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      冰與火與湯之歌

      2017-10-15 17:49:55ByJacobMikanowski譯/楊瑞
      新東方英語 2017年10期
      關(guān)鍵詞:燉湯馬丁

      By+Jacob+Mikanowski+譯/楊瑞

      當(dāng)你看美劇《權(quán)力的游戲》中各方勢力激烈交戰(zhàn),鏡頭中充斥著屠殺、酷刑和可怖的魔怪時(shí),你能想到原著作者喬治·R·R·馬丁竟會(huì)花費(fèi)大量筆墨去描寫湯嗎?在原著《冰與火之歌》中,馬丁老爺子對美食尤其是湯的描繪可謂細(xì)致入微,甚至一度招致讀者的批評:描寫這么多與情節(jié)無關(guān)的東西究竟有什么用?如果你也有此疑惑,就讀一讀下面的文章,看看文章作者都探究出了什么結(jié)論吧!

      In its seven-season run, HBOs Game of Thrones1) has brought the complex world of George R. R. Martins fantasy novels to the screen with remarkable fealty2). Nearly all Martins major themes are there on the screen: incest, rape, torture, slavery. The cost the powerless pay for the maneuvers of the powerful. The ethics of mind control. Pyromancy3). But there is one crucial element of the novels the show has consistently shied away from, one passion of Martins too hot for TV: soup. Specifically, seafood soups. Creamy seafood stews4) served in bowls made out of hollowed-out loaves of bread are Martins true subject, and theyre nearly absent from Game of Thrones on TV.

      By slimming Martins work, HBOs showrunners5) have turned his sprawling story into a taut6), addictive, and (mostly) sequential narrative. But those cuts come at some cost. Martin has invested his world with a level of detail that is staggering7) and, sometimes, perplexing. Martins backstory goes back 10,000 years. Ironborn8) electoral bylaws, the genealogy9) of minor houses in the Vale, the aquatic life of the Rhoyne River10) watershed—all of these get described with a punishing11) level of exactitude.

      Above all, Martin describes the food. Indeed, if Martin has a single go-to move as a storyteller, its to lay out a splendid feast and spend 20 pages drooling12) over it before committing13) a couple of murders. And if any one foodstuff serves as his leitmotif14) and idée fixe15), its soup.

      Soup is everywhere in A Song of Ice and Fire. Its a marker of regional difference. Its a test of character. Honorable men share their soup. Bad ones bogart16) it. Bad soups foretell bad things: The canny reader knew the Red Wedding17) would go bad long before the swords came out, thanks to that thin leek soup the Freys served.

      A soup shop is the scene of an assassination. Soup is also an instrument of peace. An onion broth18) helps end a war. One character even makes himself into a porridge to save another.

      The sheer variety of soups in A Song of Ice and Fire is dizzying. Martin describes broths made from ginger, seaweed, sweet grass, pepper crab, frog, fish, mutton, venison, dog, and elephant. Every area of the Seven Kingdoms19) gets its own soup. So do the free cities of Essos. In the North, they eat a lot of beef and barley stew. In the slums of Flea Bottom20), the beggars gulp greasy bowls o brown and feel lucky if they find a smidgen21) of meat. Up at the Wall22), the members of the Nights Watch23) nourish themselves with cups of thick bean-and-bacon soup. On the Iron Islands, they break their fast on “a broth of clams and seaweed cooked above a driftwood fire,” which sounds a lot like something they would serve at Noma24).endprint

      In Dorne, a fiery-hot stew includes seven different sorts of snake, slow-simmered25) with dragon peppers and blood oranges and served with a dash of26) their own venom27) for kick28). In Volantis29), they make a cold soup out of beets, “as thick and rich as purple honey,” which is to say, borscht30). How decadent is the Slavers Bay city of Astapor31) ? Oil your hair, slip into a linen gown, and help yourself to the local specialty, red octopus and unborn puppy stew.

