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      質(zhì)子泵抑制劑在乳腺癌中的研究進(jìn)展

      2017-04-02 01:58:16付應(yīng)強(qiáng)綜述李志高審校
      實(shí)用腫瘤學(xué)雜志 2017年2期
      關(guān)鍵詞:蘭索拉埃索質(zhì)子泵

      付應(yīng)強(qiáng) 綜述 李志高 審校

      質(zhì)子泵抑制劑在乳腺癌中的研究進(jìn)展

      付應(yīng)強(qiáng) 綜述 李志高 審校

      近年一些研究表明,質(zhì)子泵抑制劑(Proton pump inhibitors,PPIs)不僅在消化系統(tǒng)疾病方面起作用,而且在乳腺癌的治療中也有重要作用。質(zhì)子泵抑制劑包括奧美拉唑(Omeprazole)、泮托拉唑(Pantoprazole)、蘭索拉唑(Lansoprazole)、埃索美拉唑(Esomeprazole)等,它們通過(guò)抑制細(xì)胞內(nèi)質(zhì)子排出,增加細(xì)胞內(nèi)體pH值等方式,提高乳腺癌化療藥物效果和誘導(dǎo)乳腺癌細(xì)胞凋亡。本文就PPIs在乳腺癌中的相關(guān)研究加以總結(jié),并討論P(yáng)PIs在乳腺癌治療中的潛在應(yīng)用。

      質(zhì)子泵抑制劑;乳腺癌;奧美拉唑;泮托拉唑

      乳腺癌是一種全身性疾病,其發(fā)病率在女性惡性腫瘤中居首位,死亡率位居第二位[1]。乳腺癌患者的治療和預(yù)后以多種腫瘤特征為依據(jù),包括大小、階段、腫瘤擴(kuò)散程度、多種蛋白質(zhì)的表達(dá)和mRNA等預(yù)后因素[2]。隨著人們對(duì)乳腺癌相關(guān)研究的加深,近年來(lái)一些研究發(fā)現(xiàn)質(zhì)子泵抑制劑對(duì)誘導(dǎo)乳腺癌細(xì)胞凋亡[3]、提高化療藥物效果[4-6]、抑制三陰性乳腺癌細(xì)胞的生長(zhǎng)[7-8]都具有一定作用。

      1 質(zhì)子泵抑制劑(Proton pump inhibitors,PPIs)

      PPIs是治療胃和十二指腸潰瘍、胃食管反流病等與酸性相關(guān)疾病的首選藥物[9],對(duì)用H2受體拮抗劑無(wú)效的胃和十二指腸潰瘍也有效。在PPIs中,奧美拉唑(Omeprazole)是第一種投入市場(chǎng)的質(zhì)子泵抑制劑,之后繼續(xù)發(fā)現(xiàn)泮托拉唑(Pantoprazole)、蘭索拉唑(Lansoprazole)、埃索美拉唑(Esomeprazole)等[10]。PPIs為弱堿性化合物,在堿性環(huán)境中不易解離,為非活性狀態(tài),可通過(guò)細(xì)胞膜進(jìn)入到壁細(xì)胞分泌管內(nèi),遇到pH為2以下的酸性環(huán)境,PPIs可轉(zhuǎn)化為次磺酸和次磺酰胺類化合物,與H+/K+-ATP酶中半胱氨酸殘基上的巰基作用,形成二硫鍵,使H+/K+-ATP酶失活,從而抑制胃酸的分泌[11]。

      2 PPIs與腫瘤

      PPIs多系弱堿性藥物,體外體內(nèi)得到證實(shí)PPIs抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng),并增加化療藥物敏感性[12]。有研究者[13]報(bào)道了PPIs的使用顯著增加頭頸癌患者的總體生存[14]。流行病學(xué)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)[15],使用低劑量的PPIs可能降低胰腺癌的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。以上試驗(yàn)表明PPIs對(duì)多種腫瘤可能具有潛在效果。

