陸瑞萍
“主謂一致”指的是不同人稱單、復數(shù)主語與謂語動詞之間的一致。中考英語對“主謂一致”的考查,主要圍繞“語法一致、概念一致、鄰近一致”三個基本原則,主要考查以下十種表示法:
一、 主語由and連接時的謂語表示法
主語由and連接時,謂語有兩種表示法:
① and起“A+B”作用時,即主語是and連接的名詞或代詞,謂語用復數(shù)。如:a desk and a chair;she and I;Tom and Scott。② and連接的名詞表示“同一人”“同一物”或“相互配合使用的物品”的概念時,謂語通常用單數(shù)。如:a red and white rose一朵紅白相間的玫瑰花;a cart and horse一輛馬拉的車;a knife and fork一副刀叉;a teacher and writer一位教師兼作家;bread and butter涂黃油的面包。
1. Look! A black dog and a yellow dog with each other under the tree.
A. fight B. fights C. is fighting D. are fighting
2. Look! A black and white cat after a mouse under the tree.
A. is running B. are running C. runs D. run
第1題中,主語是a black dog and a yellow dog,是復數(shù)概念,因此正確答案是D。句意是:看!一條黑狗和一條黃狗正在樹下打架。
第2題中,主語a black and white cat表示“一只黑白相間的貓”,是單數(shù)概念,因此正確答案是A。句意是:看!一只黑白相間的貓正在樹下追趕一只老鼠。
二、主語由both...and,either...or等連接時的謂語表示法
主語由both...and連接時,謂語用復數(shù)形式;主語由or,either...or,neither...nor,whether...or,not only...but also,not...but連接時,謂語通常采用“鄰近一致”原則,即與謂語靠近的那個主語是單數(shù)時,謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式,與謂語靠近的那個主語是復數(shù)時,謂語動詞用復數(shù)形式。(注:neither...nor連接主語時,謂語有時也可以用復數(shù)形式。)
1. Both Tom and Tim great progress since last school year.
A. has made B. have made
C. is making D. are making
2. Either you or your sister to stay at home today.
A. have B. had C. has
3. Not only the students but also the teacher
pleased with the work youve done.
A. is B. was C. were D. are
第1題中,主語由both…and連接,謂語用復數(shù)形式,因此應選B。
第2題中,與謂語靠近的主語是your sister,因此應選C。
第3題中,與謂語靠近的主語是the teacher,因此應選A。
三、主語后有with,except等短語時的謂語表示法
主語后有with,along with,together with,except,like,but,besides,including等短語時,謂語要與這些短語前面的名詞保持主謂一致。
1. My younger sister,together with my parents,often
to the park on Saturdays,but I have to go to school every Saturday.
A. go B. goes C. went D. are going
2. Everyone except Bill and Jim there when the meeting began.
A. was B. is C. are D. were
第1題中,together with my parents前是my younger sister,謂語要與my younger sister保持一致,因此正確答案是B。
第2題中,except Bill and Jim前是everyone,謂語要與everyone保持一致,因此正確答案是A。
四、主語是集體名詞時的謂語表示法
主語是family,class,team 等集體名詞時,如果這個名詞表示“整體”概念,謂語用單數(shù)形式;如果這個名詞表示“成員”概念,謂語用復數(shù)形式。
1. Johns family a big one.There are eight people in it.
A. has B. was C. is D. are
2. Johns family having supper at seven this morning.
A. were B. was C. is D. are
第1題中,family表示“整體”概念,意思是“約翰的家庭”,謂語用單數(shù)形式,因此正確答案是C。句意是:約翰的家庭是個大家庭,共有八口人。
第2題中,family表示“成員”概念,意思是“約翰一家人”,謂語用復數(shù)形式,因此正確答案是A。句意是:今天早晨七點,約翰一家人正在吃早餐。(是“人”吃早餐,而不是“家庭”吃早餐,因此這個family指的是“家庭成員”。)
五、主語是不定代詞時的謂語表示法
somebody/someone, anybody/anyone,everybody/everyone,nobody,everything,nothing等不定代詞作主語時,謂語要用單數(shù)形式;none作主語時,謂語可用單數(shù)形式也可用復數(shù)形式;all作主語時,謂語的單、復數(shù)形式要依據(jù)all表達的意思而定。
