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      一詞多義 義由境生
      ——關(guān)注2015年高考英語(yǔ)“熟詞生義”現(xiàn)象

      2016-04-08 23:50:51浙江范秀琴
      教學(xué)考試(高考英語(yǔ)) 2016年1期
      關(guān)鍵詞:熟詞生義多義

      浙江 范秀琴

      一詞多義 義由境生
      ——關(guān)注2015年高考英語(yǔ)“熟詞生義”現(xiàn)象

      浙江 范秀琴

      明明非常眼熟的詞,但就是理解不透其含義。因?yàn)樵诖饲榇司爸?,這個(gè)熟悉的詞意義“非凡”,抑或被賦予了常用含義之外的“非主流”意義。這就是英語(yǔ)詞匯學(xué)習(xí)中常見的“熟詞生義”現(xiàn)象。2015年高考英語(yǔ)卷中“熟詞生義”例題比比皆是。

      一、真題回顧

      例1【2015·全國(guó)新課標(biāo)卷Ⅱ,完形填空】They had begun to integrate( 融合)the kinds of play and teamwork they had_54_the day before into their_55(game).

      54.A.seen B.known

      C.heard D.read

      【解析】A。句意為:作者的女兒和她的隊(duì)友們將前一天所領(lǐng)會(huì)到的各種打法以及團(tuán)隊(duì)精神融匯到了(今天的)比賽中。see是個(gè)多義詞。此處,see不是常用的“看見,看望,會(huì)見”的意思,而是“領(lǐng)會(huì),理解”的含義。再如:I don’t think shesawthe point of the story.我覺得她沒有領(lǐng)會(huì)故事的中心意思。see還有“認(rèn)為,確保,經(jīng)歷,見證,護(hù)送”等含義。例如:

      Lacking patience is the main problem,as Iseeit.(認(rèn)為,看待)

      Seeeverything is ready by noon.(確保,務(wù)必)

      My grandpahas seena great deal in his long life.(經(jīng)歷,遭受)

      The stadium willseeanother thrilling football game this weekend.(目擊,見證,主語(yǔ)常為事件發(fā)生的時(shí)間或地點(diǎn))

      May Iseeyou home?(送,護(hù)送)

      例2【2015·北京卷,完形填空】One woman,Mrs.Gilbert,_48_Dario’s mother with a book of piano music by Chopin.

      48.A.treated B.presented

      C.helped D.served

      【解析】B。句意為:Gilbert女士送給Dario的媽媽一本肖邦的鋼琴樂譜。常見詞present不但一詞多義,還一詞多性。詞性不同,詞義有別。它可以作名詞,意為“禮物,禮品;目前,現(xiàn)在”。也可以作動(dòng)詞,有“授予,贈(zèng)予;提出,提交;出示,展現(xiàn);主持,公演”等含義。還可以作形容詞,表示“當(dāng)前的;出席的”等意思。例如:Apresentcan bepresentedto anyonepresentatpresent.現(xiàn)在每個(gè)在場(chǎng)的人都可贈(zèng)予一份禮物。四個(gè)present分別是名詞(意為“禮物”)、動(dòng)詞(意為“贈(zèng)予”)、形容詞(意為“在場(chǎng)的”)和名詞(意為“當(dāng)前”)。

      例3【2015·浙江卷】Studies have shown that the right and left ear__5_sound differently.

      A.produce B.pronounce

      C.process D.download

      【解析】C。句意為:多項(xiàng)研究表明,左耳和右耳處理聲音的方式是不同的。熟詞process作名詞時(shí), 意為“過程;步驟;做事方法”等,但作動(dòng)詞時(shí),則表示“加工;處理;審核”等含義。例如:

      I’m afraid getting things changed will be a slowprocess.(名詞:歷程,進(jìn)程)

      It’s a normal part of the learningprocess.(名詞:過程,步驟)

      Most of the food we buyis processedin some way.(動(dòng)詞:處理,加工)

      It will take a week for your application tobe processed.(動(dòng)詞:審核,審閱)

      由詞性轉(zhuǎn)化而衍生的“熟詞生義”是2015年浙江省高考英語(yǔ)卷的一個(gè)特點(diǎn),除process外,常見的名詞作動(dòng)詞用后,其意義產(chǎn)生變化的“一詞多義”的例子還有:

