莊國斌++吳曉民+朱梅紅++王秀春+鄭通美
[摘要] 目的 探討2型糖尿病患者干眼的患病率及其與糖尿病視網(wǎng)膜病變的相關(guān)性。 方法 對363例住院2型糖尿病患者通過詢問和病歷回顧獲得所有患者的臨床資料,包括性別、年齡、病程、糖基化血紅蛋白和其他疾病史,同時進行干眼的相關(guān)檢查和對糖尿病視網(wǎng)膜病變進行分級。 結(jié)果 363例2型糖尿病患者中干眼97例,干眼總患病率為26.7%。2型糖尿病患者干眼的患病率和性別無關(guān),與病程相關(guān)。無糖尿病視網(wǎng)膜病變(no diabetic retinopathy,NDR)組、非增生性糖尿病視網(wǎng)膜病變(non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy,NPDR)組及增生性糖尿病視網(wǎng)膜病變(proliferative diabetic retinopathy,PDR)組的干眼患病率分別為15.6%、28.7%及46.7%,三組間兩兩比較差異均有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。HbA1c≤7%組干眼的患病率為20.5%,HbA1c >7%組干眼的患病率為34.8%,兩組比較差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。 結(jié)論 2型糖尿病患者干眼的患病率和糖尿病視網(wǎng)膜病變的嚴(yán)重程度、HbA1c相關(guān),PDR及高HbA1c患者更易發(fā)生干眼。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 干眼;糖尿病視網(wǎng)膜病變;糖基化血紅蛋白;2型糖尿病
[中圖分類號] R587.2;R774.1 [文獻標(biāo)識碼] B [文章編號] 1673-9701(2016)35-0068-03
Study on the correlation between dry eye and diabetic retinopathy in the patients with type 2 diabetes
ZHUANG Guobin WU Xiaomin ZHU Meihong WANG Xiuchun ZHENG Tongmei
Department of Ophthalmology, Quanzhou First Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou 362000, China
[Abstract] Objective To study the correlation between the prevalence of dry eye and diabetic retinopathy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods The clinical data of 363 inpatients with type 2 diabetes mellitus were collected by questionnaires and medical records, including gender, age, duration, glycosylated hemoglobin and other diseases. At the same time, dry eye-related examination and classification of diabetic retinopathy were carried out. Results Among the 363 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, 97 patients were with dry eyes and the total prevalence rate of dry eye was 26.7%. The prevalence rate of dry eye in the patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus was not associated with gender and was associated with disease duration. The prevalence of dry eye in no diabetic retinopathy(NDR) group, non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy(NPDR) group and proliferative diabetic retinopathy(PDR) group was 15.6%, 28.7% and 46.7% respectively. Any of two groups among the three groups were compared, and the differences were statistically significant(P<0.05). The prevalence rate of dry eye was 20.5% in HbA1c≤7% group and 34.8% in HbA1c> 7% group. There was statistical significance between the two groups(P<0.05). Conclusion The prevalence rate of dry eye in the patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and the severity of diabetic retinopathy are related to HbA1c. PDR and higher HbA1c are more likely to induce dry eye.
[Key words] Dry eye; Diabetic retinopathy; Glycosylated hemoglobin; Type 2 diabetes mellitus
