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      K—Ras基因與轉(zhuǎn)移性結(jié)直腸癌預(yù)后相關(guān)性的研究進(jìn)展

      2017-05-11 21:48蔡劍峰戈偉張文君鄭永法
      中國醫(yī)藥導(dǎo)報(bào) 2017年8期
      關(guān)鍵詞:靶向治療

      蔡劍峰+戈偉+張文君+鄭永法

      [摘要] 結(jié)直腸癌是目前嚴(yán)重威脅人類健康的常見消化系統(tǒng)惡性腫瘤,而轉(zhuǎn)移為影響其預(yù)后的重要因素之一。結(jié)直腸癌轉(zhuǎn)移的機(jī)制尚未完全清楚,有研究表明許多癌基因參與其轉(zhuǎn)移過程,其中原癌基因Ras基因被激活后轉(zhuǎn)變成癌基因參與腫瘤發(fā)生發(fā)展,目前在臨床中已通過檢測Ras基因狀態(tài)進(jìn)行靶向治療。然而Ras基因的基因狀態(tài)與轉(zhuǎn)移性結(jié)直腸癌的總生存期具有一定相關(guān)性。本綜述旨在針對K-Ras基因與轉(zhuǎn)移性結(jié)直腸癌預(yù)后相關(guān)性的研究進(jìn)展進(jìn)行闡述。

      [關(guān)鍵詞] 轉(zhuǎn)移性結(jié)直腸癌;K-Ras基因;基因狀態(tài);靶向治療

      [中圖分類號(hào)] R735.3 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A [文章編號(hào)] 1673-7210(2017)03(b)-0041-04

      The research progress of the correlation between K-Ras gene and prognosis of metastatic colorectal cancer

      CAI Jianfeng GE Wei ZHANG Wenjun ZHENG Yongfa

      Department of OncologyⅡ, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei Province, Wuhan 430060, China

      [Abstract] At present, colorectal cancer, a serious threat to human health, is a common digestive system malignant tumor. Metastatic colorectal cancer has an important prognosis factor, but the transfer mechanism is not fully clear. Studies have shown that many cancer genes are involved in the transfer process. The Ras gene belongs to the proto-oncogene, when it is activated, it can be transformed into cancer gene and participate in tumor occurrence and development. By detecting the Ras genes in the clinical and according to the state of gene, the targeted therapy can be taken. However, the overall survival of metastatic colorectal cancer has a certain correlation with the status of Ras gene. This review aims to state the research progress of the correlation between K-Ras gene and prognosis of metastatic colorectal cancer.

      [Key words] Metastatic colorectal cancer; K-Ras gene; Gene status; Targeted therapy

      結(jié)直腸癌是目前威脅人類健康的一種常見惡性腫瘤,其發(fā)病率及死亡率在不斷上升,其全球發(fā)病率在男女惡性腫瘤中分別位居第三、第二位[1-2]。隨著對腫瘤抑癌基因及癌基因的深入研究,腫瘤從本質(zhì)上講是基因病,腫瘤的發(fā)生是多基因、多步驟突變的結(jié)果,而原癌基因被激活后具有轉(zhuǎn)化成癌基因?qū)е履[瘤發(fā)生的能力。研究顯示[3-6],1982年發(fā)現(xiàn)在人膀胱癌細(xì)胞中有活化的H-Ras基因,此引起了人們對Ras基因的關(guān)注。Malumbres等[7]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)Ras是一種原癌基因,且Ras基因擴(kuò)增存在很多腫瘤中,例如胰腺癌、結(jié)直腸癌等[8]。Ras基因與人類腫瘤相關(guān)的基因有H-Ras、K-Ras和N-Ras三種,分別位于11、12和1號(hào)染色體上。然而K-Ras與腫瘤的發(fā)生更為密切,K-Ras基因在Ras基因中最易突變[9]。在胰腺癌和結(jié)直腸癌中突變率分別為60%~90%、30%~50%,非小細(xì)胞肺癌檢測到的突變率約為25%[10-15]。對于結(jié)直腸癌轉(zhuǎn)移是影響其預(yù)后一重要因素,Ras基因突變與患者轉(zhuǎn)移灶切除后的較短總體生存期相關(guān)。

      1 Ras基因與腫瘤的關(guān)系

      Ras基因當(dāng)其被激活后轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)橛兄掳┗钚缘陌┗?,致使表達(dá)產(chǎn)物Ras蛋白發(fā)生構(gòu)型的變化繼而功能發(fā)生變化。Weinstein等[16-17]指出細(xì)胞的存活依賴于Ras基因的激活,抑制Ras基因激活會(huì)導(dǎo)致腫瘤細(xì)胞死亡。Ras基因的激活有方式包括基因點(diǎn)突變、插入與轉(zhuǎn)位以及大量表達(dá),在不同的腫瘤中存在不同的Ras突變。其中K-Ras在Ras基因中最易發(fā)生突變對人類癌癥影響最大,其具有分子開關(guān)的作用在很多信號(hào)通路中起重要作用。K-Ras蛋白在信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)到中起重要作用[18-19]與腫瘤細(xì)胞的生存、增殖、擴(kuò)散、遷移及血管生成均有關(guān)系。

