市域軌道交通的技術(shù)發(fā)展理念

仲建華

（中國(guó)城市軌道交通協(xié)會(huì)專家和學(xué)術(shù)委員會(huì)執(zhí)行副主任，教授級(jí)高級(jí)工程師）

市域軌道交通的技術(shù)發(fā)展理念

仲建華

（中國(guó)城市軌道交通協(xié)會(huì)專家和學(xué)術(shù)委員會(huì)執(zhí)行副主任，教授級(jí)高級(jí)工程師）

隨著大城市的組團(tuán)式發(fā)展和郊區(qū)衛(wèi)星城的興起，市域軌道交通已成為我國(guó)城市軌道交通領(lǐng)域中很重要的研究課題。以前往往采取將市中心的地鐵制式延伸到遠(yuǎn)郊區(qū)的做法，很少采用市域軌道交通類型；近年來(lái)通過(guò)調(diào)研發(fā)現(xiàn)，很多城市普遍存在中心區(qū)和郊區(qū)之間的交通不暢，而發(fā)展市域軌道交通是解決這一問(wèn)題的有效途徑。

通常狹義的市域軌道交通是指采用輪軌制式的，主要連接都市中心區(qū)和郊區(qū)的，為通勤、通學(xué)、商務(wù)等服務(wù)的交通工具。廣義的市域軌道交通則是介于中心城區(qū)軌道交通與城際鐵路之間的一種交通類型，可以是傳統(tǒng)的鋼輪鋼軌制式，也可以是單軌、磁浮系統(tǒng)等制式。

由于目前市域軌道交通對(duì)于行車密度的要求還不高，因此適合采用先進(jìn)的運(yùn)營(yíng)組織技術(shù)來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)互聯(lián)互通的過(guò)軌運(yùn)營(yíng)。但要實(shí)現(xiàn)這一運(yùn)輸組織方式，在市域軌道交通線網(wǎng)規(guī)劃時(shí)，就必須跳出城市軌道交通單線獨(dú)立運(yùn)營(yíng)的線網(wǎng)規(guī)劃思路，而應(yīng)抓住市域軌道交通作為線網(wǎng)平臺(tái)的技術(shù)特點(diǎn)，實(shí)現(xiàn)城際鐵路網(wǎng)絡(luò)、市域軌道交通和中心城區(qū)軌道交通系統(tǒng)的“三網(wǎng)融合”。具體而言，可以有以下三種方案：一是市域軌道交通與左側(cè)行車方式的城際鐵路互聯(lián)互通，并與中心城區(qū)城市軌道交通線路可以換乘；二是市域軌道交通與右側(cè)行車方式的中心城區(qū)城市軌道交通線路互聯(lián)互通，并與城際鐵路換乘；三是市域軌道交通線網(wǎng)獨(dú)立運(yùn)營(yíng)，與中心城區(qū)城市軌道交通線路、城際鐵路實(shí)現(xiàn)換乘。

雖然市域軌道交通目前在我國(guó)尚無(wú)完備的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)體系，但近年來(lái)相關(guān)機(jī)構(gòu)對(duì)此相當(dāng)重視，并出臺(tái)了若干單項(xiàng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。其中包括：①中國(guó)土木工程學(xué)會(huì)的團(tuán)體標(biāo)準(zhǔn)《市域快速軌道交通設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)范》；②國(guó)家的行業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)《城市軌道交通市域快線（120～160 km/h）車輛通用技術(shù)條件》；③中國(guó)鐵道學(xué)會(huì)的團(tuán)體標(biāo)準(zhǔn)《市域鐵路設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)范》。但這三項(xiàng)市域軌道交通技術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)僅是從設(shè)計(jì)和車輛角度制訂的，因此存在一定的局限性。

正在制訂的中國(guó)城市軌道交通協(xié)會(huì)的團(tuán)體標(biāo)準(zhǔn)《市域快軌交通技術(shù)規(guī)范》（以下簡(jiǎn)稱《技術(shù)規(guī)范》），是一部綜合性技術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，擬在既有標(biāo)準(zhǔn)基礎(chǔ)上，按照“全覆蓋”和構(gòu)建互聯(lián)互通線網(wǎng)技術(shù)平臺(tái)的要求，制訂出市域軌道交通的技術(shù)規(guī)范。其主要特點(diǎn)為：對(duì)各類城市和地域的全覆蓋；對(duì)各類車型的全覆蓋；對(duì)多種運(yùn)營(yíng)模式的全覆蓋；對(duì)技術(shù)發(fā)展和項(xiàng)目管理的全覆蓋；對(duì)軌道交通發(fā)展各階段的全覆蓋。

