龔磊
在我們高三復(fù)習當中,不少同學專注于對詞匯的反復(fù)記憶。殊不知,通過構(gòu)詞法來掌握單詞的變化規(guī)律,可以幫助我們在考試中有效減少“攔路虎”,提高正確率。筆者在此結(jié)合構(gòu)詞法的基本規(guī)則,來和大家談?wù)劇皹?gòu)詞法”在考試當中究竟可以發(fā)揮怎樣的神奇效力。
英語的構(gòu)詞法主要有三種:
1. 合成。由兩個或兩個以上的詞合成一個詞。最常見的合成詞為合成名詞、合成形容詞,還有合成副詞、合成動詞、合成代詞等。如:headmaster,passer-by,warm-hearted,well-known。
2. 派生。通過加前綴或后綴變成另一個詞。如:supermarket,misunderstand,importance,unbelievable。
3. 轉(zhuǎn)化。由一種詞性轉(zhuǎn)化為另一種詞性。如:can n. 罐頭→can v. 把……裝成罐頭;empty adj. 空的→empty v. 倒出, 空出;fool n. 傻子→fool v. 愚弄。
構(gòu)詞法在各大題型中的應(yīng)用:
[語法填空]
在高考試題當中,針對構(gòu)詞法的考查主要體現(xiàn)在語法填空和完形填空中。語法填空主要考查形容詞、副詞、動詞和名詞相互之間的詞形變化。如:
1. 形容詞→副詞
例1 (2014新課標Ⅰ卷) The river was so polluted that it 62 (actual) caught fire and burdened.
例2 (2014新課標Ⅱ卷) Everyone on the bus began talking about what the boy had done, and the crowd of strangers 50 (sudden) became friendly to one another.
例3 (2015新課標Ⅱ卷)Walls made of adobe take in the heat from the sun on hot days and give out that heat 65 (slow) during cool nights, thus warning the house.
解析 actually;suddenly;slowly。根據(jù)句意,三題中的空白處均在句中充當狀語,故使用提示詞的副詞形式,分別為actually,suddenly,slowly。語法填空中的“形容詞→副詞”題多為在原提示詞后直接添加后綴ly, 但同學們也應(yīng)注意一些特殊情況,如possible→possibly,probable→probably,true→truly,這些單詞由形容詞變?yōu)楦痹~應(yīng)去掉e再加ly。我們在平時的復(fù)習中,應(yīng)該有意識的對這些特殊變化加以分類整理和記憶。
2. 形容詞→名詞/名詞→形容詞
例4 (2015新課標Ⅱ卷) What makes the adobe dwellings admirab在我們高三復(fù)習當中,不少同學專注于對詞匯的反復(fù)記憶。殊不知,通過構(gòu)詞法來掌握單詞的變化規(guī)律,可以幫助我們在考試中有效減少“攔路虎”,提高正確率。筆者在此結(jié)合構(gòu)詞法的基本規(guī)則,來和大家談?wù)劇皹?gòu)詞法”在考試當中究竟可以發(fā)揮怎樣的神奇效力。
英語的構(gòu)詞法主要有三種:
1. 合成。由兩個或兩個以上的詞合成一個詞。最常見的合成詞為合成名詞、合成形容詞,還有合成副詞、合成動詞、合成代詞等。如:headmaster,passer-by,warm-hearted,well-known。
2. 派生。通過加前綴或后綴變成另一個詞。如:supermarket,misunderstand,importance,unbelievable。
3. 轉(zhuǎn)化。由一種詞性轉(zhuǎn)化為另一種詞性。如:can n. 罐頭→can v. 把……裝成罐頭;empty adj. 空的→empty v. 倒出, 空出;fool n. 傻子→fool v. 愚弄。
構(gòu)詞法在各大題型中的應(yīng)用:le is their 63 (able) to “air condition” a house without 64 (use) electric equipment.