      (1)【2015·浙江卷】One of the most effective ways to reduce_15(stress)is to talk about feelings with someone you trust.此處,stress作名詞,意為“精神壓力,緊張”。作名詞時(shí),stress還有“強(qiáng)調(diào),重要性;重音,重讀”等意思。stress亦可作動(dòng)詞,意為“強(qiáng)調(diào);著重;用重音讀”等含義。例如:The teacherstressedthat in“develop”,thestressfalls on the second syllable,while in “envelope”,westressthe first syllable.老師強(qiáng)調(diào)說(shuō)“develop”一詞重音在第二音節(jié),而“envelope”一詞,第一音節(jié)要重讀。

      (2)【2015·浙江卷,完形填空】In a society that tends to__38(measure_)everything in terms of dollars and cents,we learn from a young age to consider the costs of our _39(decisions_)in financial terms.由語(yǔ)境可知,measure意為“衡量;估量”。作動(dòng)詞用時(shí),常用意思為“測(cè)量;量度為”,例如:Theymeasuredthe tall pine tree and itmeasuredas high as 20 meters。若作名詞時(shí),通常指“方法;措施”,例如:We are totake immediate measures(采取措施)to solve the problem。此外,measure還有“尺度;計(jì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn);衡量”等含義。

      (3)【2015·浙江卷,閱讀理解B篇】A line graph looks similar to a bar graph,but instead of bars,itplotspoints and connects them with a line.此處,plot作動(dòng)詞用,意為“標(biāo)出;繪制”,而它的常用法是作名詞,意為“故事情節(jié);密謀”等。

      (4)【2015·浙江卷,閱讀理解C篇】Yet it’s the only way to explain what we’ve done to the night:We’veengineeredit to receive us by filling it with light....In most cities the sky looks as though ithas been emptiedof stars,leaving behind a vacant haze(霾)thatmirrorsour fear of the dark.常見名詞engineer(工程師)和mirror(鏡子)在這里都作了動(dòng)詞,分別意為“精心安排”和“反映;映照”。

      (5)【2015·浙江卷,閱讀理解D篇】While I was slow to accept that I would be the one to keep track of her shots,toscheduleher vet appointments,to feed and clean her,Misty knew this on day one....The walk in the morning before Iheadedto the hospital was a quiet,peaceful time to gather my thoughts or to just be before the day’s medical drama unfolded.句中“schedule”和“head”都作動(dòng)詞用,意為“安排;預(yù)定”和“朝(某方向)行進(jìn)”。作動(dòng)詞用的“head”還有“領(lǐng)導(dǎo);主管;排在前頭”等意思。例如:

      She has been appointed toheadthe research team.(領(lǐng)導(dǎo))

      Italyheadsthe table after two games.(位于排行之首)

      (6)【2015·浙江卷,任務(wù)型閱讀】You’ll get in more questions,the discussionwill be tailoredto what you need most help on,and two-party communication is almost always more productive than committee work.作動(dòng)詞用的“tailor”是“專門制作;定做”的意思。

      If you’re lucky enough tolandsuch an accommodation,though,be sure you’re 100 percent on time.動(dòng)詞“l(fā)and”在這里可不是“著陸;降落”的意思,而是意為“成功得到;贏得”。

      例4【2015·福建卷】The failure was a big_24_to him,but he wasn’t discouraged and soon got as enthusiastic as ever.

      A.blow B.issue

      C.excuse D.factor

      【解析】A。句意為:這次失敗對(duì)他來(lái)說(shuō)是一次沉重的打擊,但是他并沒有氣餒,而是很快就像以前那樣充滿熱情了。blow作名詞,本意為“吹;猛擊”。此處是引申義“打擊;挫折”。多義詞blow作動(dòng)詞用時(shí),多層意思會(huì)淋漓盡致地體現(xiàn)出來(lái)。例如:

      Itwas blowinghard.The doorblewopen and the little girlwasalmostblownover.(刮;吹)

      At the very moment,the refereeblewhis whistle.(吹奏)

      They attempted toblowup the government building.(炸開)

      You had your chance and youblewit.(浪費(fèi))

      One mistake couldblow your cover.(暴露身份)

      Blow it! We’ve missed the bus.(感嘆語(yǔ)。表示生氣、吃驚或不在乎)

      例5【2015·天津卷】—Sorry,Liz.I think I was a bit rude to you.

      —_1_,but don’t do that again!

      A.Go ahead B.Forget it

      C.It depends D.With pleasure

      【解析】B?!安缓靡馑?,Liz。我剛才對(duì)你有些粗魯。”“算了吧,但下不為例!”“Forget it”此處用來(lái)回答道歉,意為“算了吧;沒關(guān)系”。其實(shí),日常情景交際用語(yǔ)“Forget it”在不同的語(yǔ)境中,表達(dá)不同的含義。例如:

      ①—Thank you so much for your timely help.

