李嘉妍, 宋金云, 王建芳, 吳旭平
(東南大學(xué)附屬第二醫(yī)院 臨床科研中心, 南京 210003)
論著/肝臟腫瘤
AFP、CA19-9、CEA聯(lián)合檢測(cè)對(duì)原發(fā)性肝癌的早期診斷價(jià)值
李嘉妍, 宋金云, 王建芳, 吳旭平
(東南大學(xué)附屬第二醫(yī)院 臨床科研中心, 南京 210003)
目的 研究AFP、CA19-9、CEA聯(lián)合檢測(cè)對(duì)原發(fā)性肝癌進(jìn)行早期診斷的臨床價(jià)值。 方法 收集2014年10月-2016年12月東南大學(xué)附屬第二醫(yī)院門診和住院的肝病患者248例,分為原發(fā)性肝癌組(n=88)和非腫瘤性肝病組(n=160),另選取130例健康體檢者為正常對(duì)照組。采用Roche cobas e 411 analyzer檢測(cè)3組患者的血清腫瘤標(biāo)志物AFP、CA19-9、CEA水平,分析3種腫瘤標(biāo)志物單個(gè)檢測(cè)和聯(lián)合檢測(cè)的靈敏度和特異度。采用Beckman Coulter AU5800檢測(cè)肝功能生化指標(biāo)。采用Biotek ELX808檢測(cè)HBV血清學(xué)標(biāo)志物和HCV抗體。應(yīng)用受試者工作特征曲線(ROC曲線)對(duì)原發(fā)性肝癌患者的血清AFP、CA19-9、CEA及3者聯(lián)合檢測(cè)結(jié)果進(jìn)行分析評(píng)價(jià)。計(jì)量資料多組間比較采用單因素方差分析,進(jìn)一步兩兩比較采用SNK-q檢驗(yàn),2組間比較采用t檢驗(yàn);計(jì)數(shù)資料組間比較采用χ2檢驗(yàn)。相關(guān)性分析采用Spearman分析。結(jié)果 在原發(fā)性肝癌組和非腫瘤性肝病組中,肝功能異常患者的AFP、CA19-9均顯著高于肝功能正常組(原發(fā)性肝癌組:t值分別為35.64、3.38,P值均<0.05;非腫瘤性肝病組:t值分別為12.51、8.19,P值均<0.05);原發(fā)性肝癌組中肝功能正常患者的CEA均明顯高于非腫瘤性肝病組中肝功能正?;颊吆驼?duì)照組(P值均<0.05);原發(fā)性肝癌組中肝功能異?;颊叩腁FP、CA19-9、CEA水平均明顯高于非腫瘤性肝病組中的肝功能異?;颊吆驼?duì)照組(P值均<0.05)。血清AFP、CA19-9、CEA水平隨Child Pugh分級(jí)的升高而升高,在原發(fā)性肝癌組肝功能異?;颊咧?,AFP、CA19-9、CEA水平B級(jí)較A級(jí),C級(jí)較B級(jí)均顯著升高(P值均<0.05);在非腫瘤性肝病組肝功能異?;颊咧?, AFP、CA19-9水平B級(jí)較A級(jí),C級(jí)較B級(jí)均顯著升高(P值均<0.05),CEA水平C級(jí)顯著高于A、B級(jí)(P值均<0.05)。原發(fā)性肝癌組AFP、CA19-9、CEA的陽(yáng)性率高于非腫瘤性肝病組和正常對(duì)照組(P值均<0.05);各組的聯(lián)合檢測(cè)陽(yáng)性率顯著高于單項(xiàng)檢測(cè)陽(yáng)性率(P值均<0.05)。原發(fā)性肝癌組中,三項(xiàng)聯(lián)合檢測(cè)的靈敏度和特異度分別為86.36%和92.35%,單項(xiàng)檢測(cè)中AFP、CA19-9、CEA的靈敏度分別為71.59%、52.27%和39.77%,原發(fā)性肝癌患者的血清AFP、CA19-9、CEA及三者聯(lián)合檢測(cè)ROC曲線下面積分別為0.776、0.704、0.681及0.817。