解析 ability;using。題干中63題在句中應(yīng)該充當their所修飾的名詞,而able的名詞是通過改e為i加后綴ty得來,故答案為ability。一些常用的名詞后綴還有:-age(狀態(tài),集合),-an/-ian(人,……家),-ence(構(gòu)成抽象名詞),-cion/-sion/-tion/-ation(動作,狀態(tài)),-ee(動作的承受者),-er/-or(人或物),-ess(指女性),-ism(主義,……教),-ist(主義者;……家),-ment(行為,結(jié)果,狀態(tài),性質(zhì)),-ship(關(guān)系,身份),-hood(身份,性質(zhì),時代),-ty(狀態(tài),性質(zhì)),-ure(結(jié)果,行為,狀態(tài),實物),-al(動作過程,結(jié)果)。
例5 (2015新課標Ⅱ卷) As 69 (nature) architects, the Pueblo Indians figured out exactly 70 thick the adobe walls needed to be to make the cycle work on most days.
解析 natural。第69空在句中應(yīng)做architects的修飾語,因此應(yīng)使用提示詞nature的形容詞形式。而nature的形容詞是通過去掉e再添加后綴al得來。故答案為natural。常用形容詞后綴還有-able/-ible/-ble,-al,-ed,-en,-ful,-ic/-ical,-ish,-ive,-less,-ly,-ous/-ious,-ward,-y等。
3. 動詞→形容詞
例6 (2014新課標Ⅰ卷) While there are 68 (amaze) stories of instant transformation, for most of us the 69 (change) are gradual and require a lot of effort and work, like cleaning up a polluted river.
解析 amazing。第68題中,空白處充當stories的定語,根據(jù)語鏡,此處應(yīng)該意為“令人感動的故事”,而表示“令人感動的”應(yīng)使用動詞amaze的現(xiàn)在分詞形式,故答案為amazing。
例7 (2014新課標Ⅱ卷) There were many people waiting at the bus stop, 42 some of them looked very anxious and 43 (disappoint).
解析 disappointed。根據(jù)句意,第43題空白處應(yīng)和之前的形容詞anxious是并列表語,所以這里應(yīng)填入形容詞。表達人物的內(nèi)心活動應(yīng)使用動詞disappoint的過去分詞形式,表示“感到失望的”,故答案為disappointed。
點撥 分詞形容詞,即通過在動詞后添加-ing或-ed構(gòu)成的形容詞是高考的重要考點,廣泛出現(xiàn)于完形填空和語法填空等題型當中,應(yīng)引起足夠的重視。由現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成的形容詞常修飾物,而過去分詞構(gòu)成的形容詞常用于修飾人,表達人物情感。
[構(gòu)詞法與完形填空]
在完形填空當中,更多的是考查具有同一類詞根的單詞的區(qū)別。
例8 (2015湖南卷) The music allowed me to learn that teaching is about sharing and respect, tears and smiles, the knowing and the 46 and, most of all, an understanding of each other.
46. A. unprepared B. understand
C. unknown D. unforgotten
解析 C。由tears and smiles是一對表示對立的意義的詞可知,此空應(yīng)填入與knowing相反的詞語。除了B選項,其余選項均為以un這一否定前綴開頭的詞。unknown是knowing的否定詞,故選C。
例9 (2014新課標Ⅰ卷) The world is full of 46 stamp albums and unfinished models, each standing as a monument to someones 47 interest.
46. A. well-organized B. colorfully-printed
C. newly-collected D. half-filled
解析 D。該題中的四個選項均為合成形容詞。well-organized組織好的,colorfully-printed匯成彩色的,newly-collected新收集的,half-filled填完一半的。下面的unfinished models是重要提示,與之并列的是half-filled stamp albums,意為“完成一半的集郵冊”,故答案選D。
例10 (2015新課標Ⅱ卷) It 57 me that playing against the other team was a great 58 moment for all the girls on the team. I think it is a general principle.
