孫承喜
中圖分類號:G633.4 文獻標識碼:B 文章編號:1672-1578(2016)06-0139-02
英語和漢語兩種語言之間有較大的差異。在思維方式上英美人表現(xiàn)為以邏輯思維為主,英語注重語言的結構方式,句子成分講究排列順序,很少省略句子成分,句子與句子總是使用連接詞連接。相形之下,漢語重在表意,不過分在意句子的語法結構,常省略句子的主語、賓語和關聯(lián)詞語。英語句子的定語與漢語句子的定語在位置上的差異較大。教師應重視英漢兩種語言在句子結構差異上的教學,杜絕學生犯中國式英語錯誤,提高學生英語表達能力。
以下用實例具體說明英漢兩種語言在句法結構上的一些差異,以供參考。
1.在英語中當時間、距離、環(huán)境、天氣等概念作句子的主語時用it表示,且不可省略。
1. 現(xiàn)在八點了。
Now is eight o'clock .(誤)
It is eight o'clock . (正)
2. 從這里到我的學校有五公里路。
From here to my school is five kilometers.(誤)
From here to my school it is five kilometers.(正)
3. 教室里很安靜。
In the classroom is very quiet.(誤)
In the classroom it is very quiet.(正)
4. 外面在下雨。
Qutside is raining .(誤)
Qutside it is raining . (正)
2.英語句子的謂語必須由動詞充當
英語句子的謂語必須由動詞充當,在用英語表達漢語意思時容易犯遺漏動詞的錯誤,尤其是be動詞。例如:
1. 好好學習 , 天天向上。
Good good study ,every day up .(誤)
Study well and make progress every day .(正)
2. 每天我步行上學
Every day I on foot to school.(誤)
Every day I walk to school.(正)
Every day I go to school on foot.(正)
在漢語中形容詞、副詞、數(shù)詞、介詞結構等可以直接作謂語,但在英語中還必須再加上謂語動詞be. 例如:
1. 這些孩子很勇敢。
The children very brave。(誤)
The children are very brave。 (正)
2. 我的自行車在那里。
My bike over there 。(誤)
My bike is over there 。(正)
3. 你在哪兒?
Where you ? (誤)
Were are you ? (正)
4. 今年我15歲。
I fifteen (years old) this year。(誤)
I am fifteen (years old) this year。(正)
5. 我們在82班。
We in Class 82。 (誤)
We are in Class 82。(正)
6. 沒人反對我的意見
No one against my suggestion。(誤)
No one is against my suggestion。(正)
3.英語句子謂語動詞的賓語不能省略
在漢語中承接上文,常省去謂語動詞的賓語,而英語謂詞動詞的賓語不能省略。例如:
1. 你叫什么名字?會拼寫嗎?
-What is your name? Can you spell ? (誤)
-Yes , I can spell.(誤)
-What is your name ? Can you spell it ? (正)
-Yes , I can ( spell it ) 。(正)
2. 我經(jīng)常吃香蕉,他沒有吃過。
I often eat bananas , but he has never eaten. (誤)
I often eat bananas , but he has never eaten them. (正)
3. 我到過昆明,我非常喜歡那里。
I have been to Kunming. I like there very much. (誤)
I have been to Kunming. I like it there very much.. (正)
4.英語句子的定語基本上要后置
漢語句子的定語基本上是前置的。在英語句子中單個的詞作定語一般要前置,在以下情況定語應后置:
(一)介詞短語作定語應放在被限制成分之后。例如:
1. 沙發(fā)上的書包是我的一件獎品。
The schoolbag on the sofa is a prize of mine.
2. 我已找到了我的摩托車鑰匙。
I have found the key to my motorbike.
3. 這里白天的氣溫很高。
The air temperature during the day is very high here.
4. 那本書的封面是紅色的。
The covers of that book are red.
5. 靠墻的梯子是我作的。
The ladder against the wall was made by me.
(二)分詞短語和不定式作定語應后置
現(xiàn)在分詞短語、過去分詞短語以及不定式等非謂語動詞短語作定語,應放在被修飾成分之后。例如:
1. 攤在書桌上的課本是我向李老師借來的。
The textbook lying on the desk was borrowed from Mr Li by me.
2. 用過的摩托車比新摩托車便宜。
The motorbikes used by others are cheaper than the new ones.
3. 座在那里的老人有102歲了。
The old man sitting there is 102 years old .