      What P. G. Wodehouse32) is to butlers, what Jane Austen is to eligible suitors, what Cormac McCarthy33) is to horse carcasses, George R. R. Martin is to soup. But there is one thing he likes to describe even more than soup, and thats soup served inside of bread. His characters are constantly hacking at34) loaves of bread and hollowing them into trenchers35) and then ladling soup into the space made therein. (While Im OK with the unborn puppies and the snake venom, this is where I balk36). Soup should not be served inside of bread.) Martins obsession with soup reaches its apogee37) in A Dance With Dragons, the fifth book in the cycle.

      The first three books in the cycle are masterfully plotted, propulsive38) adventures that hardly give a reader space to breathe. Book 4, A Feast for Crows, isnt. Often that book feels as if Martin is just killing time until something exciting can happen. And so I purchased A Dance With Dragons the day it came out and took it with me on a plane to London, desperate to find out what happens next to the characters I loved and hated the most. Instead, I found myself reading a sequence I now think of as the Chowder Hunt.

      Its protagonist is Davos Seaworth, smuggler, sailor, and hand of the king39) to Stannis Baratheon40). (In the books, Stannis is still alive.) Davos, making his way north by sea to secure an alliance, finds himself on the Sisters41), little islands off the coast of the Vale with a Western-Isles-of-Scotland vibe42).

      Once there, he goes to a tavern. Its dingy but amply supplied with soup. Soon hes captured and led before the local lord, a villainous old cove named Godric. More soup gets served, Sisters Stew, “in a trencher hollowed out of a stale loaf.” Now Martin gets to work:

      It was thick with leeks, carrots, barley, and turnips white and yellow, along with clams and chunks of cod and crabmeat, swimming in a stock of heavy cream and butter. It was the sort of stew that warmed a man right down to his bones, just the thing for a wet, cold night. Davos spooned it up gratefully.endprint

      Now that weve met the soup and learned about all its ingredients, its time to really dive in:

      “You have tasted sisters stew before?”

      “I have, my lord.” The same stew was served all over the Three Sisters, in every inn and tavern.

      “This is better than what youve had before. Gella makes it. My daughters daughter. Are you married, onion knight?”

      This goes on.

      “A pity. Gellas not. Homely women make the best wives. Theres three kinds of crabs in there. Red crabs and spider crabs and conquerors. I wont eat spider crab, except in sisters stew.”

      We now know the soups ingredients, its parentage43) and its heraldic import. But were not done yet. These dudes have only begun to soup.

      “Is it saffron that Im tasting?” Saffron was worth more than gold. Davos had only tasted it once before, when King Robert44) had sent a half a fish to him at a feast on Dragonstone.

      “Aye. From Qarth. Theres pepper too. Cracked black pepper from Volantis, nothing finer. Take as much as you require if youre feeling peppery. Ive got forty chests of it. Not to mention cloves and nutmeg, and a pound of saffron. Took it off a sloe-eyed maid …”

      On that plane to London, I recall, I read this section in disbelief. Why? Why this? What does it all mean? Where were the battles and crises of conscience and ice zombies from the North? Why was I reading a prolonged chowder taste-off?

      Ive long held that the more extraneous a detail is to the plot, the more personal it probably is to the author. Think of Haruki Murakamis fixation on jazz, or the way Nabokov45) hid references to butterflies in his novels. The simplest answer to the question why is there so much soup in Westeros is that George R. R. Martin really likes soup. Whatever his version of Proust46)s madeleine is, I think he encountered it in a quayside bar, served inside a sourdough loaf.

      But on another level, I think there is a purpose to the ocean of broth spilled in these pages. I think even Martin needs a buffer against all the killing and torturing and monster-summoning in his books. And what better refuge from a medievalesquehellscape than a soothing, creamy chowder? After all, power is an illusion. Chaos is a ladder. Winter is coming.47) But soup warms a man to his bones.

