湖北 王 鋒 何偉華
七選五型閱讀理解常見易錯剖析
湖北 王 鋒 何偉華
七選五型閱讀理解題的體裁以說明文和議論文居多。題材大多貼近學生生活,內(nèi)容與時俱進,主要涉及文化教育、體育介紹、未來規(guī)劃、工作實務等方面。表面上看七選五閱讀材料的難度略低于常規(guī)閱讀試題材料的難度,但是由于在語篇后面所給出的七個選項中,有的選項區(qū)分度不大,所以七選五閱讀試題的難度實際上比常規(guī)閱讀試題的難度有所增加,而且還會出現(xiàn)由于一處誤選而導致多處錯選的后果。在平時的訓練和測試中,學生們對此題型感到很棘手。本文旨在對七選五型閱讀理解題型中常見的可能出現(xiàn)的錯誤進行剖析,以期對考生的英語學習有所幫助,從而提高他們對此題型的應試能力。
七選五閱讀材料一般為一篇長度為300詞左右的短文,文中有五處空白,文后有七個選項。此類試題要求考生根據(jù)文章結(jié)構(gòu)和內(nèi)容從七個選項中選出五個能填入文章空白處的最佳選項。文中的五處空白分別出現(xiàn)在各個段落的段首、段中或段尾。文章后面七個選項的意義都與語篇內(nèi)容相關,設空類型一般有標題類、段落主題句類、過渡句類和細節(jié)類等。
1.忽略詞匯銜接而造成的錯誤
【高考鏈接1】(2015·全國新課標卷Ⅰ) 39 If you’ve been betrayed,you are the victim of the circumstance. But there is a difference between being a victim and living with a “victim mentality”.
【答案解析】C. Stop regarding yourself as the victim。錯因分析:部分考生忽略了同詞復現(xiàn)這一解題線索。根據(jù)空格后面的“you are the victim”“being a victim”以及“a‘victim mentality’”可知,此處作者的建議是不要把自己當成一個受害者,故選C項。
【高考鏈接2】(2013·北京卷)In 1990,fewer than 40% Americans lived in urban areas. Today over 82% of Americans live in cities. Only about 2% live on farms. 73
【答案解析】B.The rest live in small towns。錯因分析:部分考生忽略了82%、2%都屬于100%這個整體數(shù)字的一部分,去掉82%和2%還有16%,故為the rest(剩下的)。部分考生沒有很好地利用詞匯銜接這一做題技巧。選項中的the rest(剩下的、其余的)提示我們前面一定出現(xiàn)了與數(shù)字相關的詞。空格前出現(xiàn)了40%、82%、2%三個百分數(shù),屬于數(shù)字的一種,這對考生來說是一種提示,即可以利用上下文語境來解題。
【方法點撥】詞匯銜接中的利用同義詞、近義詞的解題方法是指利用上下文語境中出現(xiàn)的同義詞、近義詞、近義表達,甚至是相同詞匯的重復使用來解題,這是解答七選五試題的一個很好的線索。
2.忽略關鍵信息而造成的錯誤
【高考鏈接1】(2014 ·全國新課標卷Ⅱ)From my experience,there are three main reasons why people don’t cook more often: ability,money and time. 36 Money is a topic I’ll save for another day. So today I want to give you some wisdom about how to make the most of the time you spend in the kitchen. Here are three tips for great cooking on a tight schedule.
【答案解析】B. Ability is easily improved。錯因分析:考生往往由于把握不準關鍵信息而造成失誤。根據(jù)空格前的幾個關鍵詞“ability ,money,time”可知,人們不經(jīng)常做飯有三個原因。下文中的“money is a topic I’ll save for another day”以及“about how to make the most of the time”談及money 和time ,故空格處談論的應是與ability有關的話題。
【高考鏈接2】(2012·課程標準卷)Everybody gets stressed from time to time. 71 Some ways of dealing with stress—like screaming or hitting someone—don’t solve much. But other ways,like talking to someone you trust,can lead you to solving your problem or at least feeling better.
