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      基于圖像和光譜信息融合的紅茶萎凋程度量化判別

      2017-01-09 06:47:30寧井銘孫京京朱小元李姝寰張正竹黃財旺
      農(nóng)業(yè)工程學報 2016年24期
      關鍵詞:兒茶素紅茶特征值

      寧井銘,孫京京,朱小元,李姝寰,張正竹,黃財旺

      ?

      基于圖像和光譜信息融合的紅茶萎凋程度量化判別

      寧井銘1,孫京京1,朱小元1,李姝寰1,張正竹1,黃財旺2

      (1. 安徽農(nóng)業(yè)大學茶樹生物學與資源利用國家重點實驗室,合肥 230036; 2. 安徽祁門金東茶廠,祁門 245600)

      為了實現(xiàn)對紅茶萎凋程度量化判別,該研究提出了一種將圖像和光譜信息融合后分別與線性判別分析法和偏最小二乘法結合的技術,進行工夫紅茶萎凋程度定性判別及兒茶素與氨基酸比值定量預測研究。通過對圖像進行主成分分析,篩選出5個特征波長和對應的光譜特征值,基于灰度共生矩陣提取5個特征波長圖像的紋理特征值,并采用連續(xù)投影算法優(yōu)選出14個紋理特征值,然后分別以光譜和紋理特征值融合數(shù)據(jù)建立紅茶萎凋程度的線性判別模型和兒茶素與氨基酸比值的偏最小二乘預測模型。結果表明:采用所研究的方法和建立的模型對工夫紅茶萎凋程度判別準確率達到94.64%,兒茶素與氨基酸比值預測相關系數(shù)為0.8765,預測均方根誤差為0.434,預測結果較好。證明應用這兩種方法能實現(xiàn)對紅茶萎凋程度量化判別。

      數(shù)據(jù)融合;判別分析方法;圖像分析;偏最小二乘法;紅茶;萎凋;兒茶素與氨基酸比值

      0 引 言

      紅茶加工分為初制和精制2個過程,初制過程包括萎凋、揉捻(揉切)、發(fā)酵和干燥4道工序,其中萎凋是紅茶初制的首要工序和品質形成的基礎。茶鮮葉在萎凋過程中,既有物理變化,也有化學變化。物理變化表現(xiàn)為葉質變軟,葉色從翠綠變?yōu)榘稻G;同時,隨著鮮葉含水量的降低,內(nèi)部化學成分也發(fā)生一系列變化,萎凋適度的鮮葉中兒茶素與氨基酸比值也會保持在一定的比例范圍。鮮葉如萎凋不足,葉質硬脆,揉捻時芽葉易斷碎,茶汁易流失,成品茶香氣低,有苦澀味;鮮葉如萎凋過度,葉質干硬,成品茶色澤灰枯,葉底花雜[1],鮮葉只有萎凋適度才能加工出色、香、味俱佳的紅茶。目前,對于紅茶萎凋程度的判斷主要依賴人工味覺、嗅覺等經(jīng)驗判別,其結果容易受到判別者心情、身體狀況以及性別等諸多因素的影響,缺乏量化的指標,難以進行在線快速判別。

      高光譜圖像技術融合了光譜信息和圖像信息,既能利用光譜信息分析樣品的內(nèi)部品質信息,也能基于圖像信息表征樣品的外部品質特征[2]。近年來,高光譜圖像技術在農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)方面得到了廣泛應用[3-7]。高光譜圖像技術在茶葉上應用主要集中在茶葉分類、品質檢測及茶園管理等方面。章海亮等融合光譜主成分信息和圖像信息實現(xiàn)了6種名優(yōu)綠茶的有效鑒別[8]。陳孝敬等也通過分析茶葉顏色特征,實現(xiàn)了茶葉分類[9]。蔣帆等利用高光譜技術結合支持向量機分類算法對機炒龍井茶等級進行了分類識別[10]。趙杰文等利用高光譜技術對茶樹葉片中葉綠素含量及分布規(guī)律進行了研究,并建立了茶樹缺氮診斷模型[11]。王曉慶等分析了炭疽病脅迫下的茶樹葉片高光譜特征,為茶園病害的預防提供了可能[12]。謝傳奇等利用高光譜圖像技術實現(xiàn)了茶葉在干燥過程中葉色和含水量的實時檢測[13-14]。萎凋是紅茶加工的首要工序,對萎凋程度的判斷直接影響后續(xù)加工工序的進行,將高光譜圖像技術應用到判別紅茶萎凋程度的研究,未見相關報道。