AFP在原發(fā)性肝癌組中與GGT相關(guān)(r=0.54,P=0.04),在正常對(duì)照組中與IBil相關(guān)(r=0.50,P=0.01);CA19-9在原發(fā)性肝癌組與ALT、 DBil、 IBil、TBil、TBA存在不同程度相關(guān)(r值分別為0.58、0.63、0.61、0.65、0.58,P值均<0.05),在非腫瘤性肝病組與ALT、ALP、DBil、 IBil、TBil、TBA存在不同程度相關(guān)(r值分別為0.51、0.63、0.66、0.64、0.70、0.59,P值均<0.05)。結(jié)論 AFP能較好地反映肝損傷,但對(duì)原發(fā)性肝癌的診斷仍有部分假陰性;CEA輕度升高對(duì)原發(fā)性肝癌的指示性不強(qiáng);CA19-9受ALP、膽紅素等因素影響明顯,假陽(yáng)性較高;聯(lián)合檢測(cè)可提高原發(fā)性肝癌診斷的靈敏度,優(yōu)于AFP、CA19-9、CEA的單項(xiàng)檢測(cè),可為早期診斷和早期治療提供有力的依據(jù)。
肝腫瘤; 甲胎蛋白類; CA-19-9抗原; 癌胚抗原; 診斷
原發(fā)性肝癌是一種病死率高的惡性腫瘤,在世界范圍內(nèi)的發(fā)病率呈逐漸上升趨勢(shì)[1]。由于影像學(xué)診斷和病理學(xué)檢測(cè)對(duì)早期診斷原發(fā)性肝癌價(jià)值有限,目前多采用腫瘤標(biāo)志物檢測(cè),輔助原發(fā)性肝癌早期診斷和治療。本文旨在探討血清腫瘤標(biāo)志物AFP、CA19-9、CEA三者聯(lián)合檢測(cè)在原發(fā)性肝癌診斷中的價(jià)值。
1.1 研究對(duì)象 收集2014年10月-2016年12月于本院就診的肝病患者248例,其中經(jīng)病理檢查確診的原發(fā)性肝癌患者88例(原發(fā)性肝癌組),非腫瘤性肝病患者160例(非腫瘤性肝病組),同時(shí)收集體檢健康的正常對(duì)照者130例(正常對(duì)照組)。本研究經(jīng)醫(yī)院醫(yī)學(xué)倫理學(xué)委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn),且患者知情同意。
1.2 儀器 AFP、CA19-9和CEA采用Roche cobas e 411 全自動(dòng)化學(xué)發(fā)光分析儀檢測(cè),肝功能采用Beckman Coulter AU5800檢測(cè),HBV血清學(xué)標(biāo)志物和HCV抗體采用Biotek ELX808檢測(cè)。
1.3 檢測(cè)方法 所有研究對(duì)象均于清晨空腹采集外周血并及時(shí)分離血清,檢測(cè)患者肝功能指標(biāo)及腫瘤標(biāo)志物水平,嚴(yán)格按照說(shuō)明書進(jìn)行操作。陽(yáng)性判斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)分別為:AFP>20 μg/L,CA19-9>27 U/ml,CEA>4.7 ng/ml。AFP、CA19-9、CEA聯(lián)合檢測(cè)時(shí)其中1項(xiàng)陽(yáng)性即視為三項(xiàng)聯(lián)合檢測(cè)為陽(yáng)性。肝功能異常判斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為:轉(zhuǎn)氨酶(ALT>64 U/L或AST>50 U/L)、膽紅素(DBil>8.0 μmol/L或IBil>14.0 μmol/L或TBil>22.0 μmol/L)及其他生化指標(biāo)[ALP>150 U/L或總膽汁酸(TBA)>12.0 μmol/L或GGT>37 U/L]3項(xiàng)中有2項(xiàng)升高者被認(rèn)為肝功能異常。HBV血清學(xué)標(biāo)志物和HCV抗體陽(yáng)性標(biāo)準(zhǔn)參照文獻(xiàn)[2]。
