湖北 徐鴻鳴

了解議論文特點(diǎn) 突破議論文閱讀理解

湖北 徐鴻鳴

議論文是高中英語(yǔ)閱讀理解中常見(jiàn)的文體之一，更由于其獨(dú)特的文章體裁，在閱讀理解的設(shè)題方面?？梢哉业揭恍┚哂泄残缘奶攸c(diǎn)，了解了這些特點(diǎn)對(duì)做好此類(lèi)閱讀理解題會(huì)起到事半功倍的效果。

一、英語(yǔ)議論文結(jié)構(gòu)模式

凡是議論文大都以“三段論”為主要模式，短者即三段，長(zhǎng)者分為三部分：一部分為主題，一部分為論據(jù)，另一部分為結(jié)論。不同之處主要體現(xiàn)在三個(gè)部分的位置安排有時(shí)不一樣。議論文的組織結(jié)構(gòu)大致可分為以下四種類(lèi)型：

圖一

圖二

圖三

圖四

圖一的正三角形是指文章在開(kāi)頭部分進(jìn)行鋪墊或設(shè)置懸念，繼而逐漸推進(jìn)，到了文章結(jié)尾處才點(diǎn)明文章主題，漢語(yǔ)的議論文常用此法。圖二的倒三角形是指文章在開(kāi)頭部分就點(diǎn)明主題，即我們常說(shuō)的“開(kāi)門(mén)見(jiàn)山”，之后通過(guò)具體分析或?qū)嵗龑?duì)論點(diǎn)進(jìn)行論證，在文章最后對(duì)觀點(diǎn)再進(jìn)行歸納、總結(jié)或進(jìn)行強(qiáng)化，這是英語(yǔ)議論文最為常見(jiàn)的一種模式。圖三的五邊形是指文章開(kāi)頭部分對(duì)論點(diǎn)進(jìn)行鋪墊或設(shè)置懸念，在中間部分點(diǎn)明主題，此后考慮到論據(jù)的充分性，又繼續(xù)通過(guò)事例進(jìn)行進(jìn)一步論證，最后進(jìn)行總結(jié)或歸納。圖四是指整篇文章貌似都在說(shuō)明某一事例，但全文都難以找到能夠體現(xiàn)文章主旨的主題句或主題段，內(nèi)容顯得零散，層次也不夠清晰，這類(lèi)文章不常見(jiàn)。

二、議論文閱讀理解的主要題型

從近幾年的高考英語(yǔ)閱讀理解來(lái)看，議論文類(lèi)閱讀理解的命題類(lèi)型主要有：

1.主旨大意題

考查考生對(duì)議論文基本觀點(diǎn)的理解，是主旨題設(shè)題的目標(biāo)，解答這類(lèi)題型要弄清作者想表達(dá)什么，即作者寫(xiě)此文章的目的。常見(jiàn)的主旨大意題命題形式有：

①The purpose of this passage is probably to tell_____.

②The author is primarily concerned with______.

③The writer of the article mainly wants to tell us_____.

④Which of the following best describes the main point of the passage？

⑤Which of the following titles best summarizes the content of the passage？

⑥The main（central）idea/ The best title/ The main fact of the story suggests_____.

2.推理判斷題

這類(lèi)題型的特點(diǎn)是以事實(shí)為依據(jù)，但其結(jié)果又不是事實(shí)本身，它主要測(cè)試考生的邏輯思維能力，側(cè)重于推理。常見(jiàn)設(shè)題形式有：

①Which of the following can be inferred from the passage？或It can be inferred from the passage that______.

②The author implies______.

③From the text we know/ we can learn that_____.

④The story implies that_____.

⑤From the passage，we can draw a conclusion that ______.或We can conclude from the paragraph that______.這類(lèi)題型中常用的關(guān)鍵詞匯有：infer，imply，suggest，indicate，conclude，learn from以及probably，most，likely，can，could，may，might等。

3.細(xì)節(jié)理解題

細(xì)節(jié)理解題是所有閱讀理解文體設(shè)題的主要形式，議論文也不例外。這類(lèi)題型要求考生理解文中的具體觀點(diǎn)和具體事實(shí)。此類(lèi)設(shè)題一般分為兩種，一種是考查原文細(xì)節(jié)本身，一種是考查某些細(xì)節(jié)在文中的意義。細(xì)節(jié)題有常見(jiàn)的幾種表現(xiàn)形式：例證題（文中舉例的作用）、是非判斷題、數(shù)字和年代以及一些細(xì)節(jié)內(nèi)容的考查。命題常以五個(gè)W（which，what，who，when，why）和一個(gè)H（how）來(lái)引起提問(wèn)。解答此類(lèi)題型需要確定設(shè)問(wèn)的角度，然后帶著問(wèn)題在文章中準(zhǔn)確定位信息，之后再通過(guò)一定的推理、分析、判斷和比較來(lái)確定答案。

4.文章結(jié)構(gòu)題

文章結(jié)構(gòu)題是議論文最為常見(jiàn)的一種設(shè)題形式之一，考查文章的寫(xiě)作框架或結(jié)構(gòu)模式，命題形式常以圖示的方法呈現(xiàn)，如2015年北京卷D篇：

70. Which of the following shows the development of ideas in this passage？

I：Introduction P：Point

Sp：Sub-point（次要點(diǎn)） C：Conclusion

其他的設(shè)題方式還有：

①The passage is written in the form/ order of______.

