET/CT in the biochemical recurrence of prostate cancer.
TAN Zhi-e,WANG Peng, DAI Wen-li,DENG Peng-yi,TIAN Jin-ling,CUI Bang-ping.Department of Nuclear Medicine,the First College of Clinical Medical Sciences,China Three Gorges University,Yichang Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Image, Yichang 443003,Hubei,CHINA
Prostate cancer is a malignant tumor which threatens the health of men.It is easy to appear biochemical recurrence after primary treatment,and some of them have local recurrence,regional lymph node metastasis or distant metastasis.Positron emission tomography-computed tomography(PET/CT),as an advanced molecular imaging technique,can use a variety of imaging agents to early evaluate the general situation of biochemical recurrence in patients with prostate cancer.This review introduces the application of PET/CT in the biochemical recurrence of prostate cancer.
Prostate cancer;18F-FDG;Choline;Positron emission tomography-computed tomography(PET/CT); Biochemical recurrence
R737.25
A
1003—6350(2016)12—1998—04
10.3969/j.issn.1003-6350.2016.12.034
2015-10-13)
湖北省科技廳項(xiàng)目(編號(hào):2014CFC1036);湖北省衛(wèi)計(jì)委項(xiàng)目(編號(hào):WJ2015MB181);湖北省宜昌市科學(xué)研究與開發(fā)項(xiàng)目(編號(hào):A13301-12)
崔邦平。E-mail:yccbp@126.com