趙宏偉,翟澤清,付立平,王艷莉
DWl在宮腔積膿和宮腔積液鑒別診斷中的價(jià)值
趙宏偉1,翟澤清1,付立平2*,王艷莉1
作者單位:1. 葛洲壩集團(tuán)中心醫(yī)院放射科,宜昌443000 2. 武漢大學(xué)中南醫(yī)院三峽醫(yī)院放射科,宜昌 443000
目的 探討DWI序列對(duì)宮腔積膿和宮腔積液的鑒別診斷價(jià)值。材料與方法 回顧分析44例經(jīng)手術(shù)病理或臨床證實(shí)的宮腔積膿和宮腔積液患者的宮腔DWI信號(hào)特征,測(cè)量其表觀擴(kuò)散系數(shù)(apparent diffusion coef ficient,ADC),比較其差異,并繪制受試者工作特征(receiver operating characteristic,ROC)曲線。結(jié)果 20例宮腔積膿在DWI上18例呈高信號(hào),1例呈不均勻高信號(hào),1例呈低信號(hào),平均ADC值為(0.78±0.21)×10-3mm2/s;24例宮腔積液在DWI上22例呈低信號(hào),2例呈高信號(hào),平均ADC值為(1.81±0.38)×10-3mm2/s。兩者ADC值差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.001),且ADC值鑒別子宮腔積膿和積液的最佳截?cái)帱c(diǎn)為1.20×10-3mm2/s,敏感性為91.7%,特異性為95.0%。結(jié)論 ADC值可以用于宮腔積膿和宮腔積液的鑒別,其診斷臨界值為1.20×10-3mm2/s。
宮腔積膿;子宮疾??;彌散磁共振成像
子宮腔積膿和積液是盆腔常見病,常規(guī)CT和MRI檢查對(duì)其定位和定性診斷有重要價(jià)值,但有時(shí)鑒別診斷有一定困難。磁共振擴(kuò)散加權(quán)成像(diffusion weighted imaging,DWI)是反映活體組織中水分子擴(kuò)散特性,并進(jìn)行水分子擴(kuò)散測(cè)量與成像的方法,已用于盆腔膿腫和盆腔腫瘤的診斷和鑒別診斷,在宮腔積膿和宮腔積液的鑒別診斷中也有不少報(bào)道。筆者對(duì)44例子宮腔積膿和積液的DWI信號(hào)特征和表觀擴(kuò)散系數(shù)(apparent diffusion coefficient,ADC)值進(jìn)行分析,旨在探討DWI和ADC值在宮腔積膿和積液鑒別診斷中的價(jià)值。
2013年5月至2016年5月間納入46例經(jīng)盆腔超聲或CT檢查發(fā)現(xiàn)宮腔積膿或積液并欲行盆腔MR檢查患者。臨床表現(xiàn):腹痛40例,發(fā)熱23例,血常規(guī)白細(xì)胞及中性粒細(xì)胞升高25例。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)盆腔超聲或CT檢查發(fā)現(xiàn)的最小積膿和積液體積為0.5 cm×1.0 cm×2.0 cm;(2) MRI檢查后短期內(nèi)經(jīng)病理或臨床分析宮腔液體性質(zhì),其中20例宮腔積膿患者及21例宮腔積液患者經(jīng)探宮引流并病理細(xì)胞學(xué)檢查確診,3例宮腔積液未經(jīng)特殊處理,短期影像隨訪后積液消失;(3)無幽閉恐懼癥、心臟起搏器、人工耳蝸植入等MRI檢查禁忌證,無子宮節(jié)育器及腰骶部金屬植入史。本研究經(jīng)倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn),且所有受檢者均已簽署知情同意書。
1.2.1 檢查設(shè)備及對(duì)比劑
檢查設(shè)備:西門子公司Magnetom ESSENZA 1.5 T超導(dǎo)型MR機(jī),體部正交線圈。對(duì)比劑為非離子型釓噴替酸葡甲胺(Gd-DTPA)(469.01 mg/ml),劑量0.1 mmol/kg。
1.2.2 掃描技術(shù)
平掃:均行橫斷面T1WI、T1WI-FS、T2WIFS、DWI、矢狀面及冠狀面T2WI掃描。T1WI采用自旋回波序列,T1WI-FS采用FL2D-FS序列,T2WI采用快速自旋回波序列;掃描參數(shù):T1WI TR 700 ms,TE 8 ms;T2WI TR 2800 ms,TE 112 ms;T2WI-FS TR 3800 ms,TE 94 ms;DWI單次激發(fā)SE-EPI序列,TR 4000 ms,TE 94 ms,b值取0和1000 s/mm2,以0 s/mm2和1000 s/mm2DWI圖通過計(jì)算機(jī)自動(dòng)生成ADC圖。圖像掃描層厚5 mm,間隔0.5 mm,視野30 cm×35 cm,矩陣352×296;增強(qiáng)掃描對(duì)比劑為Gd-TDPA,劑量0.1 mmol/kg,注射對(duì)比劑后行橫斷面、矢狀面、冠狀面脂肪抑制T1WI掃描,掃描序列與T1WI-FS平掃的參數(shù)相同。
