由表7可知,Simpson指數(shù)和Shannon-Winner多樣性指數(shù)與磷脂脂肪酸總量、細(xì)菌PLFA含量、真菌PLFA含量、革蘭氏陽性菌PLFA含量、革蘭氏陰性菌PLFA含量以及革蘭氏陽性菌PLFA含量與革蘭氏陰性菌PLFA含量比值、飽和脂肪酸PLFA含量、不飽和脂肪酸PLFA含量顯著正相關(guān),而Margalef物種豐富度指數(shù)與細(xì)菌PLFA含量/真菌PLFA含量顯著正相關(guān)。
3.5 土壤微生物與土壤理化性質(zhì)、細(xì)根生物量和凋落物現(xiàn)存量的關(guān)系
由土壤微生物群落特征與環(huán)境變量的RDA分析(圖 4, 表 8)可知,6個環(huán)境變量共解釋了土壤微生物群落特征變異的87.7%,基于所有典范特征值的Monte Carlo置換檢驗表明微生物群落特征與環(huán)境變量之間顯著相關(guān)(P=0.002)。RDA排序結(jié)果表明環(huán)境因子變量很好地解釋了土壤微生物群落特征的變異,RDA前2軸(74.2%和7.3%)解釋的變異量比后2軸(4.1%和2.1%)多,說明前2軸是解釋土壤微生物群落特征組成變異的主要貢獻(xiàn)者。與RDA第一排序軸顯著相關(guān)的是pH值(P< 0.001)、含水量(P< 0.001)和細(xì)根生物量(P< 0.05),pH值(P< 0.05)還與RDA第二軸顯著相關(guān),與RDA第三軸顯著相關(guān)的是有機(jī)碳含量(P< 0.001)、密度(P< 0.001)、含水量(P< 0.05)和凋落物現(xiàn)存量(P< 0.05); 說明RDA 1軸主要代表了pH值、含水量和細(xì)根生物量,RDA 3軸主要代表了有機(jī)碳含量、密度和凋落物現(xiàn)存量。

圖2 不同林分土壤微生物不同菌群PLFAs比值Fig.2 Ratios of the different microbial groups PLFAs content in different stand types相同字母表示差異不顯著(P > 0.05),不同字母表示差異顯著(P < 0.05)。下同。The same letters indicate no significant difference (P > 0.05), and different letters indicate significant difference (P < 0.05).The same below.

圖 3 不同林分土壤微生物群落多樣性Fig.3 Diversity of microbial communities in soils under different forest types
4 討論
研究土壤中PLFAs 總濃度變化、特征脂肪酸的組分差異,可深人了解微生物群落結(jié)構(gòu)的變化。因為PLFAs含量提供了土壤中的微生物量信息(Frosteg?rdetal., 1991),特征脂肪酸的組分則可表征微生物群落結(jié)構(gòu)(Frosteg?rdetal., 1993b)。本研究中,由云杉、白樺、落葉松和山楊4種常見樹種組成的7種不同林分的土壤微生物群落結(jié)構(gòu)和組分含量存在顯著差異。一方面是不同林分類型的土壤有機(jī)碳的積累和儲存是不同的(丁訪軍等, 2012; 向澤宇等, 2014),從而造成養(yǎng)分含量差異,而土壤微生物群落的代謝活性以及組成在很大程度上是由生物地球化學(xué)循環(huán)、土壤有機(jī)物的代謝過程以及土壤的肥力和質(zhì)量等因素所決定(胡雷等, 2015)。另一方面,土壤微生物的群落特征受到植物物種、植物根系及根系分泌物等因素的影響(Zaketal., 2003),而本研究正是在不同林分條件下進(jìn)行研究,林分組成存在差異,進(jìn)而造成微生物群落結(jié)構(gòu)差異。此外,不同的土壤環(huán)境條件和林分特征(植被屬性)反應(yīng)不同功能群的土壤微生物,并以特定的方式影響土壤微生物群落的組成。樹木還能影響林下植被群落的組成,林下植被群落也可以和土壤微生物相互作用,從而間接影響土壤微生物(Prescottetal., 2013)。

表7 微生物群落特征指標(biāo)和多樣性指數(shù)相關(guān)性①
①*: ɑ=0.05; **: ɑ=0.01; *** : ɑ=0.001。下同The same below.