      —Forget it.(沒關(guān)系;不用謝。用來(lái)回答感謝)

      ②—How much do I owe you?

      —Forget it.(忘了它吧;別提了;別放在心上。表示不想提及或無(wú)關(guān)緊要)

      ③—I’ll take the small truck.

      —And leave me to drive the other one?Forget it.(不行;休想;不可能;別抱什么希望。表示否定或拒絕)

      二、義由境生

      “一詞多義”通常是同屬一個(gè)基本意義的轉(zhuǎn)義、引申、派生或衍生意義。但在下列情境中,“熟”詞卻有著迥然不同的“生”義。

      1.詞性不同,意思迥異

      (1)Left isrightandrightis wrong.You arerighton the wrong side.左邊是對(duì)的,右邊錯(cuò)了。你恰巧在錯(cuò)的一邊。第一個(gè)“right”是形容詞,意為“正確的,對(duì)的”;第二個(gè)“right”是名詞,意為“右邊”;而第三個(gè)“right”則是副詞,意為“(位置、時(shí)間等)準(zhǔn)確地”。

      (2)Theminethey’llmineismine.他們將開采的礦是我的。第一個(gè)“mine”是名詞(意為“礦”);第二個(gè)“mine”是動(dòng)詞(意為“采礦”);第三個(gè)“mine”是物主代詞(意為“我的”)。

      (3)Heplantsmanyplantsaround theplantevery other year.每隔一年他就會(huì)在那工廠周圍種植許多植物。三個(gè)“plant”分別是動(dòng)詞(意為“種植”)、名詞(意為“植物”)和名詞(意為“工廠”)。

      新課標(biāo)詞匯中此類詞還有很多。如:

      Tom said he couldn’tbear(v.容忍;承受)to part with the babybear(n.熊).

      Can(modal v.能;會(huì))youcan(v.制罐頭)a fishcan(n.罐子;聽)?

      You’ll have to getclose(adj.靠近的)enough toclose(v.關(guān)閉;閉合)the curtains.

      Toddy was afraid ofbeing deserted(v.遺棄;舍棄)on thatdesert(n.沙漠;荒原)island.

      Leavesfall(v.落下;掉下)in thefall(n.秋天).

      The boylying(v.躺)in the corner is always tellinglies(n.謊言).

      You mustn’tpark(v.停車)your car in the nearbypark(n.公園).

      What apatient(adj.有耐心的)doctor to treat such a demandingpatient(n.病人)!

      Why notpost(v.張貼)your note on thatpost(n.柱;桿)?

      Withtears(n.眼淚)in her eyes,shewas tearing(v.撕;扯)the letter into pieces.

      2.詞形不同,含義別樣

      英語(yǔ)中的不少名詞既可作不可數(shù)名詞,也可作可數(shù)名詞,但詞義卻不一樣。

      (1)Doing morningexercisesis a kind ofexercise.做早操是一種鍛煉。(第一個(gè)exercise,意為“體操”,可數(shù)名詞;第二個(gè)exercise,意為“鍛煉”,不可數(shù)名詞)

      (2)When hisworkwasn’t going right,he was restless.當(dāng)他的工作不稱心時(shí),他會(huì)煩躁不安。(work,意為“工作”,不可數(shù)名詞)

      Theworkshave been closed since February.這些工廠是自二月份以來(lái)關(guān)門的。(works,意為“工廠”,可數(shù)名詞)

      Theworksby the writer are popular with young people.這個(gè)作家的作品很受年輕人喜歡。(work,意為“作品”,可數(shù)名詞)

      (3)Write your reply in as fewwordsas possible.盡可能用簡(jiǎn)潔的語(yǔ)言回答。(words,意為“話語(yǔ)”,可數(shù)名詞)

      Wordcame that the oil price would go down.有消息傳來(lái)稱油價(jià)會(huì)下降。(word,意為“消息”,不可數(shù)名詞)

      屬于這類詞的還有arm(胳膊)/ arms(武器);brain(大腦)/ brains(智慧);custom(風(fēng)俗)/ customs(海關(guān));glass(玻璃)/ glasses(眼鏡);good(好處)/ goods(貨物);force(力,武力)/ forces(軍隊(duì));manner( 舉止)/ manners(禮貌);pain(疼痛)/ pains(辛苦,努力);spirit(精神)/ spirits(情緒);wood(木頭)/ woods(森林)等。