1.2.3 盆腔DWI后處理
由1名有5年MRI后處理經(jīng)驗(yàn)的放射科醫(yī)師行盆腔DWI后處理,且事先并不知曉患者臨床信息,勾畫類圓形感興趣區(qū)(region of interest,ROI)置于子宮腔內(nèi)積液區(qū),并注意避開周圍子宮內(nèi)膜及肌層;對(duì)每一病例于ADC圖上測(cè)量出病變的ADC值,取三次測(cè)量平均值,每個(gè)ROI大小約200~300像素,并依據(jù)積液區(qū)DWI信號(hào)強(qiáng)度與正常臀大肌對(duì)比,定為低、等或高信號(hào)。
所得數(shù)據(jù)經(jīng)SPSS 19.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件處理。兩組實(shí)驗(yàn)ADC值均以表示,兩組病變間ADC值比較采用兩樣本均數(shù)差別的t檢驗(yàn),以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。通過繪制受試者工作特征(receiver operating characteristic,ROC)曲線,計(jì)算診斷試驗(yàn)的敏感性、特異度及曲線下的面積(area under curve,AUC)。
排除幽閉恐懼癥者1例及未行臨床宮腔積液性質(zhì)分析者1例,實(shí)驗(yàn)共納入44位受試者,包括宮腔積膿20例,平均年齡(61.9±5.2)歲,宮腔積液24例,平均年齡(44.6±6.3)歲。其中,急性或慢性子宮內(nèi)膜炎并宮頸管阻塞造成的宮腔積膿有8例,占40.0%,老年性陰道炎并宮頸萎縮所致宮腔積膿5例,占25.0%,子宮內(nèi)膜癌患者3例,占15.0%,晚期宮頸癌放射治療后4例,占20.0%。24例宮腔積液患者中,排卵期前后的生理性宮腔積液3例,占12.5%,子宮惡性腫瘤放射治療后的宮腔積液10例,占41.7%,宮外孕及黃體破裂后的宮腔積液4例,占16.7%,子宮肌瘤所致宮腔積液7例,占29.1%。
常規(guī)MRI和DWI表現(xiàn):20例宮腔積膿MRI表現(xiàn)為膿液在T1WI及T1WI+FS均呈低信號(hào),T2WI及T2WI+FS均呈高信號(hào),18例積膿DWI呈顯著高信號(hào)(圖1A~C),1例DWI高信號(hào)中混有低信號(hào),1例DWI呈低信號(hào)。增強(qiáng)掃描積膿未見強(qiáng)化,鄰近的子宮內(nèi)膜及肌層明顯強(qiáng)化。24例宮腔積液MRI表現(xiàn)為在T1WI及T1WI+FS均呈低信號(hào),T2WI及T2WI+FS均呈高信號(hào),22例宮腔積液DWI呈低信號(hào)(圖1D~F),2例宮腔積液DWI呈高信號(hào)或部分呈高信號(hào)。增強(qiáng)掃描積液未見強(qiáng)化,鄰近的子宮內(nèi)膜輕度至中度強(qiáng)化。宮腔積膿與積液ADC值不同,差異存在統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t=14.79,P<0.001;表1)。
表1 宮腔積膿和宮腔積液ADC值比較Tab. 1 Comparison of the ADC value of uterine empyema and uterine cavity fluid
圖1 A~C為宮腔積膿。A:T1WI橫斷面,膿液呈低信號(hào);B:脂肪抑制T2WI橫斷面,膿液呈高信號(hào);C:DWI (b=1000 s/mm2),膿液呈明顯高信號(hào)。D~F為宮腔積液。D:T1WI橫斷面,積液呈低信號(hào);E:脂肪抑制T2WI橫斷面,積液呈高信號(hào);F:DWI (b=1000 s/mm2),積液呈低信號(hào)Fig. 1 A—C: Uterine empyema. A: Axial T1WI, purulent fluid showed low signal. B: Axia STIR/T2WI, purulent fluid showed high signal. C: DWI (b=1000 s/mm2), purulent fluid showed high signal. D—F: Uterine cavity fluid. D: Axia T1WI, uterine cavity fluid showed low signal. E: Axia STIR/T2WI, uterine cavity fluid showed high signal. F: DWI (b=1000 s/mm2), uterine cavity fluid showed low signal.