圖 4 土壤微生物群落特征與環(huán)境變量間的RDA分析Fig.4 RDA analysis of between the soil microbial properties and the environmental variablesOC: 土壤有機(jī)碳含量Soil organic carbon content;SM: 土壤含水量Soil moisture content;Soil density:土壤密度; Root: 細(xì)根生物量Fine root biomass; Litter: 凋落物現(xiàn)存量Litter standing crop; M: Margalef指數(shù)Margalef index; D: Simpson指數(shù)Simpson index; H: Shannon-Wiener指數(shù)Shannon-Wiener index; PLFA: PLFA總量Total content of PLFAs; G+: 革蘭氏陽性菌含量Content of gram positive bacteria; G-: 革蘭氏陰性菌含量Content of gram negative bacteria; G+/G-: 革蘭氏陽性菌與陰性菌含量比值Ratio of content of gram positive bacteria to gram negative bacteria; BACT: 細(xì)菌含量Content of bacterial; FUNG: 真菌含量Content of fungi; BACT/FUNG: 細(xì)菌含量與真菌含量比值Ratio of content of bacteria to fungi; SFA: 飽和脂肪酸含量Content of saturated fatty acid; UFA: 不飽和脂肪酸含量Content of unsaturated fatty acid; SFA/UFA: 飽和脂肪酸與不飽和脂肪酸含量比值Ratio of content of saturated fatty acid to unsaturated fatty acid.

