譚前輝
英語中,主語與謂語之間要求在人稱和數(shù)上保持一致。處理主謂一致問題一般遵循以下三條原則:
一、語法一致原則:即主語人稱和數(shù)的變化決定謂語動詞的變化形式。
1.一般來說,主語是單數(shù),其謂語用單數(shù)形式;主語是復(fù)數(shù),其謂語也用復(fù)數(shù)形式。
e.g.①Im a student.②The boys are playing basketball.
2.主語是一個不可數(shù)名詞,不定式(短語)或動名詞(短語)時,其謂語應(yīng)用單數(shù)形式。
e.g.①Snow is white.②To see(seeing) is to believe(believing).
3.主語是不定代詞“each, one, much,(a)little, either, neither, another, the other+單數(shù)名詞”時,謂語應(yīng)用單數(shù)。
e.g.Each has a cup of tea.
4.主語是“each (either, neither, another, the other, one +of+復(fù)數(shù)名詞(代詞)”時,謂語常用單數(shù)。
e.g.①Each of us has a new book.②One of the girls likes dancing very much.
5.主語是由“every, some, any, no等構(gòu)成的復(fù)合不定代詞”時,其謂語用單數(shù)形式。
e.g.①Is everyone here? ②Someone is waiting for you.
6.主語是“both(of),(a) few (of), many, several, a number of等加名詞”時,謂語應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)形式。
e.g.①Both of them are workers.②Few of the girls are from Changsha.
7.單數(shù)主語后面跟有“with, together, with, along with, as well as, no less than, more than, rather than, as much as, like, except, besides, but等引導(dǎo)的詞組” 時,其謂語也用復(fù)數(shù)形式。
e.g.①Tom, along with his classmates plays basketball every Sunday.②All but one do well in the exam.
8.由“many a, more than one等修飾單數(shù)名詞作主語”時,謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式;若“more than +復(fù)數(shù)名詞作主語”時,謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。
e.g.①M(fèi)any a comrade has given his life for the people.②More than two students have read the book.
9.主語是“one or two+復(fù)數(shù)名詞”時,其謂語動詞應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)形式。
e.g.①One or two students havent come.②There are one or two things I want to tell you.
10.由“and或both… and連接兩個單數(shù)形式的名詞(代詞)詞組作主語”時,謂語動詞一般用復(fù)數(shù)形式。
e.g.①A boy and a girl want to go.②Both rice and wheat are grown in that country.
二、意義一致原則
從意義著眼處理一致的關(guān)系,即主語形式雖為復(fù)數(shù),但意義為單數(shù),則謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式;或主語形式為單數(shù),意義為復(fù)數(shù),則謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。
1.以ics或s結(jié)尾的學(xué)科名詞,某些疾病,游戲名稱,某些地理名詞和其他專有名詞,以及不可數(shù)名詞“news”等作主語時,謂語一般用單數(shù)形式。
E.g.①Economics is a vital subject.② News is travelling very fast.
2.主語是單復(fù)數(shù)同形(sheep, dear, fish)詞,謂語要根據(jù)句意決定其單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)形式。
e.g.① The(This, That) sheep is white.②The(These, Those) sheep are eating grass.
3.主語是“表時間、距離、重量、價值等的名詞”時,形式雖為復(fù)數(shù),但作“一個整體”看待,其謂語常用單數(shù)形式。
e.g.①There is only ten minutes left.②Five pounds is quite enough.
4.主語是“trousers,shoes,glasses,clothes”等時,謂語用復(fù)數(shù)形式。若其前有單位詞(a/ this/ that/ king/pair+of...),則由單位詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)來決定謂語的單、復(fù)數(shù)形式。
e.g.①M(fèi)y trousers are worn out.②This pair of shoes is new.
5.主語是“all(some, half, a lot ,plenty ,any, the rest/last/remainder, most, percent...)+of+名詞”時,若of后是可數(shù)名詞,謂語用復(fù)數(shù)形式,若是不可數(shù)名詞,謂語用單數(shù)形式。
e.g.①All of books are interesting.②All of the work has been done.endprint
6.主語是集體名詞,如family,class,team,group,crowd等時,謂語要依句意來定。若名詞強(qiáng)調(diào)的是整體,謂語用單數(shù);若名詞強(qiáng)調(diào)的是該集體的各個成員,謂語則用復(fù)數(shù)形式。
e.g.①Class tow is a gooel class(視為集體)②Class tow are all out on the playground.
7.主語是某些形容詞,如∶old , young, poor, rich, dead, living, blind, English(英國人),Chinese(中國人)等與the連用表示一類人或在姓氏的名詞復(fù)數(shù)前加the時,謂語應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)。
e.g.①The young have outdone the old.②The Toms' have gone to BeiJing.
8.主語是數(shù)詞,謂語用單數(shù);主語是個算式,謂語通常也用單數(shù)。
e.g.Tow and three is five.
9.由and連接的兩個名詞作主語時,若兩個名詞指“同一個人,同一物,同一事或同一概念且and后面的名詞前無冠詞”時,其謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。
e.g.①The teacher and writer has come.②All work and no play maks jack a dull boy.
10.由and連接的兩個復(fù)數(shù)單詞作主語時,若在各自前都有every,each,no,each...and...each...,every...and...every...等修飾時,謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。
e.g.①In china every boy and every girl has the right to go to school.②No teacher and no students has arrived.
三、臨近一致原則∶即謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式要根據(jù)最靠近它的主語來決定。
1.在倒裝句以及There be...結(jié)構(gòu)中,如主語是并列的,謂語動詞一般和其后面的第一主語取得數(shù)上的一致。
e.g.①Here comes a bus.②There are two pencils and a knife on the desk.
2.由“or,either,...or,neither...nor,not only...but(also),not...but”等連接的并列主語,謂語常與最臨近的相一致。
e.g.①Neither you nor he is good at speaking English.②Not only students but also their theacher has gone to the English evening.
參考文獻(xiàn)∶
[1]《實用英語語法》(張道真主編)
[2]《新編英語語法》(章振邦主編)
[3]《中專英語教材》(廖世翹主編)endprint