2.1 一般資料 原發(fā)性肝癌組88例患者中男67例,女21例,年齡33~75歲,平均(55.2±12.4)歲;HBsAg陽(yáng)性83例,抗HCV陽(yáng)性3例,HBsAg陽(yáng)性合并抗HCV陽(yáng)性2例;肝功能正常者25例,異常者63例。非腫瘤性肝病組160例患者中慢性肝炎55例,肝硬化57例,急性黃疸型病毒性肝炎48例;肝功能正常者92例,異常者68例。慢性肝炎55例患者中男43例,女12例,年齡20~67歲, 平均(37.50±10.06)歲,HBsAg陽(yáng)性50例、抗HCV陽(yáng)性3例、HBsAg陽(yáng)性合并抗HCV陽(yáng)性2例;肝硬化57例患者中男46例, 女11例, 年齡29~68歲, 平均(61 .34 ±30 .10)歲,HBsAg陽(yáng)性49例、抗HCV陽(yáng)性7例、HBsAg陽(yáng)性合并抗HCV陽(yáng)性1例;急性黃疸型病毒性肝炎48 例患者中男32例,女16例,年齡20~49歲, 平均(33.24±9.62)歲,抗HCV陽(yáng)性5例、HBV感染43例。
2.2 3組AFP、CA19-9、CEA水平的比較 原發(fā)性肝癌組和非腫瘤性肝病組中,肝功能異常患者的AFP、CA19-9水平顯著高于肝功能正?;颊?P值均<0.05)(表1)。
原發(fā)性肝癌組和非腫瘤性肝病組的肝功能正?;颊吲c正常對(duì)照組3者間CA19-9和CEA水平比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(F值分別為19.08、94.95,P值均<0.05)。進(jìn)一步兩兩比較,原發(fā)性肝癌組肝功能正常患者的CEA水平明顯高于非腫瘤性肝病組肝功能正?;颊吆驼?duì)照組(P值均<0.05);原發(fā)性肝癌組與非腫瘤性肝病組的肝功能正?;颊逤A19-9水平均顯著高于正常對(duì)照組(P值均<0.05)。2組的肝功能異?;颊吲c正常對(duì)照組3者間AFP、CA19-9、CEA水平比較差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(F值分別為32.73、2.24、109.10,P值均<0.05),進(jìn)一步兩兩比較,原發(fā)性肝癌組肝功能異?;颊叩腁FP、CA19-9、CEA水平均明顯高于非腫瘤性肝病組肝功能異?;颊吆驼?duì)照組(P值均<0.05)(表1)。
表1 3組血清AFP、CA19-9、CEA檢測(cè)結(jié)果
注:1)與正常對(duì)照組比較,P<0.05;2)與非腫瘤性肝病組的肝功能正?;颊弑容^;P<0.05;3)與非腫瘤性肝病組的肝功能異?;颊弑容^,P<0.05
2.3 不同Child-Pugh評(píng)分的肝功能異?;颊吣[瘤標(biāo)志物水平的比較 依據(jù)Child-Pugh評(píng)分,將原發(fā)性肝癌組和非腫瘤性肝病組中肝功能異常患者均分為Child-Pugh A、B、C 3個(gè)亞組。在原發(fā)性肝癌組肝功能異?;颊咧?,AFP、CA19-9、CEA水平B級(jí)較A級(jí),C級(jí)較B級(jí)均顯著升高(P值均<0.05);在非腫瘤性肝病組肝功能異常患者中, AFP、CA19-9水平B級(jí)較A級(jí),C級(jí)較B級(jí)均顯著升高(P值均<0.05),CEA水平C級(jí)顯著高于A、B級(jí)(P值均<0.05)(表2)。