表8 環(huán)境變量與RDA排序軸的相關(guān)系數(shù)、特征值及變異解釋
植物與土壤微生物之間的相互依存關(guān)系,植物通過其凋落物、根系分泌物為土壤微生物提供營養(yǎng),導(dǎo)致植物和微生物之間的協(xié)同進(jìn)化,促進(jìn)土壤微生物的多樣性。例如,闊葉和針葉植被的生化組成、植被物種間的差異,植物多樣性的改變能夠引起植物生物量、凋落物量及其有機(jī)組分的變化,會影響微生物群落組成和功能(蔣婧等, 2010; De Deynetal., 2008)。本研究也發(fā)現(xiàn),針葉林(如A和G)的真菌生物量最低,闊葉林(如B,C和E)細(xì)菌生物量最高,說明了針葉林和闊葉林間土壤微生物群落組成存在差異。造成原因可能是有些植物凋落物中含有抑制細(xì)菌活動的酚、醛等成分,從而間接地影響凋落物的分解率(Gordon, 1998)。另外,富含低分子酚類化合物的凋落物,進(jìn)入土壤后控制著真菌占優(yōu)勢的微生物對氮的固持,加劇了低養(yǎng)分的狀況(Wilsonetal., 1992); 而富含碳水化合物和糖類的凋落物,促進(jìn)了細(xì)菌占優(yōu)勢的食物網(wǎng),提高了生境的養(yǎng)分狀況會促進(jìn)細(xì)菌的生長(Wardle, 1999; Bardgettetal., 2005)。因此,林型(針葉林、闊葉林和針闊混交林)不同,植物組成不同進(jìn)而引起凋落物及其分解速率的變化,造成回歸土壤中養(yǎng)分的質(zhì)量和數(shù)量產(chǎn)生差異,從而影響了微生物群落的組成和多樣性。
有研究表明: 細(xì)根對水分和養(yǎng)分有很強的吸收作用(Rosenvaldetal., 2011),植物本身的化學(xué)組成和特征制約著枯落物的分解和礦化過程,從而影響著植物的養(yǎng)分歸還(郭雪蓮等, 2007)。不同土地利用類型/不同林分類型間的土壤細(xì)菌群落組成和多樣性有顯著差異; 而且細(xì)菌群落結(jié)構(gòu)在很大程度上受樹種和土壤 pH值影響(Heikoetal., 2011),水分含量波動可以改變土壤微生物群落結(jié)構(gòu)(Drenovskyetal., 2004)。本研究中,7 種林分下土壤 pH 值、含水量、密度、養(yǎng)分含量和細(xì)根生物量等的組成和空間分布均有顯著差異。如土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)和全氮含量表現(xiàn)為 A,G>C>F>B>D>E(向澤宇等, 2014),表明不同林木生長對有機(jī)碳和全氮含量的影響表現(xiàn)為青海云杉>白樺>山楊>落葉松。不同林分類型間土壤碳含量各異,北美云杉(Piceasitchensis)林和西部鐵杉(Tsugaheterophylla)林的土壤碳含量最高,而美國黃松(Pinusponderosa)林土壤碳含量最低(Osbertetal., 2004)。不同林分對土壤堿解氮含量的影響也表現(xiàn)為青海云杉>白樺>山楊>落葉松,林分類型影響森林地表氮素的轉(zhuǎn)化(向澤宇等, 2014)。不同林分對細(xì)根生物量的影響表現(xiàn)為A,C>E,F(xiàn),G>B,D,但密度、pH 值影響沒有表現(xiàn)出明顯的規(guī)律性??傊? 種不同林木生長對土壤養(yǎng)分積累與分布的影響表現(xiàn)為青海云杉>白樺>山楊>落葉松。闊葉林和針葉林對土壤質(zhì)量的影響不同(Saetre, 1999),而且云杉作為青海特有的優(yōu)勢樹種對土壤養(yǎng)分的改良及土壤生態(tài)的維持具有重要意義(劉曉敏, 2012)。
5 結(jié)論
本研究利用PLFA法分析青海7種林分類型土壤微生物結(jié)構(gòu)特征變化規(guī)律,發(fā)現(xiàn)土壤微生物PLFA含量表現(xiàn)為闊葉林 > 混交林 > 針葉林,且林分類型越接近其土壤微生物群落組成也越相近; 不同林分類型其土壤微生物群落結(jié)構(gòu)多樣性存在顯著差異。
PLFA法分類水平較低,且無法精確到微生物種的水平,從而限制了對更多土壤微生物群落信息的認(rèn)識。因此,在今后的研究中應(yīng)該結(jié)合其他檢測方法(如高通量測序技術(shù))開展土壤微生物群落多樣性研究。
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(責(zé)任編輯 于靜嫻)
Profile of Soil Microbial Community under Different Stand Types in Qinghai Province
Zi Hongbiao1Xiang Zeyu1Wang Genxu2Ade Luji1Wang Changting1
(1.CollegeofLifeScienceandTechnology,SouthwestUniversityforNationalitiesChengdu610041; 2.InstituteofMountainHazardsandEnvironment,CASChengdu610041)
【Objective】Seven natural stand types were investigated to understand the soil microbial community. The main forest species werePiceacrassifolia,Betulaplatyphylla,Larixgmelinii,Populusdavidiana. The purpose of this study was to improve management and evaluation strategies of the forest by adjusting the structure and restoring the degraded forest.【Method】The 7 stand types were DatongPiceacrassifolia(A), DatongBetulaplatyphylla(B), HuangzhongPiceacrassifolia+Betulaplatyphylla(C), LeduLarixgmelinii+Betulaplatyphylla(D), MinhePopulusdavidiana(E), XunhuaPopulusdavidiana+Betulaplatyphylla(F) ,and JianzhaPiceacrassifolia(G) in Qinghai Province. The soil physical-chemical properties and soil microbial community composition were investigated by conventional laboratory analysis and phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) analysis. Changes of individual PLFA signatures and correlations between soil properties and soil microbial group of PLFA indicators were analyzed by principal components analysis (PCA) and redundancy analysis (RDA), respectively. 【Result】A total of 17 different PLFAs with different types of biomarkers were detected in the soil samples among different stand types. The stand types A and B exhibited a larger number PLFAs compared with other stand types. The lowest number of PLFAs was found in stand type G. The PLFAs biomarker was variable in different stand soils. The highest content was 16:0. The highest richness of PLFAs was saturated fatty acid. The highest total content of PLFAs biomarkers was found in stand B, and the lowest in stand G. The contents of bacteria and fungus PLFAs displayed the following order: broad-leaved stand>mixed broadleaf-conifer stand>conifer stand. The Simpson index, Shannon-Wiener index of stands F and G were significantly lower than those of the other stand types. McIntosh index were holistically higher in stand types A, B and D than in the other types. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) showed that generalized bacteria and Gram positive bacteria were the main soil microbial group. Redundancy analysis (RDA) indicated that the effects of pH, soil moisture and fine root biomass on soil microbial community were higher than those of soil organic carbon, bulk density and litter standing crop. 【Conclusion】Soil microbial community composition and impact factors were significantly different among different stand types. Therefore, the management and utilization of forest ecosystem should consider the change of soil microbial community characteristics, in order to improve forest management practices.
phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs); microbial community;stand type;soil organic carbon; Qinghai Province
10.11707/j.1001-7488.20170303
2015-10-03;
2017-01-19。
中國科學(xué)院戰(zhàn)略性先導(dǎo)科技專項“應(yīng)對氣候變化的碳收支認(rèn)證及相關(guān)問題”(XDA05050207); 國家自然科學(xué)基金項目 (31370542); 中央高?;究蒲袠I(yè)務(wù)費優(yōu)秀科研團(tuán)隊及重大孵化項目 (2014NZYTD01)。
S 718.8
A
1001-7488(2017)03-0021-12
﹡王長庭為通訊作者。