周培鋒 包玉晴
【摘 要】目的:討論歸納比較成人髁突骨折三種切口術(shù)式:耳屏前切口、腮腺入路切口、下頜下切口及其在切口、止血、面神經(jīng)損傷中的不同,達到最大程度管控手術(shù)風(fēng)險及獲得后期包括功能恢復(fù)等滿意療效。方法:對于耳屏前切口術(shù)式,采用本科室手術(shù)患者手術(shù)全程觀察,作為實驗組對象;對于腮腺入路切口術(shù)式及下頜下切口術(shù)式,在其他條件與耳屏前切口術(shù)式基本相同的條件下(髁突骨折部位均為單側(cè)高位)采用相關(guān)文獻資料查閱,作為觀察組對象。進而通過觀察演繹,以比較三種切口術(shù)式在切口、止血、面神經(jīng)損傷中的不同。結(jié)果:1)實驗組在術(shù)中損傷面橫動脈導(dǎo)致大出血,緊急采取紗布塊填塞、結(jié)扎止血后順利完成手術(shù);2)實驗組、對照組顯示不同切口術(shù)式由于切口選擇位置、開放式手術(shù)入路的不同,對于術(shù)中止血難度、面神經(jīng)保護,以及術(shù)后功能恢復(fù)、瘢痕愈合存在不同影響,文中將展開具體論述。結(jié)論:1)三種切口術(shù)式對于不同的病例選擇各有優(yōu)缺點,耳屏前切口術(shù)式(本科室按照四類手術(shù)進行)由于該區(qū)域存在上頜動脈等重要知名動脈對手術(shù)者要求較高,存在較高的手術(shù)風(fēng)險。而其由于切口術(shù)野暴露充分,術(shù)者可以通過患者口內(nèi)配合口外暴露的開放式術(shù)野利用手感將斷開的髁突固定,對于輔助切口的要求不高甚至不需要輔助切口,該入路切口比較隱蔽故患者術(shù)后傷口遺留瘢痕較少適合于亞洲等瘢痕體質(zhì)者。腮腺入路切口術(shù)式切口面積較小,可以避開知名動脈減少術(shù)中大出血(注意保護面橫動脈),同時手術(shù)視野暴露充分,大大降低了手術(shù)風(fēng)險,但術(shù)中易損傷面神經(jīng)(在進入面神經(jīng)頰支和下頜緣支之間較寬的間隙之前)以及術(shù)后可遺留較明顯瘢痕,故適合歐美非瘢痕體質(zhì)者。下頜下切口術(shù)式由于切口位置可以事先尋找面神經(jīng)下頜緣支,將其分離出來并牽開保護,同時結(jié)扎面動脈和面靜脈,但術(shù)中視野對術(shù)者提出了較高的要求,有時需要將切口向下頜支后延伸或輔助切口的添加對于術(shù)后美觀要求也較高。2)三種切口術(shù)式只要術(shù)中髁突固定完成,對于術(shù)后的功能恢復(fù)沒有明顯差異,其差異主要體現(xiàn)在術(shù)中不同切口手術(shù)入路對于止血、面神經(jīng)的保護,以及術(shù)后出現(xiàn)瘢痕的不同。
【關(guān)鍵詞】:成人髁突骨折;三種切口術(shù)式;切口、止血、面神經(jīng)損傷;手術(shù)風(fēng)險;瘢痕
Adult Condylar Fractures Three Incision in the Choice of Incision,Stop Bleeding,Observation of Facial Nerve Injury
ZHOU Pei-feng BAO Yu-qing
(Wannan Medical College YiJiShan Oral department,Wuhu Anhui 241000,China)
【Abstract】Objective:Discuss three incision inductive compare adult condylar fracture surgery:before tragus incision,parotid gland into the way of incision and incision under the jaw and its different in incision,hemostatic,facial nerve injury,to achieve maximum control operation risk,including late for functional recovery satisfied curative effect,etc.Methods:For before the tragus incision,take undergraduate course room surgery patients as observation,as the experimental object;For parotid gland in the incision and incision under the jaw,in front of the other conditions and tragus incision under the condition of the same basic(condylar fracture of unilateral high)USES the related literature review,as observation group object.,in turn, by observing the deduction,to compare three incision in different incision,hemostatic,facial nerve injury.Results:1)the experimental group in intraoperative injury surface transverse artery hemorrhage, urgent gauze tamponade,ligation hemostasis after successfully completed surgery;2)the experimental group and control group according to different incision operation because the incision location,open the different surgical approach,the difficulty,facial nerve protection,intraoperative bleeding and postoperative function recovery,scar healing exist different influence,this paper will unfold.Conclusion:1)three types of incision for different cases choose each have advantages and disadvantages,before tragus incision(undergraduate course room shall be carried out in accordance with the four types of surgery)because the area of maxillary artery and other important well-known artery rival performer the demand is higher,there is a higher risk of surgery.And because the incision operative field exposure,fully performer can cooperate esrtuary exposed patients mouths open operative field using the touch will disconnect the condylar fixed, not tall to the requirement of auxiliary incision dont even need to auxiliary incision,the approach of incision hidden reason were compared postoperative wound left scar less suitable for Asia scar constitution.Parotid gland into the way of incision surgical incision area is lesser,can avoid the well-known arteries reduce intraoperative hemorrhage(pay attention to protect surface transverse artery),at the same time exposed to full field,greatly reduce the risk of surgery,but the operation is easy injury of facial nerve (into the facial nerve buccal branch and the mandibular margin before a wide gap between) and postoperative legacy is obvious scar,so it is suitable for Europe and the United States without scar constitution.Jaw incision under the incision can looking for facial nerve mandible margin in advance,it is isolated and open protection,artery and vein ligation surface at the same time,but in view of performer puts forward higher requirements,sometimes need to be cut or auxiliary incision after mandibular branch to extension to add for postoperative beautiful request also is higher.2)three incision intraoperative condylar fixed to complete,as long as there was no difference for postoperative functional recovery,the difference is mainly manifested in different intraoperative incision surgical approach to the protection of hemostatic,facial nerve, and postoperative scarring.