2.4 3組AFP、CA19-9、CEA單項(xiàng)檢測(cè)及聯(lián)合檢測(cè)的陽(yáng)性率 3組單項(xiàng)檢測(cè)和聯(lián)合檢測(cè)整體比較陽(yáng)性率差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(χ2=20.23,P<0.05),原發(fā)性肝癌組AFP、CA19-9、CEA的陽(yáng)性率均高于非腫瘤性肝病組和正常對(duì)照組(P值均<0.05)。各組的聯(lián)合檢測(cè)陽(yáng)性率顯著高于單項(xiàng)檢測(cè)陽(yáng)性率(P值均<0.05)(表3)。
2.5 原發(fā)性肝癌組AFP、CA19-9、CEA單項(xiàng)及三項(xiàng)聯(lián)合檢測(cè)的靈敏度、特異度和AUC 原發(fā)性肝癌組三項(xiàng)聯(lián)合檢測(cè)的靈敏度和特異度分別為86.36%和92.35%;在單項(xiàng)檢測(cè)中,AFP靈敏度最高達(dá)71.59%, CA19-9和CEA的靈敏度分別為52.27%和39.77%。AFP、CA19-9、CEA的AUC分別為0.776、0.704、0.681,三項(xiàng)聯(lián)合檢測(cè)的AUC為0.817,高于單項(xiàng)檢測(cè)(圖1)。
表2 肝功能異?;颊卟煌珻hild-Pugh評(píng)分的腫瘤標(biāo)志物 水平比較
注:1)與Child-Pugh B級(jí)比較,P<0.05;2)與Child-Pugh C級(jí)比較,P<0.05
表3 3組AFP、CA199、CEA單項(xiàng)及三項(xiàng)聯(lián)合檢測(cè)的 陽(yáng)性率[例(%)]
2.6 3組中AFP、CA19-9、CEA與肝功能指標(biāo)的相關(guān)性分析 AFP在原發(fā)性肝癌組中與GGT相關(guān)(r=0.54,P=0.04),在正常對(duì)照組中與IBil相關(guān)(r=0.50,P=0.01)。CA19-9在原發(fā)性肝癌組中與ALT、 DBil、 IBil、TBil、TBA存在不同程度相關(guān)(r值分別為0.58、0.63、0.61、0.65、0.58,P值均<0.05),在非腫瘤性肝病組中與ALT、ALP、DBil、 IBil、TBil、TBA存在不同程度相關(guān)(r值分別為0.51、0.63、0.66、0.64、0.70、0.59,P值均< 0.05)。CEA在各組中與各指標(biāo)未見(jiàn)明顯相關(guān)。
隨著社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展,生活方式的改變,原發(fā)性肝癌的相關(guān)危險(xiǎn)因素普遍存在,早發(fā)現(xiàn)、早診斷、早治療是提高原發(fā)性肝癌患者生存率的關(guān)鍵。血清腫瘤標(biāo)志物在血清中出現(xiàn)要早于臨床癥狀,當(dāng)血清腫瘤標(biāo)志物達(dá)到一定水平就能揭示某種腫瘤的存在[3],對(duì)腫瘤的早期診斷有重要意義,所以腫瘤標(biāo)志物的檢測(cè)越來(lái)越受到臨床醫(yī)生的重視。
圖1 單項(xiàng)和聯(lián)合檢測(cè)診斷原發(fā)性肝癌的ROC曲線分析