根據(jù)我國(guó)市域軌道交通的建設(shè)目標(biāo)，既要實(shí)現(xiàn)“低客流量”和“高旅行速度”條件下的“低建設(shè)投資”和“低運(yùn)營(yíng)成本”，又要實(shí)現(xiàn)在綜合交通體系中足以吸引客流的“高便捷性服務(wù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”，那么，“互聯(lián)互通網(wǎng)絡(luò)化運(yùn)營(yíng)”就是必須采用的關(guān)鍵措施之一。唯有這樣，才能實(shí)現(xiàn)“資源共享”，使服務(wù)范圍和運(yùn)營(yíng)效益最大化，同時(shí)提高服務(wù)水平。

With the cluster development of large cities and the rise of suburban satellite towns,the city field rail transit has become a very important research topic in the urban mass transit(UMT)field in China.In the past,such an approach was often adopted that the city center metro system would be extended to far suburbs.The city field rail transit mode was seldom adopted.In recent years,it has been found by investigating that many cities generally have traffic problems between city center areas and suburban areas,and developing the city field railtransitis an effective way to solve these problems.

Generally,the city field rail transit in the narrow sense refers to adopting the wheel-rail mode,mainly connecting city center areas with suburban areas as means of transportation for commuting to work,commuting to learn,business and other services.

The city field rail transit in the broad sense is a type of traffic between city center rail transit and intercity railways,which could be a traditional wheel-railmode,or also a monorailmode,maglev mode and other mode,etc.

Because the requirements for the traffic density of the city field rail transit is not so high,it is suitable to use advanced operation organization technology to realize the interconnection run-through operation.But in order to realize this transportation organization mode,when the city field rail transit line-network is planned,it is a must to jump out of the line-network planning idea of the single-line independent operation of the urban rail transit.And the technical characteristics of the city field rail transit as a line-network platform should be grasped,so as to realize the"three-network integration"of the intercity railway network,the city field rail transit system and the center city rail transit system.Specifically,there are the following three options.The first is that the city field rail transit realizes interconnection with intercity railways in mode of left-hand running,and can transfer with city center rail transit lines.The second is that the city field rail transit realizes interconnection with the city center rail transit in mode of right-hand running,and can transfer with intercity railway lines.The third is that the city field rail transit line-network implements independentoperation,and can transfer with the city center railtransit lines and the intercity railway lines.

Although there is no complete standard system of the city field rail transit at present in China,in recent years,the relevant institutions have paid considerable attention to it and a number of individual standards have been published.They include:1.The Group Standards:“The Design Code of the City Field Rapid Rail Transit”issued by the Chinese Civil Society.2.The National Industry Standards:"The General Technology Conditions of City Field Express Line(120～160 km/h)Vehicles of Urban Rail Transit".3.The Group Standards:"The City Field Railways’Design Code"issued by China Railway Association.However,these 3 technical standards of the city field rail transit are only formulated from the points of view of designs and vehicles,so for them, there are some limitations.

“The Technical Specifications of City Field Rapid Rail Transit”(hereinafter referred to as"The Technical Specifications"),the group standards of China Association of Metros that are now being formulated,are a volume of comprehensive technical standards. On the basis of existing standards,and in accordance with the"full coverage"and the requirements of constructing the interconnection line-network technology development concept,“The Technical Specifications”will be formulated.Its main features are:fully covering all types of cities and regions,fully covering various types of train models,fully covering various operation modes,fully covering technical development and project management at all stages,and fully covering all stages of rail transit development.

In accordance with the construction goal of China's city field rail transit,in order to both realize"low construction investment" and"low operating cost"required by sustainable development under the conditions of"low passenger flow"and"high travel speed", and realize the"high-convenience service standard"that is enough to attract passenger flow in the integrated transportation system, it is one of the most crucial measures to adopt"interconnection networking operation".Only in this way can the"resource sharing" be realized,making the service scope and operating benefits maximization and improving the service level at the same time.

（Translated by SUN Zheng）

Technology Development Concept of the City Field Rail Transit

ZHONG Jianhua
（Executive Deputy Director of Experts and Academics Committee of China Association of Metros）