圖2 宮腔積膿和宮腔積液ADC值的ROC曲線Fig. 2 ROC plots of ADC value of uterine empyema and uterine cavity fluid.
通過分析宮腔積膿和宮腔積液ADC值的ROC曲線(圖2)顯示,ADC值的曲線下的面積為0.968,95%置信區(qū)間為0.919~1.000,約登指數(shù)最大值為0.87,其對(duì)應(yīng)的ADC值最佳截?cái)帱c(diǎn)為1.20×10-3mm2/s,提供的敏感性為91.7%,特異性為95.0%。
宮腔積膿和積液治療有所不同,前者采用探宮引流加抗生素治療,而后者采用對(duì)癥處理治療,雖然經(jīng)宮頸管探宮引流是一種并發(fā)癥少、操作安全的手術(shù),但也有引起子宮穿孔和引起感染等并發(fā)癥的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[1-2]。子宮腔積膿較多時(shí),子宮可球狀增大[3-4],子宮壁受壓變薄,若不及時(shí)治療可造成子宮穿孔及腹盆腔內(nèi)感染[5-7]。因此鑒別宮腔積膿和積液的性質(zhì)和病因是病人治療的關(guān)鍵。宮腔積膿和宮腔積液的臨床及影像表現(xiàn)有相似之處,其常規(guī)MRI表現(xiàn)有時(shí)不易鑒別。本研究顯示宮腔積膿行磁共振Gd-DTPA增強(qiáng)掃描延遲期子宮內(nèi)膜及肌層強(qiáng)化程度較宮腔積液更明顯,但是不足以把兩者有效地區(qū)分開。
DWI在鑒別細(xì)胞毒性水腫和血管源性水腫之間、囊性腫瘤和膿腫之間已有廣泛應(yīng)用[8],在宮腔積膿和宮腔積液的診斷中也有很多報(bào)道。本研究結(jié)果顯示19例宮腔積膿(19/20) DWI呈高信號(hào),ADC值降低;22例宮腔積液(22/24) DWI呈低信號(hào),ADC值升高。宮腔積膿多因?yàn)樽訉m內(nèi)膜粘連使宮腔部分或全部閉鎖,或子宮頸管狹窄閉鎖,或陰道粘連[9],再合并宮腔內(nèi)感染引起,膿液中含有大量細(xì)菌、炎性細(xì)胞、細(xì)胞碎屑和蛋白復(fù)合物,可呈凝膠狀,黏滯度高[10-11],膿液中水分子可與大分子物質(zhì)相結(jié)合,水分子的擴(kuò)散受到限制[12],故DWI呈高信號(hào),ADC值降低。宮腔積膿有時(shí)可向輸卵管、卵巢及腹盆腔蔓延,造成輸卵管卵巢膿腫或盆腔脂肪浸潤(rùn),本組20病例宮腔積膿中有1例并發(fā)輸卵管卵巢膿腫,在DWI上輸卵管亦呈高信號(hào),提示盆腔DWI可監(jiān)測(cè)病情進(jìn)展。宮腔積液可分為生理性及病理性積液。生理性的宮腔積液,多發(fā)生在排卵后或早孕期,大多可自然消失。病理性的宮腔積液多發(fā)生于盆腔腫瘤放療后、子宮肌瘤、宮外孕破裂及黃體破裂等[13]。宮腔積液所含的黏滯性物質(zhì)少[14],炎性細(xì)胞少,液體內(nèi)蛋白含量也較低,對(duì)水分子的擴(kuò)散阻抗少,水分子擴(kuò)散運(yùn)動(dòng)相對(duì)自由,水分子擴(kuò)散加快,DWI呈低信號(hào),ADC值升高。但宮腔內(nèi)液體的DWI信號(hào)強(qiáng)度還與黏液成分及有無出血有關(guān)[15],本研究中有一例宮腔積膿的膿液內(nèi)混有紅細(xì)胞,造成局部DWI信號(hào)不均勻,提示單憑DWI信號(hào)強(qiáng)度不足以鑒別宮腔積液或積膿,需要測(cè)量ADC值進(jìn)行鑒別,ADC值測(cè)量時(shí)應(yīng)避開DWI信號(hào)不均勻的區(qū)域,這例患者測(cè)得的平均ADC值為1.03×10-3mm2/s,低于最佳截?cái)帱c(diǎn)1.20×10-3mm2/s。進(jìn)一步統(tǒng)計(jì)分析顯示,宮腔積膿和宮腔積液ADC值不同,其最佳截?cái)帱c(diǎn)為1.20×10-3mm2/s,提供的敏感性為91.7%,特異性為95.0%,表明盆腔DWI通過測(cè)量ADC值進(jìn)行定量參數(shù)分析,為鑒別宮腔積膿和宮腔積液提供一個(gè)有效的無創(chuàng)檢查手段。
綜上所述,盆腔DWI的ADC值測(cè)量對(duì)子宮腔積膿和積液的鑒別診斷具有重要作用,能有效鑒別宮腔積膿和宮腔積液。