      本研究采集不同萎凋程度樣本的高光譜圖像,利用主成分分析法優(yōu)選特征波長和對應的光譜特征值,并提取特征波長下的圖像紋理值,融合光譜和紋理特征值,結合化學計量學方法建立紅茶萎凋程度的快速判別模型,并嘗試分析萎凋程度和兒茶素與氨基酸比值的關系,實現(xiàn)對紅茶萎凋程度量化判斷。

      1 材料與方法

      1.1 試驗材料

      試驗材料取自安徽祁門金東茶廠2015年4月8日和2016年4月19日生產(chǎn)樣。萎凋方式為萎凋槽萎凋,萎凋熱風溫度30~32 ℃,攤葉厚度為10~15 cm。萎凋1 h后取若干樣品作為萎凋不足樣,萎凋適度取樣后,繼續(xù)萎凋至過度,萎凋適度的判別由兩名經(jīng)驗豐富的師傅和1名專家共同決定。達到萎凋適度時,萎凋葉表面失去光澤,葉色暗綠,青草氣減退;葉形皺縮,葉質柔軟,折梗不斷,緊握成團,松手可緩慢松散。最終獲得168個樣品,其中萎凋不足樣品55個,萎凋適度樣品61個,萎凋過度樣品52個。按照2∶1的比例將樣品隨機分成校正集(112個)和預測集(56個),利用校正集的樣品建立判別模型,預測集的樣品用來測試模型的性能。

      1.2 高光譜圖像采集和處理

      高光譜圖像系統(tǒng)主要由光譜成像儀(Imspector V17E, Spectral Imaging Ltd., Oulu, Finland)、2個150 W的鹵素燈(3900, Illumination Technologies Inc., New York, USA)、移動平臺、暗箱、圖像采集和分析軟件(Spectral Image Software, Isuzu Optics Corp., Taiwan, China)等組成。

      為了保證采集的圖像的質量,首先要對相機的曝光時間以及移動平臺的移動速度等參數(shù)進行設置。經(jīng)過反復調節(jié),最終曝光時間設置為2 ms,物鏡的高度設為31 cm。稱取(15±0.5) g的樣品均勻平鋪在規(guī)格為×h:9 cm×1 cm的培養(yǎng)皿中,置于移動平臺上以9.5 mm/s的速度開始采集高光譜圖像。系統(tǒng)的光譜分辨率為5 nm,光譜范圍為908~1 735 nm,共508個波段。而前后波段受噪聲影響較大,因此在后續(xù)的數(shù)據(jù)處理過程中,選取947~1 696 nm波段范圍內(nèi),共448個波段的高光譜圖像進行分析。

      在對高光譜圖像處理前,先要按照式(1)對像素點進行黑白校正。

      R=(1)

      式中R表示校正后的圖像像素點,表示原始的圖像像素點,表示黑板校正的圖像像素點,表示白板校正的圖像像素點。

      1.3 化學成分檢測

      樣品進行高光譜圖像采集后,立即微波固樣2 min,并在105 ℃的烘箱中烘至足干。茶葉樣經(jīng)磨碎后過篩至于密封袋中放在4 ℃的條件下備用。檢測的化學成分為兒茶素和氨基酸,兒茶素檢測采用ISO 14502-2方法,氨基酸的檢測采用Waters公司柱前衍生化法[15],共檢測18種氨基酸,并計算兒茶素總量和氨基酸的總量及兩者的比值,同時利用SPSS進行相關的統(tǒng)計分析。

      1.4 數(shù)據(jù)分析方法

      1.4.1 特征波長選擇

      高光譜數(shù)據(jù)量龐大,且相鄰波段間相關性強易造成冗余的數(shù)據(jù),會影響后期數(shù)據(jù)的處理。因此,對高光譜數(shù)據(jù)進行降維,去除冗余信息,優(yōu)選特征波長是十分必要的。主成分分析法[16](principal component analysis,PCA)是一種常用的數(shù)據(jù)降維方法,主要是通過協(xié)方差最大的方向將高維數(shù)據(jù)空間向低維數(shù)據(jù)空間投影,將原始數(shù)據(jù)轉化到新的坐標系統(tǒng)中,得到的各主成分變量彼此間不相關,且都是原始數(shù)據(jù)的線性組合,如公式(2)所示

      PC=(2)

      式中PC表示第個主成分圖像,表示原始圖像的波段數(shù),α表示第個波段處圖像的權重系數(shù),I表示第個波段處的原始圖像。本研究根據(jù)方差貢獻率提取主成分圖像,并通過比較主成分圖像下各波長的權重系數(shù)的絕對值大小來優(yōu)選特征波長。

