張文興,朱 莉
225300江蘇省泰州市,揚(yáng)州大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬泰州市人民醫(yī)院心內(nèi)科
ST段抬高型心肌梗死治療的研究進(jìn)展
張文興,朱 莉
225300江蘇省泰州市,揚(yáng)州大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬泰州市人民醫(yī)院心內(nèi)科
ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)是指冠狀動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化斑塊導(dǎo)致血栓形成、冠狀動(dòng)脈狹窄或閉塞而引發(fā)的心肌缺血、壞死,臨床主要采用再灌注治療。溶栓治療和經(jīng)皮冠狀動(dòng)脈介入術(shù)(PCI)是STEMI再灌注治療的主要方法,各具優(yōu)勢(shì)和不足。本文對(duì)STEMI的治療進(jìn)展進(jìn)行了綜述,以期為臨床更有效地治療STEMI提供參考。
心肌梗死;治療;綜述
目前,心血管疾病位居我國(guó)城鄉(xiāng)居民總死亡原因首位[1],嚴(yán)重威脅人們的生命安全和身心健康,加重社會(huì)的經(jīng)濟(jì)負(fù)擔(dān)。在美國(guó),心血管疾病是居民健康的頭號(hào)殺手[2]。研究表明,美國(guó)每年新增心肌梗死和再梗死患者約72萬(wàn)人,其中ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)患者占29%~47%[3]。STEMI是由于冠狀動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化斑塊阻塞冠狀動(dòng)脈而引發(fā)的心肌缺血、壞死,臨床主要采用再灌注治療[4-5]。溶栓治療和經(jīng)皮冠狀動(dòng)脈介入術(shù)(PCI)是STEMI再灌注治療的主要方法。溶栓治療的臨床應(yīng)用廣泛,但再灌注成功率較低,并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率較高,且易復(fù)發(fā);PCI可提高再灌注成功率,但對(duì)醫(yī)療技術(shù)的要求較高,在基層醫(yī)院推廣受限。本文對(duì)STEMI治療進(jìn)展進(jìn)行綜述,旨在為STEMI患者選擇合適治療方案提供參考。
溶栓治療具有操作簡(jiǎn)單、方便、快捷等優(yōu)點(diǎn)。目前,在首診不具備PCI條件的醫(yī)院或因各種原因?qū)е率状吾t(yī)療接觸(FMC)至PCI時(shí)間延遲時(shí),對(duì)有適應(yīng)證的STEMI患者予以溶栓治療,且溶栓時(shí)間越早越好[6]。研究表明,溶栓治療與PCI治療發(fā)病<3 h的STEMI患者的臨床療效相當(dāng),溶栓治療發(fā)病3~12 h的STEMI患者的臨床療效低于PCI[7];溶栓治療與PCI治療發(fā)病<3 h的STEMI患者的安全性均較高[8-11]。也有研究表明,STEMI患者的最佳溶栓治療時(shí)間窗為發(fā)病3 h之內(nèi),發(fā)病3~6 h的STEMI患者行溶栓治療的血管再通率降低,但發(fā)病7~12 h并伴有持續(xù)性胸痛的STEMI患者行溶栓治療仍有效[12-14]。研究表明,及時(shí)予以再灌注治療可縮短STEMI患者心肌缺血時(shí)間,改善患者預(yù)后[15]。
1.1 溶栓治療適應(yīng)證[16](1)STEMI發(fā)病<12 h,心電圖(ECG)示至少2個(gè)相鄰導(dǎo)聯(lián)ST段抬高或出現(xiàn)新的左束支傳導(dǎo)阻滯,年齡<75歲;(2)STEMI發(fā)病12~24 h,胸痛癥狀未緩解,ECG示至少2個(gè)相鄰導(dǎo)聯(lián)ST段抬高;(3)STEMI發(fā)病≤2 h,出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn)低、心肌缺血面積較大,雖符合PCI條件,但預(yù)計(jì)FMC至球囊擴(kuò)張時(shí)間>90 min。
1.2 溶栓治療后處理[8]STEMI患者溶栓治療后需早期(3~24 h)行冠狀動(dòng)脈造影檢查。
1.3 溶栓治療的弊端 (1)梗死相關(guān)血管再通速度慢;(2)梗死相關(guān)血管再通率低,再梗死發(fā)生率高;(3)出血并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較高。
