李培
名詞性從句的功能相當于名詞或名詞詞組,它在復合句中能擔任主語、賓語、表語、同位語、介詞賓語等,因此根據(jù)它在句中不同的語法功能,名詞性從句又可分為主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句。
名詞性從句的連接詞可分為三類:
只起連接作用,不作成分的that,whether,if。
連接代詞what,whatever,who,whoever,whom,whomever,whose,whosever,which,whichever。
連接副詞when,whenever,where,wherever,how,however,why。
名詞性從句的連接詞中最復雜、最讓同學們困惑的莫過于that:可不可以省略?什么時候省略?作不作成分?作什么成分?引出什么從句?若不能掌握規(guī)則,這些問題可能在考試中給我們致命一擊。
以下筆者將從六個不同的高考考點著手,結(jié)合近五年的高考題對名詞性從句中that的用法進行講解。
一、that引導名詞性從句的省略情況
that在名詞性從句中,只起連接作用,在從句中不作任何成分,不含任何意義,引導名詞性從句(除動詞后的賓語從句外)時不可省略,故稱作“三不”。
1. that引導主語從句、表語從句、同位語從句時,不能省略。
The most pleasant thing of the rainy season is _______ one can be entirely free from dust.
解析 that。句意:雨季最令人愉快的事是人們可以完全擺脫灰塵。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可以看出,本空需要連接詞引導表語從句,且表語從句的句意和句子成分完整,所以連詞在從句中不能作任何成分,只需起連接作用,故用that引導從句。
2. that引導動詞賓語從句時一般可省略。如:
例1 (2015·全國卷Ⅰ) After looking at the toy for some time, he turned around and found where his parents were missing.
解析 where→that或者去掉where。句意:本句中連詞that引導的從句充當動詞found的賓語,that不作句子成分只起連接作用,同時賓語從句又可以省略掉連詞that。
例2 (2016·全國卷Ⅰ) My uncle is the owner of a restaurant close to that I live.
解析 that→where。句意:我的叔叔在我家附近有一家餐館。考查賓語從句。此處表達的是“靠近我居住的地方”,賓語從句中缺少地點狀語,故需將that改為where。that在名詞性從句中只起連接作用,不充當任何句子成分,所以這里用that是錯的。
還有以下幾種情況that不能省略。
當that引導的賓語從句和主句的謂語動詞之間有插入語或者從句主語之后有插入語。如:
He told us that if we could all come to help out, the whole situation would be better.
當一個動詞引出兩個(或以上)的并列的賓語從句時,that不能省略。如:
Some believe (that) its easy to learn a new language and that practice makes perfect.
當that引出的從句作介詞賓語時不能省略。如:
The reason lies in that she works harder than others.
二、that引導的名詞性從句作主語時,常用it作形式主語,從句后置
that引導的主語從句本應位于謂語之前,但是為了避免頭重腳輕,常用it作形式主語,從句后置。常見的句型可分為四類。
1. it+be+形容詞+that從句
適用于這種句型的常見形容詞有:obvious,apparent,evident,important,necessary,clear,strange,surprising等。其中necessary,strange,important,surprising等謂語動詞要用“should+動詞原形”。如:
Its strange that he should have been fired.
2. it+be+名詞+that從句
常用于這種句型的名詞詞組有:a pity,a shame,no wonder,a fact等。如:
Its no wonder that he is admitted into the Bejing University.
3. it+be+過去分詞+that從句
常用的過去分詞有:said,reported,believed,suggested,supposed等。其中表示“建議,命令”的如suggested,ordered,required等詞后的從句需用虛擬語氣“should+動詞原形”。如:
It is suggested that people should wear a mask when going out on a smoggy day.
4. it+動詞+that從句
常用于該句型的動詞有appear,turn out,happen to sb.,occur to sb.,seem等。
例3 It suddenly occurred to him _______ he had left his keys in the office.
解析 that。句意:他突然想起來他把鑰匙掉在辦公室了。此句中it作形式主語,由that引出主語從句后置。主語從句句意完整,不缺成分。故用that。
三、that引導的名詞性從句作賓語時,常用it作形式主語,從句后置
1. 動詞+介詞+it+that
常用于這種句型的動詞詞組有see to,depend on,rely on等。如:
Ill see to it that everything is in place before the performance.
2. 動詞+it+形容詞+that
常用于這種句型的搭配有make it clear,make it possible,find it strange等。如:
The father found it strange that his son turned home so early.
3. 動詞+it+名詞+that
常用于這種句型的名詞有rule/duty/honor等。如:
He makes it a duty that he would try his best to save the company.
4. 動詞+it+過去分詞+that
常用于該句型的搭配有make it known,hear it said that等。如:
The lovers made it known that they would get married next month.
四、同位語從句、定語從句和強調(diào)句型中的that
同位語從句中的連詞that只起連接作用,沒有實際意義,不充當任何句子成分且不能省略。同位語從句一般在具有抽象含義的名詞之后,用以解釋該名詞的含義或內(nèi)容;定語從句中的關(guān)系代詞that在從句中充當主語或賓語,在充當賓語時常可省略。
試比較下面兩個例句:
They expressed the hope that they would come to visit China. (that引導同位語從句,不能省略,不在從句中充當任何句子成分)
The hope (that) she expressed is that they would come to visit China. (that引導定語從句,在從句中作賓語,可以省略)
與同位語從句中的that相比,強調(diào)句型中的that只是強調(diào)句型(it is/was ... that/what) 結(jié)構(gòu)中的一部分。it和that無詞匯意義,it是強調(diào)詞,引出被強調(diào)的部分,that只起語法連接作用。這里介紹一個判斷句子是不是強調(diào)句的方法:把it is/was和that去掉,把被強調(diào)部分還原到原來的位置,如果句子結(jié)構(gòu)仍然完整,那么這個句子就是強調(diào)句。
例4 You are waiting at a wrong place. It is at the hotel _______ the coach picks up tourists.
解析 that。句意:你等錯地方了,教練是在旅館接游客的。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知,此處是一個強調(diào)地點狀語的強調(diào)句,故用that。
例5 The manager put forward a suggestion _______ we should have an assistant. There is too much work to do.
解析 that。句意:經(jīng)理提出了一個建議——我們應該有一個助手。有太多工作要做了。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知,空處在此引導同位語從句,說明suggestion的具體內(nèi)容,且從句句意和句子成分完整,故用that。