      K-Ras基因分為野生型(處于正常狀態(tài))和突變型(處于異常狀態(tài))。在結(jié)直腸癌中,K-Ras基因外顯子2突變的頻率是35%~40%[20-21]。K-Ras基因突變發(fā)生在腫瘤發(fā)生的早期,且原發(fā)灶與轉(zhuǎn)移灶的K-Ras基因高度一致。通常認(rèn)為,K-Ras基因狀態(tài)不會(huì)因治療而發(fā)生變化。被激活的K-Ras基因可使其快速轉(zhuǎn)錄翻譯,蛋白含量增加,導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞克隆性增生形成腫瘤。

      2 K-Ras基因與結(jié)直腸癌生物學(xué)行為

      結(jié)直腸癌病因至今尚未明確,可能與遺傳、飲食因素等相關(guān)[22],且結(jié)直腸早期易發(fā)生遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移,發(fā)生遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移存活率僅約12%[23],其轉(zhuǎn)移機(jī)制尚未完全明確,不同地區(qū)轉(zhuǎn)移性結(jié)直腸癌臨床特點(diǎn)及分子機(jī)制也可能截然不同[24]。報(bào)道顯示[25]:結(jié)直腸癌發(fā)生腹腔轉(zhuǎn)移后,即使行化療其預(yù)后仍很差,且已成為結(jié)直腸癌患者死亡的第二大原因。另有研究[26]對約80%的局部結(jié)直腸癌患者實(shí)行手術(shù)治療后,約50%的患者因術(shù)前存在微轉(zhuǎn)移灶出現(xiàn)復(fù)發(fā)。目前化療可用于區(qū)域轉(zhuǎn)移的結(jié)直腸癌而療效有一定局限性,對于發(fā)生遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移的結(jié)直腸癌療效更差[27]。因此尋找新的治療方法是非常必要。臨床研究顯示[28],K-Ras基因的突變與結(jié)直腸癌的發(fā)病率有關(guān),且K-Ras的突變情況與腫瘤的預(yù)后相關(guān),其在腫瘤的發(fā)生、發(fā)展、轉(zhuǎn)移等階段扮演重要的作用[29]。人類癌細(xì)胞Ras基因分析顯示它們不同與正常細(xì)胞的單核苷酸染色體,熱點(diǎn)突變的染色體1和2與腫瘤的細(xì)胞的轉(zhuǎn)移活性相關(guān)[30-31]。K-Ras基因被激活后轉(zhuǎn)變成具有致癌活性的癌基因,影響細(xì)胞的生物學(xué)行為致使細(xì)胞增殖失控癌變。K-Ras基因是表皮生長因子受體(Epithelial Growth Factor Receptor,EGFR)信號(hào)通路的一下游基因,EGFR是具有酪氨酸酶活性的一重要的跨膜受體,其中Ras/Raf/ MEK/ERK-MAPK 通路是EGFR下游的一信號(hào)通路,當(dāng)EGFR被配體激活后可啟動(dòng)細(xì)胞內(nèi)的信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo),通過K- Ras依賴的絲裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinase,MAPK)信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路,影響細(xì)胞增殖、分化、凋亡、遷移、黏附、腫瘤血管生成[32]。EGFR信號(hào)通路被激活后,K-Ras蛋白先短暫激活,其隨后迅速失活,K-Ras激活/失活效應(yīng)是受控的。而K-Ras基因突變時(shí),可以導(dǎo)致EGFR信號(hào)通路持續(xù)激活,加速腫瘤細(xì)胞增殖,預(yù)示腫瘤預(yù)后不良。

      K-Ras基因突變型,通過影響細(xì)胞的生物學(xué)行為刺激促進(jìn)惡性腫瘤細(xì)胞的生長擴(kuò)散,且不受上游EGFR的信號(hào)調(diào)控影響,對抗EGFR治療效果差[33]。遂臨床上根據(jù)K-Ras基因狀態(tài)的檢測結(jié)果決定是否采用EGFR的酪氨酸激酶抑制劑(tyrosine kinase inhibitor,TKI)進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)移性結(jié)直腸癌的靶向性治療。