1. Hi,Jack,someone for you in front of the school gate.
A. waits B. wait C. is waiting D. are waiting
2. All going on very well since they came here.
A. was B. have been C. are D. has been
3. All present at the important meeting except Mr.Smith.
A. is B. was C. were D. has been
第l題中,主語是someone,是單數(shù)概念,因此正確答案是C。
第2題中,all的意思是“一切(情況)”,是單數(shù)概念,因此正確答案是D。
第3題中,all的意思是“所有的人”,是復數(shù)概念,因此正確答案是C。
六、主語是動詞-ing形式、動詞不定式時的謂語表示法
主語是動詞-ing形式、動詞不定式或從句時,謂語通常用單數(shù)形式。
1. To catch what he had said really not easy.
A. was B. has been C. are D. were
2. Flying kites in the open air far more enjoyable than playing chess at home.
A. have been B. is C. are D. were
第1題中,主語是不定式短語 to catch what he had said,是單數(shù)概念,因此正確答案是A。句意是:理解他所說的話真的不容易。
第2題中,主語是動名詞短語flying kites,是單數(shù)概念,因此正確答案是B。句意是:在野外放風箏比在家里下棋要有趣得多。
七、主語是police,people時的謂語表示法
主語是police,people,cattle,youth時,謂語動詞要用復數(shù)形式。
1. People newspapers or magazings for pleasure during their free time.
A. reads B. is reading C. read D. are read
2. The police on duty on the main streets every day.
A. is B. are C. was D. were
第1題中,主語是people,謂語動詞要用復數(shù)形式,因此正確答案是C。.
第2題中,主語是police,謂語動詞要用復數(shù)形式,因此正確答案是B。
八、主語是“the +形容詞”時的謂語表示法
主語是“the +形容詞”,指“一類人(the rich富人;the poor窮人;the old/aged老年人;the young年輕人;the living活著的人們;the dead死去的人們;the blind盲人;the sick病人)”時,謂語要用復數(shù)形式。
1. The rich for the plan,but the poor against it.
A. are;are B. is;is C. are;is D. is;are
2. The blind help because they are not able to see anything.
A. needs B. needed C. need D. is needing
第1題中,兩個主語分別是the rich和the poor,謂語動詞要用復數(shù)形式,因此正確答案是A。句意是:富人們贊成那個計劃,而窮人們則反對那個計劃。
第2題中,主語是the blind,謂語動詞要用復數(shù)形式,因此正確答案是C。句意是:盲人們需要幫助,因為他們看不見東西。
九、主語是時間、距離等時的謂語表示法
表示時間、距離、貨幣、重量等的復數(shù)名詞作主語時,常作整體看待,謂語用單數(shù)形式。
1. How time flies!Ten years passed.
A. have B. has C. is D. are
2. One thousand kilometers a long distance。
A. are B. is C. has D. have
第1題中,ten years常作整體看待,謂語用單數(shù)形式,因此正確答案是B。句意是:光陰似箭!十年已經(jīng)過去了。
第2題中,one thousand kilometers常作整體看待,謂語用單數(shù)形式,因此正確答案是B。句意是:一千公里是一段很長的路程。
十、 there be句型中be的單復數(shù)表示法
there be句型中,be動詞的形式要和其后的主語在數(shù)上保持一致。如果句子的主語是單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞,或是不可數(shù)名詞,be動詞根據(jù)時態(tài)需要用“is”或“was”;如果句子的主語是復數(shù)名詞,be動詞根據(jù)時態(tài)需要用“are”或“were”;如果有兩個或兩個以上的名詞作主語,be動詞通常要和最靠近它的那個主語在數(shù)上保持一致,也就是我們常說的“鄰近一致原則”。
1. Sorry,I didnt see there some milk left in the glass.
A. is B. was C. are D. were
2. There many people in the street yesterday.
A. are B. is C. were D. have
3. Cant you see there an orange and some bananas in the basket?
A. is B. are C. has D. were
第1題中,主語是milk,是不可數(shù)名詞,謂語要用單數(shù),I didnt see屬“一般過去時”,因此本題應選B. was。
第2題中,主語是people,是集體名詞,謂語要用復數(shù),yesterday屬“過去時間”,因此本題應選C.were。
第3題中,主語是an orange and some bananas,但靠近謂語的是an orange,是單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞,根據(jù)“鄰近一致原則”,謂語也要用單數(shù),因此本題應選A. is。