      3 PPIs與乳腺癌

      3.1 奧美拉唑

      奧美拉唑,是一種能夠有效地抑制胃分泌的PPIs。對(duì)胃蛋白酶分泌也有抑制作用,對(duì)胃黏膜血流量改變不明顯,也不影響體溫、胃腔溫度、動(dòng)脈血壓、靜脈血紅蛋白、動(dòng)脈氧分壓、二氧化碳分壓及動(dòng)脈血pH?;加写萍に厥荏w陰性型乳腺腫瘤患者是最難治療的,生存率低。芳香烴受體(AHR)配體可以作為一種抑制雌激素受體陰性型乳腺癌的抗轉(zhuǎn)移藥物[8]。芳香烴受體(AHR)是一種配體激活轉(zhuǎn)錄因子,首次發(fā)現(xiàn)時(shí)被當(dāng)作是一種細(xì)胞內(nèi)蛋白,與環(huán)境的有毒物質(zhì)四氯二苯并-p-二惡英(TCDD)密切相關(guān)[16]。AHR激動(dòng)劑或拮抗劑已經(jīng)證明對(duì)多種炎癥疾病、干細(xì)胞穩(wěn)定性及擴(kuò)增、自身免疫性疾病和一些癌癥有效果,顯然這個(gè)受體是個(gè)重要的藥物靶點(diǎn)[17-24]。研究結(jié)果[25-27]表明在多種AHR激動(dòng)劑中,奧美拉唑顯示出對(duì)三陰性乳腺癌細(xì)胞的抗轉(zhuǎn)移活性。通過(guò)使用八種AHR激動(dòng)劑,包括他莫昔芬、氟他米特、美西律、尼莫地平、奧美拉唑、舒林酸和曲尼斯特來(lái)治療MDA-MB-231三陰性乳腺癌細(xì)胞,檢測(cè)細(xì)胞增殖和細(xì)胞遷移來(lái)確定這些藥物的效果。AHR激動(dòng)劑,奧美拉唑可以降低乳腺癌細(xì)胞侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移[8]。

      3.2 泮托拉唑

      泮托拉唑是不可逆PPIs,減少胃酸分泌。在胃壁細(xì)胞的酸性環(huán)境下被激活為環(huán)次磺胺,再特異性地與質(zhì)子泵(即H+/K+-ATP酶)上的巰基以共價(jià)鍵結(jié)合,使其喪失泌酸功能。腫瘤抗藥性限制了癌癥化療的效果,化療想要對(duì)一個(gè)腫瘤有效,藥物必須高效地從腫瘤血管中擴(kuò)散出去,穿過(guò)腫瘤組織到達(dá)所有癌癥細(xì)胞,才能達(dá)到細(xì)胞毒性作用的濃度[28-29]。由于碳酸和乳酸的生成增加和清除減少,很多實(shí)體瘤形成了細(xì)胞外的酸性區(qū)域[30-33]。在酸性細(xì)胞外環(huán)境和中性-堿性細(xì)胞內(nèi)pH之間的pH梯度變化可能影響藥物的攝取和活性,細(xì)胞包括酸性細(xì)胞器,如溶酶體和內(nèi)體[34-36]。泮托拉唑大于200 μmol/L時(shí)增加了細(xì)胞內(nèi)內(nèi)體的pH,同時(shí)增加了細(xì)胞核對(duì)阿霉素的攝入,提高了阿霉素在實(shí)體瘤血管中的擴(kuò)散,使用泮托拉唑提高實(shí)體腫瘤中抗癌藥物的細(xì)胞毒性和擴(kuò)散能力[6]。

      3.3 蘭索拉唑

      PPIs抑制了一種乳腺癌細(xì)胞增殖,蘭索拉唑在PPIs中對(duì)于誘導(dǎo)乳腺癌細(xì)胞死亡更有效。在MDA-MB-231乳腺癌細(xì)胞株植入的裸鼠中,蘭索拉唑顯著抑制了腫瘤發(fā)生和誘導(dǎo)了大范圍的腫瘤細(xì)胞凋亡。蘭索拉唑明顯抑制細(xì)胞內(nèi)質(zhì)子排出,導(dǎo)致了乳腺癌細(xì)胞內(nèi)的ATP級(jí)別、溶酶體堿化和活性氧簇的增加?;钚匝醮厍宄齽㎞-乙酰半胱氨酸和二苯基氯化碘鹽,是一種特定的NADPH氧化酶抑制藥物,顯著消除了由蘭索拉唑?qū)е碌娜橄侔┘?xì)胞內(nèi)的活性氧簇的積累[3]。蘭索拉唑也可以增加內(nèi)體pH,影響乳腺癌細(xì)胞對(duì)阿霉素?cái)z取[5]。