【答案解析】C. Different people feel stress in different ways。錯因分析:部分考生可能沒有看到關鍵信息“ways”而錯選答案。根據(jù)空格后面兩句“Some ways...But other ways...”中的關鍵詞“ways”可知,空格處應選C項。
【方法點撥】考生應如何利用關鍵詞來解題呢?在做題時要將七個選項的關鍵詞與五個空格前后句中的關鍵詞進行比較,若匹配則該選項就是答案。具體方法如下:(1)閱讀各個空格處的前后句并標記關鍵詞。關鍵詞包括句中的核心名詞或名詞詞組、數(shù)詞、代詞、連詞等;(2)閱讀各個選項并標記關鍵詞;(3)比較并匹配上述兩類關鍵詞,最終確定答案。
3.忽略意義銜接而造成的錯誤
【高考鏈接1】(2015·北京卷)But daydreamers are also responsible for some of the greatest ideas and achievements in human history. 72 Can you imagine what kind of world we would have without such ideas and inventions?
【答案解析】C. Without wandering minds,we wouldn’t have relativity,Coke or Post-it notes。錯因分析:部分考生可能忽略了上下句之間的意義銜接而造成失誤。由空格處前面句子的表述可知,在人類歷史上一些偉大的想法和輝煌的成就是由那些愛做白日夢的人帶來的。C項中的“relativity(相對論)”“Coke”和“post-it notes”是列舉的一些偉大的想法和成就。故C項符合此處語境。
【高考鏈接2】(2014·全國新課標卷Ⅱ)Make your time worth it. When you do find time to cook a meal,make the most of it and save yourself time later on. Are you making one loaf of bread? 38 It takes around the same amount of time to make more of something. So save yourself the effort for a future meal.
【答案解析】C. Make three or four instead。錯因分析:考生可能忽略了語境中上下文、前后句之間的意義銜接而錯選答案。根據(jù)“It takes around the same amount of time to make more of something”可知,一次多做一點面包與少做一點花費的時間差不多;再由本段最后一句“So save yourself the effort for a future meal”可知,一次多做一點面包還可以為未來節(jié)省精力。故作者建議我們要多做一些,讓我們的時間更有價值。
【方法點撥】對于句子間意義銜接的考查是高考閱讀七選五的??键c,考生在分析語段層次時可以借助句子間的連接詞做出判斷,但最主要的還是要真正理解句子間的意義,讀懂空格前后的句子,明白這幾句話的確切意思,然后根據(jù)意思的連貫性或邏輯性從選項中選取答案??忌谧x懂語篇及所有選項意思的基礎上,再利用線索、特征詞以及邏輯關系等進一步確認答案。
4.忽略邏輯銜接關系而造成的錯誤
【高考鏈接1】(2015·全國新課標卷Ⅱ)No one can say which brand will work best for you or feel best on your feet,so you have to rely on your experience and on the feel of each pair as you shop. When you have found shoes that seem right,walk in them for a few days to double-check the fit. 37 As always,you should stretch at least ten minutes before each run to prevent injuries .
【答案解析】E. If they still feel good,you can begin running in them。錯因分析:做這道題時考生由于忽略了上句與下句之間的順承關系而誤選其他選項。由空格前的“shoes that seem right”和“to double-check the fit”可知,此處是指為馬拉松訓練所準備的鞋子需要合腳。空格處與其前一句之間是順承關系,故選E項。
【高考鏈接2】(2012·課程標準卷)When you need help,reach out to the people who care about you. Talk to a trusted adult,such as a parent or other relatives. 72 They might have had similar problems,such as dealing with a test or the death of a beloved pet.
