白伊陽
去英國旅游,每一個人都免不了要與佇立在街頭的紅色電話亭來一張合影,畢竟它是英國最具特色的文化標(biāo)記之一。在手機普及的今天,紅色電話亭已基本失去當(dāng)初的功用,但它優(yōu)雅而精巧的設(shè)計仍然受人喜愛。而從文化的角度來說,它更像是英國那個已經(jīng)逝去的時代的象征,同時又是英國自我意識的隱喻。讓我們一起跟隨本文來了解它的歷史由來與文化內(nèi)涵。
The light emanating1) from a red phone box in the evening was once a symbol of refuge, a beacon2) and a place of connection to the world.
An indispensable part of the UK streetscape, what was once a symbol of a remarkable technology has become a piece of heritage. The last remaining phone boxes survive not because they are needed but rather because they are in conservation areas and are protected, like the buildings around them.
The history of this most British of icons is intriguing, a cocktail3) of influences and cultural markers. The design of the classic kiosk4), the K2, dates from a competition launched in 1924. It was won by the architect Giles Gilbert Scott5), designer of Liverpool Cathedral and Battersea and Bankside power stations—the latter now Tate Modern.
Scott based the phone kiosk design on the unlikely model of Sir John Soane6)s 1815 design for a mausoleum7) for his wife—the original prototype can still be seen beneath the arch of the Royal Academy. So the phone box had the memory of death inscribed8) in its origins. Made of cast iron—manufactured in Scottish foundries9)—the phone kiosk managed to combine historical allusions and the production techniques of heavy industry, a particularly British mix of high tech, engineering and nostalgia.
The red phone box became a cultural symbol, something reproduced as everything from money boxes and biscuit tins to key rings and shower cubicles. It has littered10) popular culture from The Ladykillers11) film to the cover of David Bowie12)s Ziggy Stardust and is so familiar it is one of the indisputable symbols of Britain.
It is now, of course, obsolete13). The ubiquity of the mobile phone has made this curious micro-architecture irrelevant to the lives of almost everyone.
Is its uselessness, perhaps, part of its appeal? The phone box belongs to an era when real attention was paid to making the infrastructure of the everyday beautiful as well as useful.
One of the countrys great architects was commissioned to create a piece of street furniture that was so elegant it became a symbol of the nation itself. It was an attractive and genuinely public structure. The privatised British Telecom did design successor phone boxes but they were ugly and poorly detailed.
Yet is the nostalgia based on a false memory? Anyone old enough to remember feeding endless 2p coins into the slots—if you managed to find a phone that was working— will also remember the fug14) of stale15) cigarette smoke, the stench16) of urine, scratched graffiti, torn up, and damp phone books. With a damp mulch17) of unidentifiable stuff making up the floor and the occasional broken pane18) and cut phone cord, they were often frustrating and unpleasant places to be rather than the nostalgia-pods they now appear.
In a way, the red phone box is a perfect metaphor for Britains sense of self—its crisis of identity. A shelter made for an obsolete technology in the heavy industrial heartlands of Scotland, beautifully designed but inspired by a Regency19) tomb from the year of Waterloo. A design that survives as a symbol of a lost era of care for the civic20) arena by a state-owned utility. It is the most eccentric marker, at once technical and nostalgic, a piece of architecture that belongs in the realm of street furniture and a symbol of a defunct21) typology. Beautiful but useless.