      另外,有些副詞有兩種形式,一個(gè)與形容詞同形,另一個(gè)以-ly結(jié)尾,但它們的含義是不同的。例如:close(靠近地)和closely(仔細(xì)地,密切地);free(免費(fèi)地)和freely(自由地);hard(努力地)和hardly(幾乎不);late(晚,遲)和lately(近來(lái));high(高)和highly(高度地);deep(深)和deeply(深刻地);near(附近)和nearly(幾乎)等。

      3.位置不同,其意相異

      下列形容詞既可作前置定語(yǔ),也可作后置定語(yǔ),但意思卻不一樣。

      (1)She approached me with aconcernedlook on her face.她神情憂慮地向我走近。(前置:憂慮的;掛念的)

      Peopleconcernedwere all to be punished.所有相關(guān)人員都要受到懲罰。(后置:有關(guān)的)

      (2)At thepresenttime we have no best possible solution.目前我們沒有最好的解決辦法。(前置:目前的)

      Everyonepresentwelcomed the final decision.在場(chǎng)的所有人都支持最后的決定。(后置:在場(chǎng)的;出席的)

      (3)At the family party,the family ate awholesheep.在家庭會(huì)餐中,全家人吃掉了一整只羊。(前置:整體的,全部的)

      The people in Xinjiang like to roast sheepwhole.新疆人喜歡烤全羊。(后置:整個(gè)兒的,不切開的)

      其他類似的形容詞還有:

      前置定語(yǔ)

      anabsentlook走神的

      theadoptedkid收養(yǎng)的

      duepunishment應(yīng)得的

      aninvolvedlecture難懂的

      the bestknownbook有名的

      aproperdiet恰當(dāng)?shù)?/p>

      aresponsibleman有責(zé)任心的

      后置定語(yǔ)

      studentsabsentfrom class缺席的

      the suggestionadopted被采納的

      the rentdue到期的

      all the teachersinvolved有關(guān)的

      the scientistknownto us all已知的

      celebrationsproper嚴(yán)格意義上的

      the manresponsible應(yīng)負(fù)責(zé)任的

      4.搭配不同,意義有別

      (1)ConsideringTom to be fit for the office,the bossconsideredtaking him on.老板認(rèn)為Tom適合這工作,所以考慮錄用他。(consider sb./sth.(to be),意為“認(rèn)為某人(某物)是”;consider doing something意為“考慮做某事”)

      (2)Ihappenednot to be there when an earthquakehappened.地震發(fā)生的時(shí)候,我碰巧不在那兒。(前者“happen to do sth.”,不用于進(jìn)行時(shí),意為“碰巧做某事”;后者為不及物動(dòng)詞,不用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),意為“(偶然)發(fā)生”)

      (3)Marysuggestedwe visit the museum once more,whichsuggestedshe loved the Chinese culture very much.Mary建議我們?cè)賲⒂^一下那個(gè)博物館,這表明她酷愛中國(guó)文化。第一個(gè)suggest,意為“建議”,后接虛擬語(yǔ)氣;第二個(gè)suggest,意為“暗示,表明”,后接陳述語(yǔ)氣。動(dòng)詞insist也有類似的用法:The boyinsisted(堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為,后接陳述語(yǔ)氣)that he was honest andinsisted(堅(jiān)決要求,后接虛擬語(yǔ)氣)that I (should) apologize to him.

      還有些常見的動(dòng)詞(短語(yǔ))后既可接不定式,也可接動(dòng)名詞,但意思差別較大。例如:go on to do sth.(接著做另一件事情)/ go on doing sth.(繼續(xù)做同一件事情);forget/remember to do sth.(忘記/記得做某事)/ forget/ remember doing sth.(忘記/記得做過某事);mean to do sth.(打算做某事)/ mean doing sth.(意味著做某事);regret to do sth.(遺憾要做某事)/ regret doing sth.(后悔做過某事);stop to do sth.(停下來(lái),開始做某事)/ stop doing sth.(停止做某事);want sb.to do sth.(想要某人做某事)/ want doing (to be done)(需要被)等。

      三、結(jié)束語(yǔ)

      雖然“一詞多義”現(xiàn)象是語(yǔ)言表達(dá)豐富的標(biāo)志,但在一定的上下文語(yǔ)境中,義由境生,一個(gè)詞一般只能解釋為一種語(yǔ)義。這就要求考生在英語(yǔ)詞匯學(xué)習(xí)時(shí),摒棄機(jī)械套用熟知含義的做法,而須拓寬視野,豐富知識(shí)儲(chǔ)備,能探尋規(guī)律,依托語(yǔ)境,合理推斷,從而正確猜詞悟義。

      (作者單位:浙江省紹興市魯迅中學(xué))

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