②The writer writes the article/organizes the clues/shapes the outline by______.

5.作者態(tài)度題

這類(lèi)題型需要考生判斷作者在文章中表達(dá)的針對(duì)文章的中心要點(diǎn)或就某一具體事件的觀點(diǎn)或者態(tài)度。常見(jiàn)設(shè)題形式有：

①The writer’s attitude towards...is_____.

②What is the purpose of...？

③According to the writer/author，we can know that he/ she______.

④The writer/author wrote the passage in order to_____.

⑤What do you think the writer will continue to talk about in the next passage？

如2014年全國(guó)新課標(biāo)卷Ⅰ：

30. What is the author’s attitude towards the experts mentioned in Paragraph 3？

A. Tolerant. B. Doubtful.

C. Respectful. D. Supportive.

三、議論文閱讀理解技巧

1.抓論點(diǎn)，尋論據(jù)

閱讀議論文我們要抓住論題，即作者提出的觀點(diǎn)，抓住了論點(diǎn)，我們就把握住了中心。由于議論文最常用的模式是開(kāi)篇便提出問(wèn)題或是明確擺明觀點(diǎn)，而在最后一段對(duì)該觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行進(jìn)一步強(qiáng)調(diào)或歸納，因此多數(shù)情況下認(rèn)真閱讀第一段便可以了解文章的主旨（論點(diǎn)），再結(jié)合結(jié)尾段落更可以明確進(jìn)行確認(rèn)。如2015年廣東卷C篇：

Daniel Anderson，a famous psychologist，believes it’s important to distinguish television’s influences on children from those of the family. We tend to blame TV，he says，for problems it doesn’t really cause，overlooking our own roles in shaping children’s minds.

...

For years researchers have attempted to show that television is dangerous to children. However，by showing that television promotes none of the dangerous effects as conventionally believed，Anderson suggests that television cannot be condemned without considering other influences.

40. What is the main purpose of the passage？

A. To advise on the educational use of TV.

B. To describe TV’s harmful effects on children.

C. To explain traditional views on TV influences.

D. To present Anderson’s unconventional ideas.

【解析】D。主旨大意題。文章第一段中，作者便提到“it’s important to distinguish television’s influences on children from those of the family”，意即電視對(duì)于孩子們的影響相對(duì)于過(guò)去的觀點(diǎn)應(yīng)該重新定義，最后一段進(jìn)一步提到“television cannot be condemned without considering other influences”，即不應(yīng)該按照常規(guī)，不考慮電視的其他影響而去譴責(zé)電視，故推斷出這篇文章的目的是呈現(xiàn)Anderson打破常規(guī)的想法。

2.注重文章結(jié)構(gòu)，理清文章脈絡(luò)

把握文章結(jié)構(gòu)，有利于對(duì)文章大意的理解，從論證方面來(lái)講，常見(jiàn)的議論文結(jié)構(gòu)有以下兩類(lèi)：

（1）put forward a question→analyze the question→solve the question即“提出問(wèn)題→分析問(wèn)題→解決問(wèn)題”的過(guò)程。

（2）argument/idea→evidence→conclusion/restating the idea即“由論點(diǎn)到論據(jù)到結(jié)構(gòu)或者強(qiáng)調(diào)論點(diǎn)”的過(guò)程。

如2015年北京卷D篇：

Technological change is everywhere and affects every aspect of life，mostly for the better. However，social changes that are brought about by new technology are often mistaken for a change in attitudes.

An example at hand is...

Thanks to the advanced technology，we live in an age of bettered communication. This has many implications well beyond the role that parents seem to play in the lives of their children who have left for college. But it is useful to bear in mind that all such changes come from the technology and not some imagined desire by parents to keep their children under their wings.