      3.4 埃索美拉唑

      一項(xiàng)試驗(yàn)[4]探究了轉(zhuǎn)移性乳腺癌使用多西他賽-順鉑方案化療的同時(shí)間歇性服用大劑量埃索美拉唑的效果。患者分為三組,第一組使用化療多西他賽-順鉑方案化療,第二組多西他賽-順鉑方案化療的同時(shí)在化療第一天服用埃索美拉唑80 mg口服,一日兩次,持續(xù)三天,之后每周服用三天最多持續(xù)66周,第三組與第二組相同只是埃索美拉唑的服用劑量改為100 mg。試驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示間歇性大劑量PPIs對(duì)于增加了抗菌素對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)移性乳腺癌患者的效果,同時(shí)并沒(méi)有證據(jù)顯示發(fā)生額外的藥物毒性。另一個(gè)試驗(yàn)表明[7],在三陰性乳腺癌細(xì)胞株MDA-MB-468中,埃索美拉唑通過(guò)增加其細(xì)胞內(nèi)酸化抑制了離體乳腺癌細(xì)胞的生長(zhǎng)。

      4 小結(jié)與展望

      近年乳腺癌發(fā)病率在世界范圍內(nèi)位居所有惡性腫瘤的第2位[37-39]。筆者認(rèn)為PPIs在乳腺癌中的應(yīng)用,與化療藥物聯(lián)用提高化療效果的價(jià)值更大,且可行性更高。PPIs的優(yōu)勢(shì)在于臨床使用廣泛,與化療藥物相比副作用很低,與化療藥物聯(lián)合應(yīng)用時(shí),也沒(méi)有顯示產(chǎn)生額外的藥物毒性。不足在于PPIs抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞增殖和提高化療敏感性的作用還需要進(jìn)一步證實(shí),其機(jī)制目前尚未十分清楚,這些都有待于研究,且對(duì)于不同類型乳腺癌的效果沒(méi)有分別探究。本文旨在探討進(jìn)一步研究PPIs在乳腺癌中的應(yīng)用的可能性,這是此類藥物的全新應(yīng)用,此類藥物無(wú)法與靶向治療藥物、內(nèi)分泌治療藥物等一線治療藥物相比,但希望PPIs在乳腺癌中治療煥發(fā)新的生機(jī),成為一種新的輔助治療乳腺癌的藥物。

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      (收稿:2016-08-24)

      Research progress of proton pump inhibitors on breast cancer

      FUYingqiang,LIZhigao

      Department of Oncological Surgery,Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital,Harbin 150081,China

      In recent years,some studies have been shown that proton pump inhibitors(PPIs)not only play a role in digestive diseases,but it also has an important role in the treatment of breast cancer.PPIs,including omeprazole,pantoprazole,lansoprazole,esomeprazole,etc,improve the effect of breast cancer chemotherapy and induce breast cancer cell apoptosis by inhibiting intracellular proton excretion and increasing intracellular pH.This preview summarizes the study progress of PPIs in breast cancer and the potential application of PPIs in the treatment of breast cancer.

      Proton pump inhibitors;Breast cancer;Omeprazole;Pantoprazole

      哈爾濱醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬腫瘤醫(yī)院乳腺外科(哈爾濱 150081)

      付應(yīng)強(qiáng),男,(1989-),碩士研究生,從事乳腺腫瘤綜合治療的研究。

      李志高,E-mail:drzhigaoli@126.com

      R737.9

      A

      10.11904/j.issn.1002-3070.2017.02.017

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