      1.4.2 紋理特征提取

      基于灰度共生矩陣(grey level co-occurrence matrix, GLCM)來提取特征波長圖像的紋理值?;叶裙采仃嘯17]是通過計算特定像素間距離和角度的函數(shù)。本研究中,距離設置為1,提取0°、45°、90°和135°4個角度的對比度、相關性、能量和同質性4個紋理變量。利用連續(xù)投影算法(successive projections algorithm,SPA)對紋理特征進行優(yōu)選,減少變量間的冗余信息。連續(xù)投影算法[18-19]是一種前向特征變量選擇算法,在優(yōu)選光譜變量時應用廣泛[20-21],本研究用于紋理變量的篩選,以校正集樣本的紋理特征和類別賦值為輸入,并以預測集的紋理特征和類別作為驗證,設置選擇的變量數(shù)范圍為1~20。

      1.4.3 建模方法選擇

      線性判別分析法[22](linear discriminat analysis,LDA)是模式識別中常用的線性分類方法。支持向量機[23](support vector machine,SVM)的主要思想是建立一個分類超平面為決策曲面,在分類問題上能提供較好的泛化性能。本研究的SVM實現(xiàn)采用的是LIBSVM工具箱[24],設置為RBF核函數(shù),通過交互驗證尋找最佳的懲罰參數(shù)c和核函數(shù)參數(shù)g。極限學習機[25](extreme learning machine,ELM)是針對單隱含前饋神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(single hidden layer feedforward neural network,SLFN)的算法,只需要設置隱含層的神經(jīng)元個數(shù)便能得到最優(yōu)的唯一解。偏最小二乘法[26](partial least squares,PLS)是結合主成分分析和多元線性回歸的化學計量學方法,需要設置合理的PLS因子數(shù)來達到最佳的模型效果。不同方法建立的模型,判別結果可能也會存在差異。

      1.5 數(shù)據(jù)處理

      采用ENVI 4.7(ITT Visual Information Solutions, Boulder, USA),Matlab 2014a(The Mathworks Inc., Massachusetts, USA)和IBM SPSS(Version 20.0, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA)軟件對數(shù)據(jù)進行處理。

      2 結果與分析

      2.1 不同萎凋程度樣品兒茶素與氨基酸比值分析

      不同萎凋程度樣品兒茶素與氨基酸比值的統(tǒng)計結果如表1所示。從表1可以看出,適度萎凋鮮葉的兒茶素與氨基酸的平均比值在3.64左右,不同萎凋程度樣品的兒茶素與氨基酸比值之間重疊較少,因而可以利用兒茶素與氨基酸比值來區(qū)分萎凋程度。

      茶鮮葉在萎凋過程中隨著水分的減少,細胞液濃縮,鮮葉內(nèi)源酶濃度增加,酶活性增強。一方面兒茶素類部分降解,同時蛋白水解酶活性增加,部分水溶性蛋白分解,氨基酸含量增加,因而兒茶素總量呈下降趨勢,氨基酸含量呈現(xiàn)增加的趨勢[27]。本研究計算出兒茶素與氨基酸比值,萎凋不足樣品的兒茶素與氨基酸比值集中分布在5~4之間,萎凋適度樣品的兒茶素與氨基酸比值集中分布在4~3之間,萎凋過度樣品的兒茶素與氨基酸比值集中分布在3~2之間,這與劉少群等[28]分析的單芽型紅茶在萎凋過程中兒茶素與氨基酸的變化結果一致。

      表1 兒茶素與氨基酸比值統(tǒng)計結果

      2.2 光譜特征波長的篩選

      選擇校正后的圖像中間100×100像素范圍為感興趣區(qū)域(region of interest, ROI),提取ROI區(qū)域的所有像素的光譜平均值作為該樣本的光譜值。計算3種萎凋程度樣本的平均值,樣品的原始光譜如圖1所示,不同萎凋程度樣本的光譜曲線趨勢相似,在1 182和1 449 nm處出現(xiàn)明顯的吸收峰。為了消除光譜中的噪聲信息,采用標準正態(tài)變量法(standard normal variate, SNV)對原始光譜進行預處理[29]。

