尹繼友

定語從句是英語學習的難點之一。本文試圖對同學們學習該從句時常犯的錯誤作一歸類，并略加分析，以期對同學們復習有所裨益。

[成分重復類]

The factory where we worked there last year was built in 1968. （F）

The factory where we worked last year was built in 1968. （T）

分析 別忘記定語從句的關系詞在從句中必定充當某一成分。錯誤句子中的關系副詞where在從句中作狀語，意為“在那個工廠”，再用there作狀語就重復了，必須刪去。

又例如：Who is the man （that） you talked to him just now？應改為Who is the man that you talked to just now？that在從句中作賓語，指代“那個人（the man）”，him是多余的。

[關系詞用錯類]

This is the right bookstore where we are looking for. （F）

This is the right bookstore which we are looking for. （T）

分析 要弄清關系詞在從句中充當?shù)某煞帧ｅe誤句子中的關系詞應指代bookstore， 在從句中作look for的賓語，而where在從句中只能作狀語，因而是錯誤的。故關系副詞where應改為關系代詞which。

又例如：This is the boy whom was praised by Mr. Jack yesterday.應改為This is the boy who was praised by Mr. Jack yesterday. （關系代詞在從句作主語，應把whom改為who。）

[主謂矛盾類]

Can you show me the book which have been translated into English by Xiao Hong？ （F）

Can you show me the book which has been translated into English by Xiao Hong ？ （T）

分析 在定語從句中，當關系詞為主語時，從句的謂語動詞必須與先行詞相一致，而不是與主句的主語相一致。所以這里應將have been translated改為has been translated。

[缺關系代詞類]

The man is giving a report in our school is a scientist. （F）

The man who is giving a report in our school is a scientist. （T）

分析 犯這類錯誤有兩個原因：一是受漢語思維的影響，把英語和漢語結(jié)構(gòu)等同起來；二是沒有弄清關系詞在定語從句中作主語時不能省略這一規(guī)則。這里應把作主語的關系代詞who補上。

[漏掉介詞類]

The woman whom I went to the concert is a singer. （F）

The woman with whom I went to the concert is a singer. （T）

分析 該句的漢語意思是：和我一起去音樂會的那位女士是一名歌手。根據(jù)句意，定語從句中的關系代詞whom應作介詞with的賓語。如果漏掉介詞with，則關系代詞whom就無處可放，也無法解釋了。這是同學們常犯的錯誤，必須得到高度重視。

又例如：The man whom I talked to you lives upstairs.應改為The man whom I talked to you about lives upstairs. （whom作talk about的賓語， 故about不能漏掉。

[詞語錯位類]

The room in that she lives is a large one. （F）

The room that she lives in is a large one. （T）

分析 在定語從句中，介詞不能置于關系代詞that之前。當介詞放在從句后面時，that可以用來引導從句，也可以省略。例如：This is the question that we have had so much discussion about.

注意 含有介詞的動詞短語一般不可坼開。不能說The book for which he is looking was given by my brother.而應說The book which he is looking for was given by my brother.與此不同的是，在一般情況下，定語從句的關系代詞which和whom作介詞的賓語時，介詞是可以置于which和whom之前的。例如：

Do you know the comrade to whom she was talking？

The tool with which he is working is called a saw.