【答案解析】F. And don’t forget about your friends。錯因分析:部分考生可能由于沒有注意到上下文之間的并列關系而造成誤選。上文指出可以向關心自己的人尋求幫助,包括自己的父母或者親人,同時也不要忘了還有自己的朋友,F(xiàn)項中有“and”這個并列連詞。
【方法點撥】英語的語句以及段落之間經(jīng)常會運用一些關聯(lián)詞來表示銜接和過渡,使整篇文章行文邏輯清楚、連貫。因此在七選五閱讀理解題的語篇中和語篇后七個選項中的各種邏輯關系的路標性信號詞是解答此類試題很重要的線索。同學們在平時的復習備考中要牢記一些常見的關聯(lián)詞,如:(1)表示并列關系或者遞進關系的有:and,or,also,in addition to,what is more等;(2)表示因果關系的有:because,for,since,therefore,due to等;(3)表示轉(zhuǎn)折或讓步關系的有:but,however,on the other hand,though,even though,despite等;(4)表示時間關系的有:at first,f irstly,then,to begin with等。
5.忽略結(jié)構(gòu)銜接而造成的選擇錯誤
【高考鏈接】(2014·北京卷)Making good choices about your own health requires reasonable evaluation. A key first step in bettering your evaluation ability is to look carefully at your sources of health information. Reasonable evaluation includes knowing where and how to find relevant information,how to separate fact from opinion,how to recognize poor reasoning,and how to analyze information and the reliability of sources. 71
Go to the original source. Media reports often simplify the results of medical research. Find out for yourself what a study really reported and determine whether it was based on good science...
Watch for misleading language. Some studies will find that a behavior“contributes to”or is“associated with”an outcome;...
Use your common sense. If a report seems too good to be true,probably it is. Be especially careful of information contained in advertisements. The goal of an ad is to sell you something. Evaluate“scientific”statements carefully,and be aware of quackery.
75 Friends and family members can be a great source of ideas and inspiration,but each of us needs to find a healthy lifestyle that works for us.
【答案】71. G.The following suggestions can help you sort through the health information you receive from common sources. 75.A. Make choices that are right for you.
【錯因分析】考生忽略了文章的結(jié)構(gòu)而選錯答案。本篇短文結(jié)構(gòu)為總述—分述?!癎o to the original source”“Watch for misleading language”“Use your common sense”以及“Make choices that are right for you”都屬于作者對如何辨別正確的健康信息所提供的一些建議。由此得出71小題(總述)的答案為G項,再根據(jù)75小題后的“but each of us needs to find a healthy lifestyle that works for us.”與A項“Make choices that are right for you.”對應,故75小題選A項。
【方法點撥】分析篇章結(jié)構(gòu),把握全篇文脈,這是解答七選五閱讀理解題的關鍵。分析文章的層次通常包含兩種形式,一種是分析整篇文章的層次,另一種是分析每個段落內(nèi)部的層次。我們在英語課本或者是考試題中所遇到的英語文章絕大多數(shù)是總分結(jié)構(gòu),無論是整個語篇的邏輯還是每個獨立語段的邏輯基本上都是采用總分結(jié)構(gòu)??忌私馄哌x五閱讀理解題所考查的要點以及空格處在語篇中所出現(xiàn)的位置,這樣在閱讀文章時才能有意識地加強對文章的寫作思路和組織安排的理解。同時在平時的復習備考時,要掌握英語文章常見的幾種寫作結(jié)構(gòu),這對考生增強對七選五型閱讀理解的應對能力也是非常有幫助的。
七選五型閱讀理解題的出現(xiàn)順應了新課改的要求,突破了高考試題的固有模式。該題型不僅考查學生的閱讀能力,還考查學生的語言運用能力以及邏輯思維能力和書面表達能力等。這就對學生提出了更高的要求,要想做好此類題型,就要具備一定的詞匯儲備以及一定的閱讀能力和扎實的基礎語法知識等。具體做題時,可采取以下步驟:1. 通讀整篇文章,把握整段語脈,理出文章的中心;2. 辨別語境線索;3. 確定答案,入文復查。除此以外,考生在平時復習備考時要多練習此類題型,提高自己對此類試題的解題能力。
(作者單位:湖北省棗陽市教育系統(tǒng)高中學校)
“Birth certificate. Death certificate. One pen.”出生證明。死亡證明。同一支筆寫完。
“I met my soulmate. She didn’t.”我遇到了我的那個她。但她沒有。