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Value of DWI in differential diagnosis of uterine empyema and uterine cavity fluid
ZHAO Hong-wei1, ZHAI Ze-qing1, FU Li-ping2*, WANG Yan-li1
1Department of Radiology, Central Hospital of Gezhouba group, Yichang 443000,China
2Department of Radiology, Three Gorges branch of hospital, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Yichang 443000, China
*Fu LP, E-mail: gzbmr_000@163.com
Objective: To investigate the value of DWI sequence in the differential diagnosis of uterine empyema and uterine cavity fluid. Materials and Methods:Forty-four cases of DWI signal of uterine empyema and uterine cavity fluid were retrospectively analyzed, these cases were con firmed by pathology or clinic. Afterwards the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) was measured and the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve of the ADC value was drawn. Results: In DWI, 20 cases of uterine empyema, 18 cases showed high signal, 1 case showed inhomogeneous high signal, 1 case showed low signal, mean ADC value was (0.78±0.21)×10-3mm2/s. In DWI, 24 cases of uterine cavity fluid, 22 cases showed low signal, 2 cases showed high signal, mean ADC value was (1.81±0.38)×10-3mm2/s. There was signi ficant difference in ADC value between the two groups (P<0.001), the optimum cutoff point for ADC values was 1.20×10-3mm2/s, the sensitivity was 91.7% and the speci ficity was 95.0%.Conclusions: The ADC value can be used to identify the uterine empyema and uterine cavity fluid, and the cutoff value was 1.20×10-3mm2/s.
Pyometra; Uterine diseases; Diffusion magnetic resonance imaging
Received 13 Jan 2017, Accepted 6 Apr 2017
付立平,E-mail:gzbmr_000@163.com
2017-01-13
2017-04-06
R445.2;R711.32
A
10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2017.05.008
趙宏偉, 翟澤清, 付立平, 等. DWI在宮腔積膿和宮腔積液鑒別診斷中的價(jià)值.磁共振成像, 2017, 8(5): 359-362.