糖尿病是一種常見的全身疾病,其特征是慢性高血糖引起全身并發(fā)癥。糖尿病可伴隨很多眼部并發(fā)癥,包括白內(nèi)障、青光眼、視網(wǎng)膜病變、點狀角膜病變和復(fù)發(fā)性角膜上皮糜爛[1,2]。干眼是成人常見的眼部疾病。糖尿病患者由于代謝異?;驕I液分泌異??捎懈裳鄣谋憩F(xiàn)。研究表明糖尿病患者淚液蛋白組成與正常人不同[3,4]。既往有研究探討干眼、糖尿病和糖尿病視網(wǎng)膜病變的關(guān)系[5-8],然而診斷干眼的方法和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)不同,導(dǎo)致干眼的患病率不同,并且對干眼和糖尿病視網(wǎng)膜病變與糖尿病控制的相關(guān)性并不清楚。本研究目的是探討2型糖尿病患者干眼和糖尿病視網(wǎng)膜病變與糖尿病控制的相關(guān)性。
1 資料與方法
1.1一般資料
選取我院內(nèi)分泌科2014年6~9月住院2型糖尿病患者363例,其中男168例,女195例,年齡35~72歲,平均(52.2±8.3)歲。通過詢問和病歷回顧獲得所有患者的臨床資料,包括性別、年齡、病程、糖基化血紅蛋白和其他疾病史。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):內(nèi)分泌科確診為2型糖尿病的住院患者。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):有角膜接觸鏡佩戴史、角膜激光手術(shù)史、眼外傷病史、眼部激光或其他手術(shù)史、Sjogren綜合征或類風(fēng)濕性關(guān)節(jié)炎病史及有繼發(fā)糖尿病或其他影響淚液分泌的疾病者。
1.2 干眼評估
參照2013年中華醫(yī)學(xué)會眼科學(xué)分會角膜病學(xué)組的干眼臨床診療專家共識[9],通過詢問自覺癥狀、裂隙燈檢查、角膜熒光染色、淚膜破裂時間檢查和淚液分泌試驗評估干眼。
1.3 糖尿病視網(wǎng)膜病變的評估
根據(jù)2002年糖尿病視網(wǎng)膜病變的國際臨床分級標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[10],散瞳后Zeiss裂隙燈下90DVolk前置鏡觀察眼底,對糖尿病視網(wǎng)膜病變分級。根據(jù)眼底病變程度分為無糖尿病視網(wǎng)膜病變組(NDR組)、非增生性糖尿病視網(wǎng)膜病變組(NPDR組)和增生性糖尿病視網(wǎng)膜病變組(PDR)組,雙眼分級不同,以較重眼進行分組,其中NDR組179例,NPDR組94例,PDR組90例。
1.4 統(tǒng)計學(xué)方法
采用SPSS12.0統(tǒng)計學(xué)軟件對數(shù)據(jù)進行處理,計數(shù)資料采用χ2檢驗,計量資料采用t檢驗。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 一般資料分析
363例2型糖尿病患中干眼97例,干眼總的患病率為26.7%,其中男性168例中干眼35例,干眼患病率為20.8%,女性195例中干眼62例,干眼患病率為31.8%,兩者比較差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。201例病程>10年的患者中干眼68例,干眼的患病率33.8%,162例病程≤10年的患者中干眼29例,干眼的患病率17.9%,兩者比較差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。
2.2 糖尿病視網(wǎng)膜病變與干眼的相關(guān)性
無DR組、NPDR組及PDR組干眼的患病率分別為15.6%、28.7%及46.7%,三組間兩兩比較差異均有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.01),說明糖尿病患者干眼的患病率與糖尿病視網(wǎng)膜病變嚴(yán)重程度相關(guān),PDR組患病率更高。見表1。
2.3 HbA1c與干眼的相關(guān)性
HbA1c≤7%組干眼的患病率為20.5%,HbA1c>7%組干眼的患病率為34.8%。兩組比較差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05),說明糖尿病患者的患病率與HbA1c相關(guān),HbA1c>7%組干眼的患病率更高。見表2。
3討論
干眼已成為影響人們生活質(zhì)量的一類常見眼部疾病。近年來干眼在我國的發(fā)病率逐漸上升。干眼是一種由于淚液分泌過少或蒸發(fā)過多導(dǎo)致眼表損害和眼部不適癥狀的疾病[11]。本研究中2型糖尿病患者干眼的患病率是26.7%。Seifartu等[6]報道干眼的患病率為70%。Laily Najafi等[12]采用檢測淚液滲透壓的方法,發(fā)現(xiàn)2型糖尿病干眼的患病率為27.7%。不同研究用于診斷干眼的方法和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)不同,可能影響已報道的2型糖尿病干眼的患病率。本研究NDR組、NPDR組及PDR組干眼的患病率分別為15.6%、28.7%及46.7%,糖尿病視網(wǎng)膜病變患者,尤其是增生性糖尿病視網(wǎng)膜病變患者更容易發(fā)生干眼。與先前研究[7,8]報道一致,認(rèn)為干眼和糖尿病視網(wǎng)膜病變程度相關(guān)。
糖尿病患者干眼的發(fā)生主要是淚液分泌減少引起,而不是角膜表面的不穩(wěn)定[13]。糖尿病患者淚液分泌減少的可能機制是淚腺微血管的損傷和自主神經(jīng)病變導(dǎo)致淚腺功能損害[14]。糖尿病相關(guān)的角膜感覺神經(jīng)病變通過降低角膜表面的刺激減少角膜神經(jīng)支配和淚液分泌[15]。另外糖尿病干眼患者結(jié)膜中炎癥細胞因子白細胞介素-1-β和腫瘤壞死因子-α升高也可能是糖尿病干眼發(fā)病的重要因素[16]。
有報道糖尿病的病程是2型糖尿病干眼的危險因素[17]。隨著糖尿病病程的延長,糖尿病微血管病變的患病率升高[8],這些患者干眼的患病率增加。本研究病程大于10年干眼的患病率明顯增加。另外本研究HbA1c >7%組干眼的患病率明顯增加。HbA1c反映過去3個月平均血糖。Nepp J等[8]的研究也表明干眼的嚴(yán)重程度和糖尿病視網(wǎng)膜病變的嚴(yán)重程度相關(guān),而且與血糖控制相關(guān)。研究表明由于高的細胞外液體滲透壓干擾了淚液的產(chǎn)生,糖尿病患者血糖控制不佳更容易發(fā)生干眼,而且通常發(fā)生于高血糖期間[6,8,17,18]。
嚴(yán)重的糖尿病干眼可引起眼表異常,如表層點狀上皮糜爛、上皮缺損、角膜潰瘍,繼發(fā)感染。因此臨床應(yīng)重視2型糖尿病患者干眼的診斷和治療,及早診斷和及時治療。
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(收稿日期:2016-08-28)