【Key words】The adult condylar fracture;Three kinds of incision;Incision;Hemostatic;Facial nerve injury;Operation risk;Scar
髁突作為在外傷等原因中下頜骨易發(fā)骨折的部位[1],其在圍術(shù)期有不同的治療難點,由于髁突在口腔頜面中獨特的解剖位置,在術(shù)中手術(shù)切口位置的選擇、止血、面神經(jīng)的保護是手術(shù)成功的幾個關(guān)鍵因素之一。手術(shù)切口位置的選擇決定了接下來手術(shù)過程中關(guān)注的重點,或添加輔助切口,或時刻面臨止血,或小心保護面神經(jīng)。本文通過展示本科室手術(shù)患者耳屏前切口術(shù)式手術(shù)的全程觀察作為實驗組對象,以及參閱了大量腮腺入路切口術(shù)式和下頜下切口術(shù)式的權(quán)威文獻資料作為對照組對象,以比較選擇不同切口術(shù)式的臨床結(jié)果。從而,為尋找更有效安全的手術(shù)方式奠定夯實的基礎(chǔ),同時也為進一步研究提供了一定的方法導(dǎo)向。
1 耳屏前切口術(shù)式手術(shù)的全程觀察
1.1 耳屏前切口術(shù)式手術(shù)病例背景資料
現(xiàn)病史:患者某,于6月26日“車禍致頜面多發(fā)傷兩小時”急診入我院急診科就診,當(dāng)時患者頭、面、等全身多處受傷,攝頭顱CT示:未見明顯顱腦損傷征象、攝上頜骨CT示:下頜骨骨折骨折、左側(cè)上頜骨撕脫性骨折、右側(cè)上頜竇少許積液。腹部及雙腎B超示未見明顯異常。病程中患者神志清楚,有嘔吐病史,無大小便失禁。我科擬診“下頜骨骨折”收入住院。??茩z查:右側(cè)面部腫脹明顯,下頜偏斜,張口度重度受限,#22、#23脫落,#25、#26及#27二度松動,#31三度松動,頦部可觸及下頜骨異常動度,下前牙排列紊亂,下唇部縫線有在位??趦?nèi)黏膜色正常,舌體活動自如,咽后壁無紅腫,各涎腺導(dǎo)管口無紅腫,分泌液清亮。輔助檢查:頜面部CT:平掃及三維成像顯示下頜骨體部及左側(cè)髁狀突基底部骨質(zhì)連續(xù)性中斷、斷端移位,左側(cè)下頜頭位于顳頜關(guān)節(jié)外。上頜骨左側(cè)骨質(zhì)不延續(xù),部分牙齒脫落,右側(cè)顳頜關(guān)節(jié)在位。所示諸組副鼻竇內(nèi)未見明顯異常密度影,竇口通暢,竇壁骨質(zhì)未見明確骨折線影。檢查結(jié)論/診斷:下頜骨體部骨折;左側(cè)髁狀突基底部骨折伴顳頜關(guān)節(jié)脫位上頜骨左側(cè)撕脫性骨折、部分牙齒脫落征象。
1.2 耳屏前切口術(shù)式手術(shù)觀察
患者病情平穩(wěn),未見明顯手術(shù)禁忌癥,現(xiàn)階段手術(shù)治療為最佳治療方案,術(shù)前檢查已完善,擬行全麻下下頜骨開放復(fù)位堅固內(nèi)固定術(shù)。術(shù)中患者取仰臥位,墊肩,患者頭不偏,常規(guī)消毒鋪巾。先將下頜骨體部骨折復(fù)位固定,髁部骨折采取耳屏前弧形或拐形切口,垂直切口向下不要超過耳垂,沿顳筋膜表面向前翻起皮瓣,沿外耳道前壁軟骨表面向前分離,在顴弓根表面緊貼骨膜和關(guān)節(jié)囊向前分離,將組織瓣向前、向下牽拉并鈍性分離,再向下沿腮腺筋膜與外耳道間隙向前分離,以顯露骨折斷端,在直視下行斷端骨折復(fù)位固定。