A few of the remaining examples have been turned into anything from art installations and cafés to greenhouses and even micro-libraries. The phone box survives, like so many of the more interesting aspects of the British landscape, as heritage, a part of the national identity the use of which, quite soon, will be obscure and distant.
夜晚,紅色電話亭里發(fā)出的燈光曾經(jīng)是庇護所的象征,它是一座燈塔,也是一個與世界連接的地方。
紅色電話亭是英國街景中不可或缺的一部分,它曾經(jīng)象征著了不起的科技成就,如今卻已成為文化遺產(chǎn)。現(xiàn)今保留下來的電話亭之所以能夠幸存,并不是它們還有用武之地,而是因為它們位于保護區(qū),與周邊的建筑一樣受到保護。
紅色電話亭是最具英國特色的文化標(biāo)記,它的歷史引人入勝,是多種影響因素和文化標(biāo)記共同作用的結(jié)果。這種經(jīng)典的電話亭又稱為K2,其設(shè)計可追溯到1924年發(fā)起的一場競賽。在那場競賽中,建筑師賈爾斯·吉爾伯特·斯科特最終奪魁。斯科特設(shè)計了利物浦大教堂、巴特西發(fā)電廠和岸邊發(fā)電廠,其中后者現(xiàn)在已變身為泰特現(xiàn)代美術(shù)館。
斯科特的電話亭設(shè)計基于一個出人意料的模型,那就是約翰·索恩爵士在1815年為他妻子設(shè)計的陵墓——這座陵墓的原型在皇家藝術(shù)學(xué)院的拱門下仍能看到。因此,這種電話亭從一開始就被鐫刻上死亡的記憶。電話亭使用生鐵制成,由蘇格蘭鑄造廠生產(chǎn),其成功地將歷史典故和重工業(yè)生產(chǎn)技術(shù)融為一體,集英國的高科技、工程技術(shù)和懷舊情愫于一身。
紅色電話亭成為文化標(biāo)志,被廣泛復(fù)制在各種用品上,從存錢罐和餅干盒,到鑰匙圈和淋浴隔間,無處不在。它在各種流行文化中隨處可見,比如電影《師奶殺手》,又比如大衛(wèi)·鮑威的專輯《Z字星塵》的封皮。它是如此廣為人知,因而成為英國毫無疑問的標(biāo)志之一。
當(dāng)然,現(xiàn)在紅色電話亭遭到淘汰。手機的普及使這一奇特的微型建筑幾乎不再與任何人的生活相關(guān)了。
或許無用也是它具有吸引力的部分原因?在紅色電話亭所屬的那個時代,人們真的下了功夫,把日常生活使用的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施打造得既好用又漂亮。
這個國家的一名杰出建筑師接受委托創(chuàng)造出來的這么一件街頭物件如此優(yōu)雅,竟然成了該國的一個標(biāo)志物。這是富有魅力并且真正屬于大眾的建筑。私有化后的英國電信公司的確又設(shè)計了新一代的電話亭,但它們樣子丑陋,一點也不精致。
不過,這樣的懷舊情結(jié)是不是源自虛假的回憶呢?所有年齡大一點的人都記得,那時即使你設(shè)法找到了一部能用的電話,你還需要往電話投幣口不停地投放兩便士的硬幣,也應(yīng)該記得亭子里污濁的香煙煙霧、尿騷味、亂七八糟的涂鴉和破爛潮濕的電話簿。地板上到處粘著濕乎乎的、無法辨認(rèn)的東西,窗玻璃偶爾會碎掉,電話線時不時會斷掉。那時待在電話亭經(jīng)常讓人覺得沮喪、不快,而不像如今它們倒成了人們懷舊的亭子。
在某種程度上,紅色電話亭是英國自我意識的一個絕佳隱喻——象征著英國的身份認(rèn)同危機。電話亭在蘇格蘭的重工業(yè)腹地制成,是為一項現(xiàn)已過時的技術(shù)打造的庇護所;它設(shè)計非常漂亮,其設(shè)計靈感卻源自滑鐵盧戰(zhàn)役那一年的具有攝政時期風(fēng)格的陵墓。這一設(shè)計作為一種象征保留了下來,象征著已逝去的一個時代,在那個時代里,由國營公用事業(yè)公司負(fù)責(zé)料理民生事務(wù)。它是最為怪異的標(biāo)志,既代表著科技,又象征著懷舊,它屬于街頭物件的范疇,但也成為過時物品的代表——漂亮卻無用。
現(xiàn)存的電話亭有一部分已被改造成藝術(shù)設(shè)施、咖啡館、溫室,甚至是微型圖書館等。就像英國風(fēng)景中許多更加有趣的東西一樣,電話亭作為文化遺產(chǎn)保留了下來,成了國家身份的一部分,而其用處將會很快變得模糊而悠遠(yuǎn)。
1. emanate [?em?ne?t] vi. 來自(于),從……散發(fā)出
2. beacon [?bi?k?n] n. 燈塔
3. cocktail [?k?k?te?l] n. 混合物
4. kiosk [?ki??sk] n. 公共電話亭,報刊亭
5. Giles Gilbert Scott:賈爾斯·吉爾伯特·斯科特(1880~1960),英國著名建筑師,設(shè)計了利物浦大教堂、滑鐵盧大橋、巴特西發(fā)電廠等英國代表性建筑。
6. Sir John Soane:約翰·索恩爵士(1753~1837),英國建筑師,以新古典主義建筑聞名。
7. mausoleum [?m??s??li??m] n. 陵墓
8. inscribe [?n?skra?b] vt. 刻;雕
9. foundry [?fa?ndri] n. 鑄造車間;鑄造廠
10. litter [?l?t?(r)] vt. 充滿,散布
11. The Ladykillers:《師奶殺手》,指1955年英國上映的黑色喜劇,在2004年被美國導(dǎo)演科恩兄弟重拍。
12. David Bowie:大衛(wèi)·鮑威(1947~2016),英國著名搖滾音樂家,是20世紀(jì)70年代華麗搖滾宗師,其與披頭士(The Beatles)、皇后樂隊(Queen)并列為英國20世紀(jì)最重要的搖滾明星。文中提到的《Z字星塵》(Ziggy Stardust)是大衛(wèi)于1972年發(fā)行的一個專輯,被公認(rèn)為其最出色的專輯之一。
13. obsolete [??bs?li?t] adj. 過時的,廢棄的,淘汰的
14. fug [f?ɡ] n. 室內(nèi)的悶熱空氣(或氣味);室內(nèi)煙霧騰騰的空氣
15. stale [ste?l] adj. (空氣等)污濁的
16. stench [stent?] n. 臭氣,惡臭
17. mulch [m?lt?] n. 覆蓋層
18. pane [pe?n] n. 窗玻璃,窗格
19. Regency:指1795年至1837年的英國攝政時期,這一時期的建筑、
舞蹈、文化等都有鮮明的特點。
20. civic [?s?v?k] adj. 公民的,市民的;城市的
21. defunct [d??f??kt] adj. 過時的;失效的;已滅絕的