蘇永蘭
請(qǐng)看下面的小對(duì)話:
—I’m sorry.I shouldn’t have shouted at you the other day.
—Forget it.I was a bit out of control myself.
【解析】“對(duì)不起,前幾天我不應(yīng)該朝你大喊大叫的?!薄安灰旁谛纳?。我自己有點(diǎn)情緒失控?!眘houldn’t have done sth.表達(dá)的是“本不應(yīng)該做某事,但已經(jīng)做了。
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞是英語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞中最難把握的一類,也是各種考試中的??贾R(shí)點(diǎn)。對(duì)于情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的考查分布在聽力、語(yǔ)法單選、完形填空、改錯(cuò)等題型中,書面表達(dá)中如果能正確靈活地運(yùn)用情態(tài)動(dòng)詞,會(huì)是一個(gè)得分的亮點(diǎn)。命題的熱點(diǎn)主要集中在三個(gè)方面:基本用法辨析;情態(tài)動(dòng)詞表示推測(cè)的用法辨析;情態(tài)動(dòng)詞在虛擬語(yǔ)氣中的運(yùn)用;而對(duì)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的虛擬意義的考查主要是針對(duì)“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+have done”。下面我們就來(lái)總結(jié)一下這種用法,
一.could/may/might havedone:本來(lái)可以做到、實(shí)際上沒做到,經(jīng)常帶有責(zé)備或遺憾的意味。
1.You could have passed my examination easily,but you made too many stupid mistakes.
你本來(lái)是能輕易通過考試的,但你出了很多愚蠢的錯(cuò)誤。(實(shí)際上考試不及格)
2.He might have given you more help,even though he was very busy
即便他當(dāng)時(shí)很忙,本來(lái)也是可以多給你一些幫助的。(實(shí)際上沒給你更多的幫助)
二.couldn’t have done本來(lái)做不到、實(shí)際上做到了。要注意,虛擬意義不能用can。
He couldn’t have passed the exam without your help.
如果沒有你的幫助,他本來(lái)是不能及格的。(實(shí)際上及格了)
【注意】這里的“不可能”并不是表示推測(cè),而是表示能力:不能夠及格,及格不了。
三.should或ought to的虛擬意義,包括以下兩種情況:
(一)should/ought to have done本來(lái)應(yīng)該做、但實(shí)際上沒做
1.I told Sally how to get there,but perhaps I should have written it out for her.
我告訴了薩利如何去那里;不過,或許我該給她寫出來(lái)。(實(shí)際上沒寫出來(lái))
(二)shouldn’t/oughtn’t to have done本來(lái)不該做、實(shí)際上做了,常帶有責(zé)備、自責(zé)的意味。
2.You oughtn’t to have interrupted the meeting to tell me that; you could have come to tell me afterwards.
你本不應(yīng)該打斷會(huì)議跟我說(shuō)那件事;你本可以事后告訴我。(實(shí)際上打斷了)
【補(bǔ)充】用于從句中,表示驚訝、奇怪、不快、贊美等感情:竟然、竟會(huì),此時(shí),既可以用完成式should have done,也可以用一般式should do。
3.It’s wonderful that you should have achieved so much in these years.
這些年你竟然能取得如此大的成就,太棒了。(驚訝、贊美)
4.It was sad to me that they, so poor themselves, should bring me food.
他們自己很貧窮卻給竟然給我?guī)?lái)了食物,我很難過(這里的should bring=should have brought)
四.needn’t have done (通常用于否定句)本不必做、實(shí)際上做了
1.There was plenty of time. She needn’t have hurried.時(shí)間足夠了;她本沒必要那么匆忙。
2.We needn’t have bought so much food now that Suzie won’t be with us for dinner.既然Suzie不跟我們一起吃飯,我們本沒必要買那么多東西。
五.would have done肯定會(huì),用于虛擬語(yǔ)氣的主句中,意思是“(肯定)會(huì)做,實(shí)際上沒做”
1.They were abroad during the months when we were carrying out the investigation, or they would have come to our help.
我們做調(diào)查的這幾個(gè)月期間,他們?cè)趪?guó)外;否則,他們會(huì)來(lái)幫我們的。(實(shí)際上沒來(lái)幫我們)
2. Had he caught the morning train, he would not have been late for the meeting.
如果他趕上了早上的火車,他就不會(huì)開會(huì)遲到了(實(shí)際上沒趕上,遲到了)。
(作者單位:威海職業(yè)學(xué)院)