20世紀(jì)80年代初期,美國(guó)心臟病學(xué)會(huì)(ACC)和美國(guó)心臟協(xié)會(huì)(AHA)發(fā)布了有關(guān)PCI成功運(yùn)用的指南,此后30多年P(guān)CI迅猛發(fā)展,已成為臨床治療STEMI的有效方法[17]。國(guó)外研究指出,STEMI患者FMC后90 min由經(jīng)驗(yàn)豐富的心內(nèi)科醫(yī)師實(shí)施再灌注治療時(shí)PCI應(yīng)為首選方法[18-19]。
2.1 直接PCI 直接PCI是指發(fā)病12 h內(nèi)行PCI治療。研究表明,與溶栓治療相比,直接PCI可降低STEMI患者病死率、心血管事件發(fā)生率、再梗死發(fā)生率,提高左心室射血分?jǐn)?shù)(LVEF),縮小左心室舒張末期前后徑[20-21];直接PCI治療STEMI具有再通率高、缺血復(fù)發(fā)事件少、適應(yīng)證多等優(yōu)點(diǎn)[22]。KEELEY等[23]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),與溶栓治療相比,直接PCI可降低STEMI患者病死率、非致死性再梗死發(fā)生率、卒中發(fā)生率。直接PCI可及時(shí)開(kāi)通梗死相關(guān)動(dòng)脈,改善患者預(yù)后,但會(huì)導(dǎo)致“無(wú)復(fù)流或慢復(fù)流”現(xiàn)象。張東鳳等[24]研究表明,STEMI患者行直接PCI治療后無(wú)復(fù)流發(fā)生率約為11.14%。WANG等[25]研究表明,無(wú)復(fù)流會(huì)嚴(yán)重影響STEMI患者預(yù)后。無(wú)復(fù)流產(chǎn)生的原因可能為:(1)冠狀動(dòng)脈微血管栓塞;(2)冠狀動(dòng)脈微血管痙攣;(3)冠狀動(dòng)脈微循環(huán)發(fā)生再灌注損傷;(4)冠狀動(dòng)脈微循環(huán)的整體性遭到破壞[26]。
2.2 轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)直接PCI 轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)直接PCI是指將首診于不具備PCI條件醫(yī)院的STEMI患者轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)至具備PCI條件的醫(yī)院進(jìn)行PCI治療。研究表明,當(dāng)STEMI患者轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)時(shí)間<114 min時(shí)采用轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)直接PCI治療的患者病死率較低,但變異性較大,可能與多種因素有關(guān),包括癥狀持續(xù)時(shí)間、年齡、梗死部位等;但與就地溶栓相比,轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)直接PCI治療轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)時(shí)間>121 min的STEMI患者的生存率無(wú)差異[27]。研究表明,STEMI患者首診于不具備PCI條件的醫(yī)院,F(xiàn)MC至PCI時(shí)間>120 min,且患者無(wú)溶栓禁忌證時(shí)應(yīng)于患者入院后30 min內(nèi)行溶栓治療,后行轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)直接PCI治療[28]。目前,首診醫(yī)院停留時(shí)間(DIDO時(shí)間)是評(píng)估轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)直接PCI治療STEMI患者臨床效果的指標(biāo),且DIDO時(shí)間應(yīng)<30 min[29]。既往研究結(jié)果顯示,轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)直接PCI治療STEMI患者的30 d病死率、再梗死發(fā)生率、腦卒中發(fā)生率低于溶栓治療(P<0.05)[30-32]。
2.3 補(bǔ)救PCI 補(bǔ)救PCI是指STEMI患者溶栓治療失敗后于12 h內(nèi)對(duì)梗死相關(guān)血管行PCI治療。何柳平等[33]研究表明,溶栓治療失敗后采用補(bǔ)救PCI可提高STEMI患者LVEF,降低左心室重塑程度和不良事件發(fā)生率。研究表明,溶栓治療失敗后采用補(bǔ)救PCI可改善STEMI患者心功能及預(yù)后[34-36]。也有研究表明,溶栓治療失敗后,STEMI患者應(yīng)盡快轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)至具備PCI條件的醫(yī)院,及時(shí)行補(bǔ)救PCI治療[8]。