AFP、CA19-9、CEA是臨床上常見(jiàn)的腫瘤標(biāo)志物,主要用于消化道、乳腺以及呼吸道等系統(tǒng)腫瘤的檢測(cè)。AFP主要在胎兒肝臟中合成,隨著胎兒的發(fā)育肝臟逐漸發(fā)育成熟,AFP逐漸接近成人水平。當(dāng)肝細(xì)胞癌變時(shí),部分肝細(xì)胞恢復(fù)產(chǎn)生AFP的功能,使血清AFP水平升高,因此,AFP被廣泛用于肝癌的輔助診斷[4]。CA19-9是由消化道腫瘤細(xì)胞分泌的一種類糖脂抗原,是一種與腺癌高度相關(guān)的抗原物質(zhì),又稱胃腸癌相關(guān)抗原[5-6]。臨床檢測(cè)發(fā)現(xiàn)CA19-9在原發(fā)性肝癌中也有較高表達(dá),有研究[7-9]報(bào)道,CA19-9在原發(fā)性肝癌患者中陽(yáng)性率為40%~70%左右。CEA是從結(jié)腸腺癌和胎兒腸組織中提取的一種腫瘤相關(guān)抗原,是一種光譜腫瘤標(biāo)志物,在轉(zhuǎn)移性肝癌、胃癌、肺癌、結(jié)腸癌等中存在不同程度的陽(yáng)性率[10]。
肝臟腫瘤標(biāo)志物與肝功能密切相關(guān)[11-12]。本研究原發(fā)性肝癌中的AFP陽(yáng)性率為71.59%,與以往的報(bào)道相近[13-14],肝功能異常組血清AFP水平顯著高于正常組,血清AFP能較好地反映肝功能,但對(duì)部分AFP陰性的肝癌患者不存在診斷價(jià)值。在原發(fā)性肝癌組中,AFP與GGT呈正相關(guān),與以往的報(bào)道一致[15]。在原發(fā)性肝癌組和非腫瘤性肝病組中,CA19-9與膽紅素、ALP呈正相關(guān),提示CA19-9與膽汁排出順暢程度有關(guān)。當(dāng)存在明顯的膽道梗阻時(shí),CA19-9失去了作為腫瘤標(biāo)志物的意義,這與文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道一致[12],因此,CA19-9需要聯(lián)合多項(xiàng)肝功能生化指標(biāo)及AFP、CEA才能提高對(duì)原發(fā)性肝癌診斷的準(zhǔn)確度。CEA受肝功能生化指標(biāo)影響小,在原發(fā)性肝癌組中陽(yáng)性率較低,本研究中僅為39.77%,因此需要聯(lián)合AFP、CA19-9進(jìn)行分析以提高對(duì)原發(fā)性肝癌診斷的準(zhǔn)確度。
AFP能較好地反映肝損傷,但對(duì)原發(fā)性肝癌的診斷仍有部分假陰性;CEA在3組中受肝功能生化指標(biāo)影響較??;CA19-9受ALP、膽紅素等因素影響明顯,假陽(yáng)性較高;聯(lián)合檢測(cè)AFP、CA19-9、CEA可提高原發(fā)性肝癌診斷的靈敏度,優(yōu)于AFP、CA19-9、CEA的單項(xiàng)檢測(cè),可為早期診斷和早期治療提供有力的依據(jù)。
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引證本文:LI JY, SONG JY, WANG JF, et al. Value of combined detection of AFP, CA19-9, and CEA in early diagnosis of primary liver cancer[J]. J Clin Hepatol, 2017, 33(7): 1291-1295. (in Chinese) 李嘉妍, 宋金云, 王建芳, 等. AFP、CA19-9、CEA聯(lián)合檢測(cè)對(duì)原發(fā)性肝癌的早期診斷價(jià)值[J]. 臨床肝膽病雜志, 2017, 33(7): 1291-1295.
(本文編輯:王 瑩)
Value of combined detection of AFP, CA19-9, and CEA in early diagnosis of primary liver cancer
LIJiayan,SONGJinyun,WANGJianfang,etal.