      對不同萎凋程度樣本的圖像進行主成分分析,不同主成分數(shù)對應的方差貢獻率結果如表2所示。

      表2 前5個主成分的方差貢獻率

      由表2可知,第一主成分(principal component1, PC1)的方差貢獻率為96.66%,PC2的方差貢獻率為2.93%,前2個主成分的累積方差貢獻率達99.59%,幾乎可以代表全部信息。由于前2個主成分能解釋原始數(shù)據(jù)的絕大部分信息,因而可以利用前2個主成分來尋找特征波長。如圖2所示,根據(jù)前2個主成分圖像下各波長的權重系數(shù)的絕對值的大小優(yōu)選5個特征波長,分別是1 040、1 182、1 249、1 449、1 655 nm。

      2.3 圖像紋理特征值分析

      基于灰度共生矩陣從5個特征波長圖像分別提取4個角度的對比度、相關性、能量和同質性,共提取了80個紋理特征值。為進一步分析紋理特征值中哪些特征值與萎凋程度關系更為密切,本研究采用SPA算法來優(yōu)選紋理特征值,當變量個數(shù)為14時,均方根誤差(root mean square error, RMSE)最小,為0.421 09,所以最終優(yōu)選出14個紋理特征值,分別為:1 040 nm處圖像下45°的相關性和135°的對比度,1 182 nm處圖像下0°的對比度,1 249 nm處圖像下45°和135°的對比度、90°的相關性和能量,1 449 nm處圖像的0、45°、90°和135°的對比度、45°的相關性,1 655 nm處圖像下的0°的能量和45°的對比度。由優(yōu)選得到的紋理特征值可知,紋理特征值主要集中在灰度共生矩陣的對比度和相關性上。

      2.4 萎凋程度定性判別模型建立

      光譜特征能表征萎凋葉的內(nèi)部品質,紋理特征能表現(xiàn)萎凋葉的外部特點,為了更好的表示萎凋程度的變化,本研究將優(yōu)選的5個光譜特征值和14個紋理特征值在特征層[30]進行融合。分別將光譜特征值、紋理特征值以及光譜和紋理特征值融合的數(shù)據(jù)作為LDA、SVM和ELM模型的輸入值,建立萎凋程度判別模型,結果如表3所示。從表3可以看出,單獨的光譜特征值為模型的輸入值時,LDA和SVM模型預測集的判別率都為91.07%,略高于ELM模型預測集的判別率。單獨的紋理特征值為模型的輸入值時,LDA模型預測集的判別率為89.29%,高于ELM和SVM模型預測集的判別率。比較單獨的光譜特征值和紋理特征值建立的模型,可知基于光譜特征值建立的模型優(yōu)于基于紋理特征值建立的模型?;诠庾V和紋理特征值融合的數(shù)據(jù)的LDA模型,預測集的判別率最高,如表4所示,總體判別率達到94.64%,有1個萎凋不足的樣本被誤判為萎凋適度、1個萎凋適度的樣本被誤判為萎凋不足、1個萎凋過度的樣本被誤判為萎凋適度,可見誤判發(fā)生在相鄰程度的樣本間。通過比較可知,綜合光譜和紋理特征值的融合數(shù)據(jù)為模型輸入時,模型的效果優(yōu)于基于單一特征值建立的模型。這可能是融合數(shù)據(jù)綜合萎凋葉內(nèi)外部的特征,能更加全面的反映出萎凋葉的變化。

      2.5 萎凋程度定量預測模型建立

      鮮葉在萎凋的過程中,隨著含水量的減少,兒茶素逐步降解,同時氨基酸會少量增加。在萎凋過程中,兒茶素與氨基酸比值一直處于變化之中,萎凋適度鮮葉的比值會相對穩(wěn)定地分布在一定范圍內(nèi),所以也可以通過定量檢測兒茶素與氨基酸比值來判別萎凋程度。為了更加準確地判別紅茶的萎凋程度,對萎凋后茶樣中兒茶素與氨基酸比值進行了定量預測。采用偏最小二乘法基于光譜和紋理特征值融合的數(shù)據(jù)建立兒茶素與氨基酸比值的預測模型,以相關系數(shù)(correlation coefficient,),驗證均方根誤差(root mean square error for validation, RMSECV),預測均方根誤差(root mean square error of prediction, RMSEP)為模型的評價指標,模型的評價結果如圖3所示。預測集的p=0.8765,RMSEP=0.434,這表示優(yōu)選出的融合數(shù)據(jù)用來預測兒茶素與氨基酸比值是可行的。我國茶區(qū)分布較廣,不同茶區(qū)、不同茶樹品種鮮葉之間內(nèi)含成分存在著差異,因而,預測模型的建立需要針對某一茶類,同時模型的性能還需要不斷地優(yōu)化。

      表3 不同特征值模型對萎凋程度的識別結果

      注:LDA、SVM和ELM分別表示線性判別分析法、支持向量機和極限學習機,下同。

      Note: LDA, SVM and ELM represent linear discriminat analysis, support vector machine and extreme learning machine respectively, the same as below.