2.4 易化PCI 易化PCI是指發(fā)病<12 h、計(jì)劃行PCI的STEMI患者術(shù)前使用溶栓藥物以促進(jìn)梗死相關(guān)動(dòng)脈的開(kāi)通。研究表明,易化PCI會(huì)增加STEMI患者病死率[37];與其他再灌注治療方法相比,采用易化PCI治療STEMI無(wú)明顯優(yōu)勢(shì)[38-39]。
2.5 延遲PCI 延遲PCI是指發(fā)病時(shí)間>12 h且臨床無(wú)明顯胸痛癥狀的STEMI患者行PCI治療。紀(jì)軍等[40]研究顯示,延遲PCI可減緩發(fā)病時(shí)間>12 h且病情穩(wěn)定的STEMI患者左心室重塑,提高LVEF,改善患者預(yù)后。國(guó)內(nèi)研究表明,延遲PCI治療不同延遲時(shí)間STEMI患者的臨床療效相當(dāng)[41-42]。因此,延遲PCI治療可改善超時(shí)間窗(>12 h)STEMI患者心功能,減緩心室重塑,降低主要心臟不良事件發(fā)生率,且延遲時(shí)間越短患者預(yù)后越好。
STEMI患者再灌注治療方法的選擇受發(fā)病時(shí)間、地理位置及自身因素的影響,目前,溶栓治療仍是不具備PCI條件的醫(yī)院及時(shí)行再灌注治療的有效手段。近年來(lái),隨著醫(yī)療技術(shù)的不斷發(fā)展和創(chuàng)新,PCI治療STEMI已逐漸用于臨床。隨著國(guó)家對(duì)醫(yī)療政策的改進(jìn)、經(jīng)濟(jì)水平的提高及人們健康意識(shí)的不斷增強(qiáng),以區(qū)域協(xié)同救治體系為基礎(chǔ)的胸痛中心和以STEMI治療指南為依據(jù)的規(guī)范化臨床路徑越來(lái)越多,未來(lái)會(huì)有更多STEMI患者得到更加正規(guī)合理的治療。
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2017-07-01;
2017-09-30)
(本文編輯:李潔晨)
ProgressonTreatmentofST-segmentElevationMyocardialInfarction
ZHANGWen-xing,ZHULi
DepartmentofCardiology,thePeople′sHospitalofTaizhou,affiliatedtoMedicalCollegeofYangzhouUniversity,Taizhou225300,China
ZHULi,E-mail:tzheart@126.com
ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction is meaning myocardial ischemia and necrosis caused by coronary atherosclerotic plaques-induced thrombogenesis,coronary artery stenosis and occlusion,which was mainly treated by reperfusion therapy on clinic.Thrombolytic therapy and PCI are main reperfusion therapies for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction,each has advantages and disadvantages.This paper reviewed related literatures about treatment of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction,to provide references for more effective treatment.
Myocardial infarction;Treatment;Review
通信作者:朱莉,E-mail:tzheart@126.com
R 542.22
A
10.3969/j.issn.1008-5971.2017.10.002
張文興,朱莉.ST段抬高型心肌梗死治療的研究進(jìn)展[J].實(shí)用心腦肺血管病雜志,2017,25(10):4-7.[www.syxnf.net]
ZHANG W X,ZHU L.Progress on treatment of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction[J].Practical Journal of Cardiac Cerebral Pneumal and Vascular Disease,2017,25(10):4-7.