(ClinicalResearchCenter,TheSecondAffiliatedHospitalofSoutheastUniversity,Nanjing210003,China)
Objective To investigate the value of combined measurement of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9), and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in the early diagnosis of primary liver cancer. Methods A total of 248 patients who visited the outpatient service or were hospitalized in The Second Hospital of Nanjing from October 2014 to December 2016 were enrolled and divided into primary liver cancer group with 88 patients and non-tumor liver disease group with 160 patients. A total of 130 healthy subjects who underwent physical examination were enrolled as normal control group. The Roche cobas e 411 analyzer was used to measure the serum levels of the tumor markers AFP, CA19-9, and CEA, and the sensitivities and specificities of these markers or a combination of them were analyzed. Beckman Coulter AU5800 was used to measure biochemical parameters for liver function, and Biotek ELX808 was used to measure hepatitis B virus markers and HCV antibody. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to analyze the results of measurements of serum AFP, CA19-9, and CEA alone or in combination in patients with primary liver cancer. A one-way analysis of variance was used for comparison of continuous data between multiple groups and the SNK-qtest was used for further comparison between two groups; thet-test was used for comparison of continuous data between two groups. The chi-square test was used for comparison of categorical data between groups. The Spearman correlation analysis was also performed. Results In the primary liver cancer group and the non-tumor liver disease group, the patients with abnormal liver function had significantly higher levels of AFP and CA19-9 than those with normal liver function (primary liver cancer group:t=35.64 and 3.38, bothP<0.05; non-tumor liver disease group:t=12.51 and 8.19, bothP<0.05). Among the patients with normal liver function, the primary liver cancer group had a significantly higher level of CEA than the non-tumor liver disease group and the normal control group (allP<0.05). Among the patients with abnormal liver function, the primary liver cancer group had significantly higher levels of AFP, CA19-9, and CEA than the non-tumor liver disease group and the normal control group (allP<0.05). The serum levels of AFP, CA19-9, and CEA increased with the increase in Child-Pugh class. Among the patients with abnormal liver function in the primary liver cancer group, Child-Pugh class B patients had significant increases in the levels of AFP, CA19-9, and CEA compared with Child-Pugh class A patients, and Child-Pugh class C patients had significant increases compared with Child-Pugh class B patients (allP<0.05). Among the patients with abnormal liver function in the non-tumor liver disease group, Child-Pugh class B patients had significant increases in the levels of AFP and CA19-9 compared with Child-Pugh class A patients, and Child-Pugh class C patients had significant increases compared with Child-Pugh class B patients (allP<0.05); Child-Pugh class C patients had a significant increase in the level of CEA than Child-Pugh class A/B patients (P<0.05). The primary liver cancer group had significantly higher positive rates of AFP, CA19-9, and CEA than the non-tumor liver disease group and the normal control group (allP<0.05), and the positive rates of these tumor markers were significantly higher when measured in combination than when measured alone (allP<0.05). In the primary liver cancer group, a combination of the three tumor markers had a sensitivity of 86.36% and a specificity of 92.35%, while AFP, CA19-9, and CEA measured alone had sensitivities of 71.59%, 52.27%, and 39.77%, respectively. In the patients with primary liver cancer, the areas under the ROC curve for serum AFP, CA19-9, CEA, and a combination of them were 0.776, 0.704, 0.681, and 0.817, respectively. AFP was positively correlated with gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase in the primary liver cancer group (r=0.54,P=0.04) and was positively correlated with indirect bilirubin (IBil) in the normal control group (r=0.50,P=0.01). In the primary liver cancer group, CA19-9 was positively correlated with alanine aminotransferase (ALT), direct bilirubin (DBil), IBil, total bilirubin (TBil), and total bile acid (TBA) (r=0.58, 0.63, 0.61, 0.65, and 0.58, allP<0.05), and in the non-tumor liver disease group, CA19-9 was positively correlated with ALT, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), DBil, IBil, TBil, and TBA (r=0.51, 0.63, 0.66, 0.64, 0.70, and 0.59, allP<0.05). Conclusion AFP can well reflect liver injury, but it may yield false-negative results in the diagnosis of primary liver cancer. A mild increase in CEA does not strongly indicate primary cancer. CA19-9 is easily influenced by the factors including ALP and bilirubin and has a high false-positive rate. Combined measurement of AFP, CA19-9, and CEA can improve the sensitivity of the diagnosis of primary liver cancer and is better than single measurement of AFP, CA19-9, or CEA. Therefore, it provides a strong basis for early diagnosis and treatment.
liver neoplasms;alpha-fetoproteins;CA-19-9 antigen;carcinoembryonic antigen;diagnosis
10.3969/j.issn.1001-5256.2017.07.017
2016-12-01;
2017-01-22。
李嘉妍(1988-),女,主要從事肝炎分子生物學(xué)相關(guān)研究。
吳旭平,電子信箱:xuping_wu@yahoo.com。
R735.7
A
1001-5256(2017)07-1291-05