      美國HBO電視網(wǎng)推出長達(dá)七季的大劇《權(quán)力的游戲》,將喬治·R·R·馬丁奇幻小說中的復(fù)雜世界極為忠實(shí)地搬上了熒幕,幾乎涵蓋了馬丁小說中所有重要的主題:亂倫、強(qiáng)暴、酷刑、奴役;無權(quán)無勢之人為當(dāng)權(quán)者的花招所付出的代價(jià);精神控制的倫理標(biāo)準(zhǔn);火焰占卜。但是小說中有一個(gè)關(guān)鍵元素電視劇卻一直敬而遠(yuǎn)之,這個(gè)元素馬丁很熱衷,但因?yàn)椴缓锰幚頍o法在電視上展現(xiàn),那就是——湯。具體來說,是海鮮湯。用空心長條面包盛著的奶油海鮮燉湯是馬丁真正的主題,但在電視劇《權(quán)力的游戲》中卻幾乎沒有出現(xiàn)過。endprint

      HBO的劇集主管精簡了馬丁的作品,把雜亂無章的小說情節(jié)變成情節(jié)緊湊、引人入勝并且(大體上)按次序展開的故事。但是這些刪減多少會(huì)造成一些損失。馬丁為其所創(chuàng)造世界花費(fèi)筆墨的細(xì)微程度令人吃驚,有時(shí)也讓人疑惑。他把故事背景設(shè)定在一萬年前。鐵群島的選舉法規(guī)、谷地小家族的家譜、洛恩河分水嶺一帶的水上生活——所有這些他都耗費(fèi)大量精力精準(zhǔn)地加以描述。

      馬丁尤其描述了食物。實(shí)際上,馬丁作為講故事的人,如果說有什么招牌套路的話,那就是擺一場絕妙的盛宴,用上20頁的篇幅對著盛宴饞涎欲滴,然后才會(huì)寫幾場謀殺。如果說有一種食品作為他作品的主題,并且已經(jīng)成了他的執(zhí)念,那就是湯。

      湯在《冰與火之歌》中隨處可見。它是地區(qū)差異的標(biāo)志,也是對人品的一種考驗(yàn)。正直的人分享他們的湯,卑劣的人則多吃多占。不好的湯預(yù)示著不好的事情:細(xì)心的讀者早在刀劍出鞘之前就知道紅色婚禮上會(huì)發(fā)生壞事,因?yàn)榉鹄准业娜嗽诖酥岸松狭司率[清湯。

      湯店是暗殺現(xiàn)場,但湯也是促進(jìn)和平的工具。一份洋蔥肉湯可以結(jié)束一場戰(zhàn)爭。甚至有一個(gè)角色把自己做成粥去救另一個(gè)角色的命。

      《冰與火之歌》里種類繁多的湯讓人頭暈?zāi)垦?。馬丁描寫的湯有姜湯、海藻湯、香草湯、胡椒蟹湯、青蛙湯、魚湯、羊肉湯、鹿肉湯、狗肉湯和象肉湯。七大王國的各個(gè)地區(qū)都有自己的特色湯,厄索斯的自由城邦也不例外。在北境,人們會(huì)喝很多牛肉大麥燉湯。在跳蚤窩的貧民窟,乞丐們大口吞下用黏糊糊的碗盛著的“褐湯”,若能發(fā)現(xiàn)一點(diǎn)兒肉渣都會(huì)覺得幸運(yùn)。絕境長城上的守夜人軍團(tuán)成員會(huì)用幾杯大豆咸肉濃湯給自己補(bǔ)充營養(yǎng)。在鐵群島,人們則用“在浮木火堆上熬制的蛤蜊海藻濃湯”結(jié)束自己的齋戒,這種湯聽起來很像諾瑪餐廳會(huì)推出的東西。

      在多恩王國,火辣辣的燉湯由七種不同的蛇肉加上龍胡椒和血橙文火慢燉而成,再配上少許毒蛇特有的毒液提勁兒。在瓦蘭提斯,人們用甜菜做成冷湯,“像紫色的蜂蜜一樣濃稠、油膩”,也就是羅宋湯。位于奴隸灣的阿斯塔波又是怎樣的墮落呢?抹好發(fā)油,套上亞麻長袍,自己去吃當(dāng)?shù)氐奶厣恕t章魚燉狗胎。

