李春平 韓濤
【摘要】 目的:探討經(jīng)胸超聲心動(dòng)圖引導(dǎo)下經(jīng)皮房間隔缺損封堵術(shù)在臨床的應(yīng)用價(jià)值。方法:入選從2014年9月-2016年4月在筆者所在醫(yī)院收治的單純房間隔缺損患者35例,在經(jīng)胸超聲心動(dòng)圖全程引導(dǎo)下,在局麻下經(jīng)股靜脈穿刺行房間隔缺損封堵術(shù),實(shí)時(shí)評(píng)估封堵效果。術(shù)后3 d及術(shù)后3、6、12個(gè)月復(fù)查心臟彩超。結(jié)果:35例均封堵成功,均未出現(xiàn)瓣膜損傷、封堵器脫落、心包積液等并發(fā)癥,2例在3 d后復(fù)查出現(xiàn)少量殘余分流,約1 mm,3個(gè)月后復(fù)查無(wú)殘余分流,其余患者均無(wú)殘余分流。結(jié)論:經(jīng)胸超聲引導(dǎo)下經(jīng)皮房缺封堵術(shù),操作簡(jiǎn)單、手術(shù)時(shí)間短、創(chuàng)傷小、安全、恢復(fù)快,在臨床有廣泛應(yīng)用價(jià)值及前景。
【關(guān)鍵詞】 房間隔缺損; 超聲心動(dòng)圖; 經(jīng)皮封堵
doi:10.14033/j.cnki.cfmr.2017.26.010 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼 B 文章編號(hào) 1674-6805(2017)26-0020-02
Clinical Analysis of Percutaneous Closure Atrial Septal Defects Guided by Thoracic Echocardiography for 35 Cases/LI Chun-ping,HAN Tao.//Chinese and Foreign Medical Research,2017,15(26):20-21
【Abstract】 Objective:To explore the 7clinical application prospect of percutaneous closure atrial septal defects guided by thoracic echocardiography.Method:From September 2014 to April 2016,35 inpatients who were pure atrial septal defects were selected,under local anesthesia via femoral vein puncture closure atrial septal defects guided by thoracic echocardiography,real-time evaluatie plugging result.The patients underwent follow-up echocardiography at 3 days,3 months,6 months,12 months after surgery.Result:Occluder were successfully implanted in 35 patients,there were no serious complications such as valvular injury,pericardial effusion,occluder off,two patients had a little residual shunt in 3 days after surgery,residual shunt disapper after 3 months underwent follow-up echocardiography,the rest of the patients didnt appear residual shunt.Conclusion:Percutaneous closure atrial septal defects guided by thoracic echocardiography has superiority such as simplicity of operator,shorter operator time,less-injury,safety,fast recovery,the surgery has a broad clinic prospects.
【Key words】 Atrial septal defect; Thoracic echocardiography; Percutaneous closure
First-authors address:Fujian Province Hospital,F(xiàn)uzhou 350001,China