4. 他們是2015年的退休教師。
They are teachers retired in 2015.
5. 這是我今天要做的作業(yè)。
This is my homework to do today.
6. 我碰巧有你要借的那本書。
I happen to have the book for you to borrow.
單個的分詞作定語強調(diào)動作時也應后置。例如:
7. 在唱歌的婦女是他的妻子。
The woman singing is his wife.
8. 產(chǎn)生的熱能等于消耗的電能。
The heat energy produced is equal to the electrical energy used.
(三)表示地點和方位的副詞作定語限制名詞應后置。例如:
1. 周圍的人救了他。
The people around saved him.
2. 在我放學回家的路上我遇見了你的父親。
On my way home from school I met your father.
3. 那里的交通比這里的交通擁擠。
The fraffic there is heavier than the fraffic here.
4. 上面的天和下面的海一樣藍。
The sky above is as blue as the sea below.
(四)形容詞作定語修飾代詞those 以及something、anything、everything、nothing、someone、anyone、everyone、somebody、anybody、everybody、nobody、somewhere、anywhere 等不定代詞應后置。例如:
1. 我會盡一切可能的力量幫你學英語。
I will do everything possible to help you with English.
2. 這件事情需要個可靠人。
The work needs someone reliable.
3. 出席的人都捐了錢。
Those present donated money.
4. 暑假我要去個有趣的地方。
During the summer holidays I'm going somewhere interesting.
5. 王老師審問了每個在場的人。
Mr Wang questioned everybody present.
6. 你的汽車有毛病了。
There is something wrong with your car.
形容詞作定語修飾的名詞前已有all、only、every以及形容詞最高級這些限制性很強的詞時,形容詞應后置。例如:
7. 他和所有的先進工作者握了手。
He shook hands with all the workers advanced.
8. 可能有的最好辦法是交付罰金。
The best way possible is to pay the fine.
形容詞短語作定語應后置。例如:
9. 這是個足夠困難的問題。
This is a problem difficult enough.
10. 他是個對數(shù)學感興趣的孩子。
He is a boy interested in math.
11. 我是個不善于學習英語的學生。
I am a student not good at studying English.
12. 他是個通曉漢語的外國人。
He is a foreigner familiar with Chinese.
5.英語的句子與句子之間講究連接方式
(一)漢語并列句之間常常省略并列連詞,而英語必須用并列連詞連接兩個并列分句。例如:
1. 他會講英語,我會講日語。
He can speak English and I can speak Japanese.
2. 他三十五歲了,沒有結婚。
She is 35 years old , but she is not married.
3. 我在專心做作業(yè),有人敲了一下門。
I was doing my homework attentively , when someone knocked at the door.
(二)漢語主從復合句中在主句和狀語從句之間常省略從屬連詞,而英語必須用從屬連詞將主句和從句連接起來。例如:
1. 今天我不想乘出租車,里面很悶熱。
Today I don't want to take a taxi , because it is quite hot inside.
2. 努力學習,你會趕上他的。
If you study hard, you will catch up with him.
3.他起床非常早,及時趕上了第一班列車。
He got up very early so that he was in time for the first train.
4. 你工作繁忙,不必跟我們?nèi)チ恕?/p>
Since you are busy with your work , you needn`t go with us.
(三)英語的主句和定語從句必須用關系代詞或關系副詞連接起來。關系代詞或關系副詞既起連接作用,也同時充當了定語從句的一定成分,使得定語從句的結構完整。例如:
1 他就是剛才找你的那個人。
He is the man who asked for you just now.
2. 這是他父親,在我們學校教書。
This is his father , who teaches in our school.
3. 這老太太,家里有三個兒子,獨自一人住。
The old woman , in whose family there are 3 sons,lives by herself.
4. 今天是6月20日,我的生日。
Today it is June 20 th , which is my birthday.
5. 我的貨車被堵在前方200米處,出事故了。
My truck is blocked 200 metres ahead , where there is a traffic accident .
6. 他遲到的原因是起晚了。
The reason why he was late was that he got up late.
綜上所述,由于英漢句子結構存在較大差異,在將漢語譯成英語時,不得停留在文字表面,逐字逐詞地譯,一定要考慮到句子成分的排列順序,不遺漏句子成分,用連詞、關系詞將句子之間的連接方式凸現(xiàn)出來。