58. A. touching B. thinking
C. encouraging D. learning
解析 D。該題中四個選項均為現(xiàn)在分詞作形容詞:touching令人感動的,encouraging鼓舞人的,thinking思考的,learning學習的。根據(jù)上文中提到的內(nèi)容,答案應(yīng)為learning moment。
最絕的當屬2015年廣東卷的完形填空,其中三個題目均考查了副詞的用法。請同學們利用你對構(gòu)詞法的了解并結(jié)合文章意思,看看答案應(yīng)該選哪一個。
例11 (2015廣東卷) How long can human beings live? Most scientists who study old age think that human body is 1 to live no longer that 120 years. However, 110 years is probably the longest that anyone could hope to live—if he or she is 2 healthy and lucky. Some scientists even say we can live as long as 130 years! Yet, our cells simply cannot continue to reproduce 3 They wear out, and as a result, we get old and 4 die.
1. A. designed B. selected
C. improved D. discovered
2. A. completely B. generally
C. apparently D. extremely
3. A. rapidly B. harmlessly
C. endlessly D. separately
4. A. eventually B. hopelessly
C. automatically D. desperately
解析 ADCA。針對完形填空填空中這一類考同根詞的題目,建議同學們在平時復(fù)習當中,多關(guān)注詞根所表達的具體含義,如表否定含義的有mis-/non-/un-/dis-/in-/il-/ir-等,通過對比,可以很快找到正確答案。而對于像例9中所有選項均為幾個單詞合成的詞語,也不必驚慌失措,而是應(yīng)該通過構(gòu)詞規(guī)律仔細分析,結(jié)合上下文進行篩選。
[構(gòu)詞法與閱讀理解]
在各省高考試題的閱讀理解中,也不時見到針對“詞義猜測”而設(shè)置的考題,針對這類題目,如果同學們熟練掌握構(gòu)詞法的基本規(guī)則,則可以快速猜出詞義,節(jié)約寶貴的答題時間。
例12 (2015陜西卷) Parents who help their children with homework may actually be bringing down their school grades. Other forms of parental involvement, including volunteering at school and observing a childs class, also fail to help, according to the most recent study on the topic.
58. The underlined expression “parental involvement” in Paragraph 1 probably means
A. parents expectation on childrens health
B. parents participation in childrens education
C. parents control over childrens life
D. parents plan for childrens future
解析 B。本題考查詞義猜測。根據(jù)劃線部分前面的help their children with homework,以及后面的including volunteering at school and observing a childs class可知,劃線部分的意思應(yīng)為“父母參與到孩子的教育中”。而parental involvement這一短語本身是由parental和involvement兩詞組合而來。如果同學們可以看出parental是由parent變來的形容詞,involvement是由involve(參與)加上名詞后綴ment變來的名詞,則這道題做起來就容易多了。
例13 (2012全國卷) Try hands-on science. Visit one of the many hands-on science museums around the country. These science play-lands are great fun for kids and grown-ups alike. Theyll keep your child mentally and physically active the whole day through while pushing buttons, experimenting, and building. When everyone is tired, enjoy a fun family science show, commonly found in these museums.
58. What does “hands-on science” mean in the last paragraph?
A. Science games designed by kids. B. Learning science by doing things.
C. A show of kids science work.
D. Reading science books.
解析 B。根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法的規(guī)則,hands-on為hands 與on合成得來。短語hand sth. on意為“把……留給某人使用”,再根據(jù)該段后文中的解釋可以推測hands-on意為“實際動手操作的”。故答案選B。
例14 (2015湖北卷) What Theresa Loe is doing proves that a large farm isnt a prerequisite for a modern grow-your-own lifestyle. On a mere 1/10 of an acre in Los Angeles, Loe and her family grow, can (裝罐) and preserve much of the food they continue.
55. The underlined word “prerequisite” (Para.1) is closest in meaning to “ ”.
A. recipe B. substitute
C. requirement D. challenge
解析 C。通過利用構(gòu)詞法對該生詞進行拆分,我們發(fā)現(xiàn)prerequisite是由require(需要)的同根詞requisite(必需之物)加上前綴pre(預(yù)先),故可以推斷該詞含義為“先決條件”。再結(jié)合上下文語境,下文講述的是Loe 和她的家人在僅僅1/10英畝的土地上栽種和保存他們所需的大部分食物,最終可以斷定劃線詞的含義是“必備條件,先決條件”。