      3 針對轉(zhuǎn)移性結(jié)直腸K-Ras基因的靶向治療

      K-Ras基因突變可以導(dǎo)致EGFR-TKI原發(fā)性耐藥,是預(yù)后不良的指標(biāo)。目前臨床上通過檢測K-Ras基因狀態(tài)來預(yù)測靶向藥物抗EGFR抗體的療效,是轉(zhuǎn)移性結(jié)直腸癌患者進(jìn)行靶向治療方案選擇的重要指標(biāo)之一。針對K-Ras野生型的轉(zhuǎn)移性結(jié)直腸患者使用抗EGFR抗體治療[34]。目前獲批的抗EGFR單抗有Cetuximab(愛必妥,西妥昔單克隆抗體)、Panitumumab(帕尼單克隆抗體)以及Nimotuzomab(尼妥珠單克隆抗體,泰欣生),前兩種藥物用于轉(zhuǎn)移性結(jié)直腸癌治療,Nimotuzomab具有與EGFR結(jié)合的高親和力特點(diǎn),現(xiàn)主要與放療聯(lián)合用于治療EGFR陽性的晚期鼻咽癌[35-36]。

      3.1 Cetuximab(愛必妥)

      Cetuximab是由FDA在2004年2月批準(zhǔn)上市,它是抗EGFR人/鼠嵌合單克隆抗體。在臨床上Cetuximab與伊立替康聯(lián)用治療伊立替康化療無效、EGFR陽性的轉(zhuǎn)移性結(jié)直腸癌。使用此藥物治療可能會(huì)出現(xiàn)超敏反應(yīng)、呼吸系統(tǒng)疾、眼部疾病以及耐藥等,然而病因尚未完全明確[37-39]。

      3.2 Panitumumab(帕尼單克隆抗體)

      Panitumumab是由FDA(Food and Drug Administration)在2006年9月批準(zhǔn)上市的人源化IgG2單克隆抗體。在臨床上Panitumumab與伊立替康、奧沙利鉑及氟嘧啶聯(lián)用或者在化療后用于治療EGFR陽性的轉(zhuǎn)移性結(jié)直腸癌。該藥物也有其副作用最常見的是肺纖維化,另可見皮疹、惡心、腹痛等[40]。大樣本研究顯示:對K-Ras基因外顯子2突變的患者通過隨機(jī)對照試驗(yàn),采用單獨(dú)化療與化療聯(lián)合抗EGFR治療,結(jié)果表明患者的PFS(Progression-Free-Survival)及OS(Overall Survival)都未能獲益[41]。因此,抗EGFR抗體不推薦用于K-Ras基因外顯子2突變的轉(zhuǎn)移性結(jié)直腸患者。單純的化療不改變Ras基因的突變狀態(tài),但當(dāng)化療聯(lián)合Cetuximab或Panitumumab治療,可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致Ras基因二次突變并產(chǎn)生放大效應(yīng),這也可能是抗EGFR抗體的潛在作用[21]。另有根據(jù)K-Ras基因預(yù)測轉(zhuǎn)移性結(jié)直腸治療聯(lián)合Cetuximab的薈萃分析的結(jié)果顯示:納入分析的2188名轉(zhuǎn)移性結(jié)直腸癌患者中,K-Ras基因的突變率為38%(829/2188),突變型患者的總體反應(yīng)率為14%(119/829),野生型患者的總體反應(yīng)率為39%(529/1359),野生型與突變型患者兩者總體反應(yīng)率相比具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.01),后者中位PFS及中位PFS均顯著短于前者(P < 0.01),提示對于K-Ras基因突變型患者在行化療聯(lián)合Cetuximab治療時(shí),靶向藥物無腫瘤治療效果,且患者的PFS及OS不能獲益[42]。藥物的不良反應(yīng)而言,Price等[43]對轉(zhuǎn)移性結(jié)直腸癌患者K-Ras野生型進(jìn)行的隨機(jī)3期非劣解研究顯示Panitumumab不劣于Cetuximab。

      4 小結(jié)

      轉(zhuǎn)移是影響結(jié)直腸癌預(yù)后的重要原因,K-Ras基因作為與腫瘤發(fā)生發(fā)展相關(guān)的癌基因,臨床通過檢測腫瘤的基因狀態(tài),進(jìn)行靶向治療,此為結(jié)直腸癌提供新的治療策略,特別是轉(zhuǎn)移性結(jié)直腸癌。目前僅針對野生型K-Ras靶向治療有一定療效,突變型治療結(jié)果較差,腫瘤預(yù)后仍不容樂觀,故其復(fù)雜機(jī)制及信號(hào)通路仍需進(jìn)一步研究,以便找到的新的治療策略,從而使晚期結(jié)直腸癌患者獲益。Cetuximab已批準(zhǔn)用于轉(zhuǎn)移性結(jié)直腸癌,能否用于早期結(jié)直腸癌現(xiàn)處于臨床試驗(yàn)階段,同時(shí)Panitumumab與Cetuximab對比分析研究仍需要繼續(xù)。另外使用靶向藥物治療產(chǎn)生的不良反應(yīng)也尚未完全清楚, 需進(jìn)一步觀察及深入研究探討。

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