      男管家之于P. G. 沃德豪斯,合格的求婚者之于簡·奧斯汀,馬尸之于科馬克·麥卡錫,就是湯對于喬治·R·R·馬丁的意義。但是馬丁對另一樣事物的描述有勝于湯,那便是盛在面包里的湯。他筆下的幾個(gè)角色常常劈開長條面包,挖空后弄成食盤的形狀,然后把湯舀進(jìn)去。(我可以接受狗胎和蛇毒,但這個(gè)吃法我卻不敢茍同。湯不應(yīng)該盛在面包里。)馬丁對湯的癡迷在《冰與火之歌》第五卷《魔龍的狂舞》中達(dá)到了頂峰。

      這套書的前三卷是設(shè)計(jì)精巧、情節(jié)富于推動(dòng)力的探險(xiǎn)故事,讀者需要屏住呼吸,一氣讀完。第四卷《群鴉的盛宴》卻不是這樣。這本書經(jīng)常給人的感覺像是馬丁在消磨時(shí)間,等待激動(dòng)人心的時(shí)刻來臨。所以《魔龍的狂舞》剛出那天我就買了,我把書帶到前往倫敦的飛機(jī)上,心急如焚地想知道我最愛的角色和最恨的角色接下來怎么樣了。然而,我發(fā)現(xiàn)自己在讀的續(xù)集現(xiàn)在想來像是《雜燴湯搜尋記》。

      這一卷的主角是戴佛斯·席渥斯,他是走私犯、水手,也是史坦尼斯·拜拉席恩的國王之手。(在小說中,史坦尼斯還活著。)戴佛斯一路向北航行,去尋找盟國。他發(fā)現(xiàn)自己來到了姐妹島,這是一處與谷地王國海岸相望的小群島,環(huán)境與蘇格蘭西部的群島相似。

      一到這兒,他就去了酒館。酒館破敗、昏暗,但提供充足的湯。不久,他就被抓走帶到了地方頭領(lǐng)面前。那是個(gè)可惡的老家伙,名叫戈德里克。更多的湯端了上來,是姐妹島燉湯,“裝在由陳面包挖空制成的餐盤里”。馬丁開始寫道:

      這濃湯里有韭蔥、胡蘿卜、大麥、白蘿卜和黃蘿卜,再加上蛤蜊、幾大塊鱈魚和蟹肉,浸泡在濃濃的奶油和黃油里。這種燉湯可以讓人暖到骨子里,又濕又冷的夜里喝起來再適合不過了。戴佛斯心懷感激地舀起湯來。

      既然我們已經(jīng)看到了這個(gè)湯,又知道了湯的所有原料,那就該真正深入了解了:

      “你以前嘗過姐妹島燉湯?”

      “是的,大人?!比忝萌簫u上到處都有這道燉湯,每間旅館和酒館都有。

      “這碗可比你以前喝過的都美味,這是蓋拉做的。她是我女兒的女兒。你結(jié)婚了嗎,洋蔥騎士(編注:指戴佛斯·席渥斯)?”

      描寫繼續(xù):

      “真可惜,蓋拉還沒有。平實(shí)的女人才能成為最好的妻子。這湯里有三種蟹:紅蟹、蜘蛛蟹和征服蟹。我是不吃蜘蛛蟹的,除非在姐妹島燉湯里。”

      現(xiàn)在,我們知道了這種湯的原料、來源及其家族意義。但是這還沒完。這些家伙才剛開始喝湯而已。

      “我嘗到的是藏紅花嗎?”藏紅花比黃金還要珍貴。戴佛斯之前也只嘗過一次,是在龍石島盛宴上勞勃國王送給他半條魚的那次。

      “是啊,從魁爾斯弄來的。里面還有胡椒粉,從瓦蘭提斯弄來的研碎的黑胡椒,沒有比這更好的東西了。你要是想吃辣,就需要多少放多少。我弄來了40箱。更別說還加了丁香和肉豆蔻,還有一磅藏紅花。從一位眼睛又黑又亮的侍女那里弄到的……”