術(shù)中,當(dāng)沿著腮腺筋膜與外耳道間隙向前分離時,意外損傷面橫動脈導(dǎo)致大出血,經(jīng)緊急紗布塊填塞和結(jié)扎止血后順利暴露手術(shù)野直至完成手術(shù)。術(shù)畢,手術(shù)順利,術(shù)后患者送返病房。術(shù)后,患者骨折斷端復(fù)位良好,咬合關(guān)系恢復(fù)正常,針對左側(cè)額紋變淺、左側(cè)眼瞼閉合不全等面神經(jīng)損傷癥狀采取對癥治療后明顯好轉(zhuǎn),在術(shù)后6天拆線,繼而進行張閉口鍛煉避免關(guān)節(jié)強直。其他恢復(fù)良好,患者及家屬感覺滿意。
2 腮腺入路切口術(shù)式及下頜下切口術(shù)式文獻資料查
髁狀突頸部骨折 10 例取腮腺區(qū)小切口,即自耳垂根部上方1cm 繞耳垂向下至頜后區(qū)作 4cm 左右切口,切開皮膚、皮下組織,向前翻瓣,到達腮腺前緣嚼肌處,在面神經(jīng)上下頰支之間鈍性分離嚼肌至骨折斷端處,直視下將其復(fù)位,恢復(fù)咬合關(guān)系后鈦板固定。要盡量避開面神經(jīng)分支和腮腺分支導(dǎo)管,如遇面神經(jīng)分支應(yīng)仔細(xì)解剖,并將其拉向一側(cè)予以保護。術(shù)中應(yīng)注意保護面橫動脈,盡量不予損傷,如損傷出血,可予以結(jié)扎[2]。髁頸部骨折:采用經(jīng)頜后切口穿腮腺入路,切口通常設(shè)計在下頜骨后緣后方,耳垂下0.5cm處,向下延長3~4cm,在腮腺筋膜淺面翻瓣,在腮腺組織內(nèi),一般在面神經(jīng)頰支和下頜緣支之間的安全空間,向前內(nèi)下頜骨后緣方向鈍分離,分離方向平行于面神經(jīng)走行,分離過程中可能會遇到面神經(jīng)下頜緣支,將其充分游離并向下牽拉。髁頸下骨折:采用頜后頜下入路,通常沿下頜角后緣外和下緣下1.5 cm,切口長度4~5cm[3]。
3 討論
3.1 目前對于不同部位的髁突骨折采取何種手術(shù)切口入路尚存在不同觀點和爭議。就本文而言,手術(shù)切口位置:在不考慮術(shù)中止血、保護面神經(jīng)的情況下,三種切口入路均能充分暴露手術(shù)野較好地完成手術(shù),耳屏前切口術(shù)式在術(shù)后瘢痕愈合方面更好,腮腺入路切口術(shù)式及下頜下切口術(shù)式均存在不同程度的瘢痕而影響頜面部的美觀。術(shù)中止血方面:耳屏前切口術(shù)式容易損傷面橫動脈等知名血管引起大出血,相比較之下腮腺入路切口術(shù)式及下頜下切口術(shù)式可以在一定程度上避免,對于術(shù)中管控風(fēng)險是比較有效的。保護面神經(jīng)方面:耳屏前切口術(shù)式及腮腺入路切口術(shù)式容易損傷面神經(jīng),而下頜下切口術(shù)式由于切口位置可以事先尋找面神經(jīng)下頜緣支,將其分離出來并牽開保護,故而能在一定程度上有效地保護面神經(jīng)。
3.2 從管控手術(shù)風(fēng)險出發(fā),成人髁突骨折由于解剖位置的特殊性使得術(shù)中止血、保護面神經(jīng)是手術(shù)成功的關(guān)鍵因素之一,在綜合考慮術(shù)中血管、神經(jīng)的保護,術(shù)后頜面部美觀性的前提下,合理設(shè)計并不斷完善手術(shù)切口入路將使成人髁突骨折的手術(shù)治療更安全可靠。
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