      表4 光譜和紋理信息融合的LDA模型預測集的判別率

      3 結 論

      本研究基于光譜信息和圖像信息融合技術結合模式識別,判別紅茶的萎凋程度。通過主成分分析法優(yōu)選5個特征波長及對應光譜特征值,利用灰度共生矩陣提取5個特征波長下的圖像紋理特征值,并通過連續(xù)投影算法優(yōu)選出14個紋理特征值,融合光譜和紋理特征值結合LDA模型算法,建立紅茶萎凋程度的判別快速模型,模型的判別率分別達到94.64%。模型的輸入值僅為19個變量,大大減少了建模所需的時間。利用光譜和紋理特征值融合的數(shù)據(jù)建立兒茶素與氨基酸的比值的定量預測模型,相關系數(shù)為0.8765,均方根誤差為0.434,預測結果較好。

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      Discriminant of withering quality of Keemun black tea based on information fusion of image and spectrum

      Ning jingming1, Sun Jingjing1, Zhu Xiaoyuan1, Li Shuhuan1, Zhang Zhengzhu1, Huang Caiwang2

      (1.230036;2.245600,)

      Withering is the first procedure and the key step in processing of black tea. It is crucial for the quality of black tea product. Usually, the judgment of the withering degree relies on the processor’s judgment, rather than a quantitative analysis by fast evaluation method. In order to develop the digitized discrimination on withering degrees, different degrees of withering samples were collected in our research. In this study, 168 samples provided by Jindong tea factory in Qimen County were investigated. All of the samples belonged to different withering degrees (55 samples of mild withering, 61 samples of moderate withering and 52 samples of excessive withering). The samples were randomly divided into two subsets at the ratio of 2:1. 112 samples were chosen as the calibration set and the remaining 56 samples were prediction set. The calibration set was used to develop the model, while the prediction set was applied to test the robustness of the model. The withering degree was nondestructively evaluated by hyperspectral imaging technology at the range of 908-1735 nm. It was suggested that the ratio of catechins/amino acids was correspondingly decreased with the development of withering degrees. Furthermore, the contents of catechins and amino acids of these samples were detected by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The characteristic spectra were extracted from the region of interest (ROI), and standard normal variate (SNV) method was preprocessed to reduce background noise. All of the hyperspectral images of tea samples with different withering degrees were analyzed by principal component analysis (PCA). The first two principal component (PC) images were selected because PC1 and PC2 contributed to 99.59% variance of the total. Therefore, the first two PC images were used for selecting dominate wavelengths. And five dominant wavelengths (1 040, 1 182, 1 249, 1 449 and 1 655 nm) were selected as spectral features. Textual features were collected by Grey level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) from five dominant wavelengths of images. Fourteen dominant textual features were selected by successive projections algorithm (SPA). Subsequently, linear discriminant analysis (LDA), support vector machine (SVM) and extreme learning machine (ELM) classification models were developed based on spectral features, textural features and data fusion, respectively. Compared with the results of the models built with spectral features or textural features, the LDA, SVM and ELM models based on data fusion showed higher correct discrimination rate in prediction set. The correct discrimination rate of LDA, SVM and ELM based on data fusion were 94.64%, 91.07% and 92.86%, respectively. The results indicated that hyperspectral imaging combined with LDA was a potent tool in the discrimination of withering degrees. At the same time, catechins/amino acids ratio was also applied in the discrimination of withering degrees. The study showed that correlate coefficient of prediction set by catechins/amino acids ratio was 0.8765, and root mean square error of prediction was 0.434. The results in this study provide a new method with fast and scientific of digitized discrimination for withering degree during black tea processing.

      data fusion; discriminant analysis; image analysis; partial least squares approximations; black tea; withering; ratio of catechins to amino acids

      10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.24.041

      TS272.7; S123

      A

      1002-6819(2016)-24-0303-06

      2016-09-30

      2016-11-17

      國家重點研發(fā)計劃(2016YFD0200900);國家現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)(茶葉)產(chǎn)業(yè)體系(CARS-23)

      寧井銘,男,漢族,安徽泗縣人,副教授,博士,主要從事茶葉加工、茶葉品質分析及紅外光譜技術在茶葉上應用研究。合肥 茶樹生物學與資源利用國家重點實驗室,安徽農(nóng)業(yè)大學,230036。Email:ningjm@ahau.edu.cn

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