      現(xiàn)在回想起來,在去倫敦的飛機(jī)上,讀到這部分時(shí),我滿腹疑惑。為什么?為什么是這樣?這到底在說什么?戰(zhàn)爭哪兒去了?良知危機(jī)哪兒去了?從北境來的冰凍僵尸又在哪兒?我干嘛讀這些冗長的雜燴品鑒?

      我一直認(rèn)為,越是無關(guān)的細(xì)節(jié)進(jìn)入情節(jié),這個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)就越可能牽涉到作者的私人信息。想想村上春樹對爵士樂的癡迷,或是納博科夫是怎樣把自己對蝴蝶的喜愛掩藏在小說中的。為什么在維斯特洛有那么多的湯?最簡單的答案就是,喬治·R·R·馬丁對湯是真愛。不管他心目中普魯斯特最愛的瑪?shù)铝盏案馐鞘裁礃幼樱叶枷嘈潘窃诖a頭邊與之邂逅的,盛在酵頭面包里。

      但從另一個(gè)層面來看,我認(rèn)為小說中湯汁四濺必然有其目的。在我看來,即使是馬丁,也需要在書中的殺戮、拷打以及召喚怪物之余有一絲喘息。還有什么能比舒緩、細(xì)膩的雜燴湯更能讓人逃離中世紀(jì)的地獄之角呢?畢竟,權(quán)力是虛無,混亂是階梯,凜冬將至,但湯卻能讓人暖到骨子里。endprint

      1.《權(quán)力的游戲》,美國HBO電視網(wǎng)推出的一部電視劇,改編自美國作家喬治·R·R·馬?。℅eorge R. R. Martin, 1948~)的系列奇幻小說《冰與火之歌》(A Song of Ice and Fire),主要講述在一個(gè)虛構(gòu)的中世紀(jì)世界里所發(fā)生的王權(quán)爭斗的故事。截至目前,小說情節(jié)涉及維斯特洛(Westeros)、厄索斯(Essos)等四塊大陸,鐵群島(Iron Islands)、谷地(Vale)、北境(The North)、多恩(Dorne)、自由貿(mào)易城邦(free cities)、奴隸灣(Slavers Bay)、魁爾斯(Qarth)等幾十個(gè)地區(qū),佛雷家族(the Freys)、史塔克家族(the Starks)等數(shù)百個(gè)家族。

      2.fealty [?fi??lti] n. 忠實(shí)

      3.pyromancy [?pa?r???m?ns?] n. (根據(jù)火或火焰的形狀所做的)火焰占卜

      4.stew [stju?] n. (用小火)燉(或煨、燜)的食物

      5.showrunner:劇集主管,執(zhí)掌整部劇集的運(yùn)作,包括導(dǎo)演和編劇的任免、選角、日常拍攝等,直接向制片方負(fù)責(zé),決定了一部劇集的風(fēng)格、整體水平和劇情走向。

      6.taut [t??t] adj. (情節(jié))緊湊的

      7.staggering [?st?ɡ?r??] adj. 令人吃驚的

      8.Ironborn:鐵群島(人)的

      9.genealogy [?d?i?ni??l?d?i] n. 家譜

      10.Rhoyne River:洛恩河,厄索斯大陸上的一條主要河流

      11.punishing [?p?n????] adj. 消耗大量精力的

      12.drool [dru?l] vi. (over)對……垂涎

      13.commit [k??m?t] vt. 把……寫下來

      14.leitmotif [?la?tm???ti?f] n. 主旨,主題

      15.idée fixe:固定觀念

      16.bogart [?b??ɡɑ?t] vt. 貪,多占

      17.the Red Wedding:紅色婚禮,小說中一場標(biāo)志性的大屠殺,指北境之王、史塔克家族長子羅柏及其母親、妻子和手下數(shù)千名將士參加盟軍佛雷家族的婚禮,卻遭到佛雷家族背叛,在婚宴上慘遭集體殺害。