文章開(kāi)篇第一段提出論點(diǎn)：技術(shù)的發(fā)展影響人們生活的方方面面，主要是好的影響，但有時(shí)人們一些工作方式的改變會(huì)被人們誤以為是態(tài)度的變化，接著作者以父母對(duì)孩子的管教為例，論證了父母借助現(xiàn)代技術(shù)對(duì)孩子教育的參與度和溝通較之以往更多、更好，以此來(lái)論證自己的觀點(diǎn)，最后一段又對(duì)這一觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行強(qiáng)化，屬于典型的第二種模式“argument/idea→evidence→conclusion/restating the idea”。

3.體會(huì)文章語(yǔ)言特點(diǎn)，把握作者寫(xiě)作態(tài)度，準(zhǔn)確進(jìn)行推理判斷

能否把握作者的觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度是體現(xiàn)閱讀能力的重要方面，一般來(lái)說(shuō)，對(duì)作者的總的態(tài)度和傾向，必須在通讀全文，掌握了論點(diǎn)和論據(jù)后，方能做出判斷。在判斷作者觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度時(shí)，我們應(yīng)注意，有時(shí)候作者的觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度并不是明確地表達(dá)出來(lái)的，需要我們認(rèn)真感悟，做推理判斷時(shí)，一定要遵循邏輯規(guī)律，以事實(shí)為依據(jù)進(jìn)行合理的推斷。

四、真題演練

以2015年天津卷閱讀理解D篇為例：

Once when I was facing a decision that involved high risk，I went to a friend. He looked at me for a moment，and then wrote a sentence containing the best advice I’ve ever had：Be bold and brave—and mighty（強(qiáng)大的）forces will come to your aid.

Those words made me see clearly that when I had fallen short in the past，it was seldom because I had tried and failed. It was usually because I had let fear of failure stop me from trying at all. On the other hand，whenever I had plunged into deep water，forced by courage or circumstance，I had always been able to swim until I got my feet on the ground again.

Boldness means a decision to bite off more than you are sure you can eat. And there is nothing mysterious about the mighty forces. They are potential powers we possess：energy，skill，sound judgment，creative ideas—even physical strength greater than most of us realize.

Admittedly，those mighty forces are spiritual ones. But they are more important than physical ones. A college classmate of mine，Tim，was an excellent football player，even though he weighed much less than the average player. “In one game I suddenly found myself confronting a huge player，who had nothing but me between him and our goal line，”said Tim. “I was so frightened that I closed my eyes and desperately threw myself at that guy like a bullet—and stopped him cold.”

Boldness—a willingness to extend yourself to the extreme—is not one that can be acquired overnight. But it can be taught to children and developed in adults. Confidence builds up. Surely，there will be setbacks（挫折）and disappointments in life；boldness in itself is no guarantee of success. But the person who tries to do something and fails is a lot better off than the person who tries to do nothing and succeeds.

So，always try to live a little bit beyond your abilities—and you’ll find your abilities are greater than you ever dreamed.

51. Why was the author sometimes unable to reach his goal in the past？

A. He faced huge risks.

B. He lacked mighty forces.

C. Fear prevented him from trying.

D. Failure blocked his way to success.

52. What is the implied meaning of the underlined part？

A. Swallow more than you can digest.

B. Act slightly above your abilities.

C. Develop more mysterious powers.

D. Learn to make creative decisions.

53. What was especially important for Tim’s successful defense in the football game？

A. His physical strength.

B. His basic skill.

C. His real fear.

D. His spiritual force.

54. What can be learned from Paragraph 5？

A. Confidence grows more rapidly in adults.

B. Trying without success is meaningless.

C. Repeated failure creates a better life.

D. Boldness can be gained little by little.

55. What is the author’s purpose in writing this passage？

A. To encourage people to be courageous.

B. To advise people to build up physical power.

C. To tell people the ways to guarantee success.

D. To recommend people to develop more abilities.

【解析】本文是一篇議論文。作者聯(lián)系自己的經(jīng)歷說(shuō)明了大膽的重要性及其養(yǎng)成，并鼓勵(lì)人們要有勇氣和膽量，敢于面對(duì)挫折，積累力量和智慧，努力實(shí)現(xiàn)自己的夢(mèng)想。

51. C。細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段“It was usually because I had let fear of failure stop me from trying at all”可知，作者過(guò)去沒(méi)能達(dá)成目標(biāo)是因?yàn)樗ε率　?/p>

52. B。句意理解題。根據(jù)下文“And there is nothing mysterious about the mighty forces”可以推測(cè)出這里的含義為“行為略高于你的能力”。故選B項(xiàng)。

53. D。細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段首句“Admittedly，those mighty forces are spiritual ones.”可知，Tim在足球比賽中能夠成功的防守在于他的強(qiáng)大的精神力量。

54. D。主旨大意題。根據(jù)第五段首句“Boldness—a willingness to extend yourself to the extreme—is not one that can be acquired overnight.”可知，大膽是一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)獲得的而并非一夜之間就能得到。故選D項(xiàng)。

55. A。作者意圖題。根據(jù)全文可知，作者聯(lián)系自己的親身經(jīng)歷說(shuō)明了大膽的重要性，并鼓勵(lì)人們要有勇氣和膽量，因此他寫(xiě)這篇文章的目的也就是要鼓勵(lì)人們要有勇氣，A選項(xiàng)的意思與文章主旨完全吻合。

（作者單位：湖北省巴東縣第一中學(xué)）