      18.broth [br?θ] n. 肉湯

      19.Seven Kingdoms:七大王國,指維斯特洛大陸上原本獨(dú)立的七個(gè)國家,在經(jīng)歷幾輪權(quán)力之爭后發(fā)生巨大政治洗牌。

      20.Flea Bottom:跳蚤窩,七大王國首都君臨城(Kings Landing)的低賤區(qū)域

      21.smidgen [?sm?d?(?)n] n. 一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)

      22.the Wall:絕境長城,一座巨大的防御工事,橫跨維斯特洛大陸北部,用以阻擋長城以北的野人及傳說中的神秘生物“異鬼”。

      23.Nights Watch:守夜人軍團(tuán),絕境長城上的守備軍

      24.Noma:諾瑪餐廳,全球著名餐廳,位于丹麥哥本哈根一處碼頭旁。

      25.simmer [?s?m?(r)] vt. 用文火煮;煨;燉

      26.a dash of:少量;少許

      27.venom [?ven?m] n. 毒液

      28.kick [k?k] n. 刺激性,勁兒

      29.Volantis:瓦蘭提斯,自由貿(mào)易城邦中最南端的一個(gè)

      30.borscht [b???t] n. 羅宋湯

      31.Astapor:阿斯塔波,奴隸灣沿岸的三大城市之一

      32.P. G. Wodehouse:P·G·沃德豪斯(1881~1975),英裔美籍小說家、劇作家,尤以塑造Jeeves這一人物形象的系列小說聞名。Jeeves是一位供職于英國上流社會(huì)的私人男仆(butler),足智多謀,常有辦法救主人于危難之際。

      33.Cormac McCarthy:科馬克·麥卡錫(1933~),美國小說家、劇作家,代表作為《老無所依》(No Country for Old Men)。他曾在多部作品中詳細(xì)描寫過馬的尸體。

      34.hack at:猛砍;猛劈

      35.trencher [trent??(r)] n. 木制食盤

      36.balk [b??k] vi. 猶豫;畏縮;回避

      37.apogee [??p?d?i?] n. 最高點(diǎn),極點(diǎn)

      38.propulsive [pr???p?ls?v] adj. 有推進(jìn)力的

      39.hand of the king:國王之手,相當(dāng)于御前首相。

      40.Stannis Baratheon:史坦尼斯·拜拉席恩,龍石島(Dragonstone)公爵,曾一度起兵自立為七大王國的國王。

      41.the Sisters:即三姐妹群島(Three Sisters),谷地的一部分。

      42.vibe [va?b] n. 氣氛,環(huán)境

      43.parentage [?pe?r?nt?d?] n. 起源;出身

      44.King Robert:指勞勃·拜拉席恩一世(Robert Baratheon),曾經(jīng)的七國國王,史坦尼斯·拜拉席恩的哥哥。

      45.Nabokov:即弗拉基米爾·納博科夫(Vladimir Nabokov, 1899~1977),美國作家,代表作為《洛麗塔》(Lolita)。納博科夫還是一位蝴蝶專家,曾運(yùn)用語言和藝術(shù)手法將自己對蝴蝶的迷戀貫注到文學(xué)作品中。

      46.Proust:即馬賽爾·普魯斯特(Marcel Proust, 1871~1922),法國作家,代表作為《追憶似水年華》(In Search of Lost Time),他最愛的甜點(diǎn)是瑪?shù)铝盏案猓╩adeleine)。

      47.這兩句話語均出自小說。第一句是說制造混亂是攀向權(quán)力頂峰的階梯;第二句是史塔克家族的族語,寓意“居安思?!薄ndprint

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