房間隔缺損(ASD)(繼發(fā)孔型)即房間隔發(fā)育不良造成左右心房之間異常交通的一種先天性心臟畸形。繼發(fā)孔型ASD是最為簡(jiǎn)單的一種心內(nèi)畸形,在所有先天性心臟病中其發(fā)病率為10%~20%。女性多于男性,比例為2∶1[1]。目前主要治療方法有體外循環(huán)(cardiopulmonary bypass,CPB)下行ASD修補(bǔ)術(shù)[2]、內(nèi)科X線下經(jīng)皮導(dǎo)管介入ASD封堵術(shù)[3]、外科食管超聲(transeophageal echocardiography,TEE)引導(dǎo)下經(jīng)胸微創(chuàng)ASD封堵術(shù)。近年來(lái)超聲引導(dǎo)下經(jīng)皮房間隔缺損封堵術(shù)被臨床醫(yī)生廣泛應(yīng)用。超聲心動(dòng)圖在經(jīng)皮導(dǎo)管ASD封堵器堵閉術(shù)的所有步驟中都扮演著不可或缺的角色[4]。通過本文研究,探討該手術(shù)方式臨床應(yīng)用前景。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
入選從2014年9月-2016年4月在筆者所在醫(yī)院收治的單純房間隔缺損患者35例,在經(jīng)胸超聲引導(dǎo)下經(jīng)皮房間隔缺損封堵,男12例,女23例,年齡22~66歲,中位年齡48.3歲,體重(56.4±7.8)kg,房間隔缺損(ASD)大小(18.83±6.56)mm。
入選標(biāo)準(zhǔn):直徑≥5 mm且右心容量負(fù)荷增加的中央型ASD;缺損邊緣至上、下腔靜脈、冠狀靜脈竇及肺靜脈的距離≥5 mm,至房室瓣≥7 mm;房間隔的直徑大于所選封堵傘左房側(cè)的直徑。均未合并其他心內(nèi)畸形。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):原發(fā)孔型ASD及靜脈竇型ASD,心內(nèi)膜炎,嚴(yán)重肺動(dòng)脈高壓導(dǎo)致右向左分流等。術(shù)前常規(guī)心臟檢查,測(cè)量房缺大小、位置、數(shù)量、與周圍結(jié)果關(guān)系。endprint
1.2 手術(shù)方法
患者取平臥位,碘伏消毒腹股溝區(qū),鋪巾,右側(cè)股靜脈穿刺成功后,置入5F鞘,全身肝素化(1 mg/kg),送入泥鰍導(dǎo)絲,全程在經(jīng)胸超聲引導(dǎo)下,導(dǎo)絲順利通過下腔靜脈、右房、房間隔,到達(dá)左房,導(dǎo)入5F導(dǎo)管至左房,交換超硬導(dǎo)絲送至左房?jī)?nèi),選擇合適大?。ǚ咳弊畲髲?4 mm)的房間隔缺損封堵器(微創(chuàng)科威),沿超硬導(dǎo)絲順利送入左房?jī)?nèi),在超聲引導(dǎo)下,釋放封堵器左房面,回撤輸送鞘,感阻力后釋放封堵器右房面,前后推送封堵器,使之與房間隔貼合,超聲證實(shí)封堵器位置良好,無(wú)明顯殘余分流,二尖瓣、主動(dòng)脈、三尖瓣、冠狀靜脈竇等無(wú)受影響,釋放封堵器,撤除輸送系統(tǒng),穿刺點(diǎn)壓迫止血。術(shù)后口服拜阿司匹林,成人100 mg/d,服用6個(gè)月。
1.3 隨訪
術(shù)后3 d及術(shù)后3、6、12個(gè)月復(fù)查心臟彩超。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理
采用SPSS 16.0軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理。計(jì)數(shù)資料用率表示,計(jì)量資料用(x±s)表示。
2 結(jié)果
35例(100%)均封堵成功,術(shù)后3 d復(fù)查無(wú)封堵器脫落情況,2例(5.6%)出現(xiàn)少量殘余分流(約1 mm),3個(gè)月后復(fù)查無(wú)明顯分流,其余患者術(shù)后3、6、12個(gè)月分別復(fù)查心臟超聲,房間隔封堵器位置良好,無(wú)殘余分流、房室瓣反流、感染性心內(nèi)膜炎、心包積液、心律失常等術(shù)后并發(fā)癥出現(xiàn)。35例患者平均手術(shù)時(shí)間為(35.0±6.7)min,平均住院天數(shù)為(4.6±0.6)d。
3 討論
目前房間隔缺損手術(shù)方式多,經(jīng)典的手法方式是體外循環(huán)下房間隔缺損修補(bǔ)術(shù),由于該手術(shù)方式時(shí)間長(zhǎng),開胸創(chuàng)傷大,出血多,術(shù)后恢復(fù)慢,術(shù)后并發(fā)癥較多,尚不能滿足微創(chuàng)醫(yī)學(xué)的需求。自King等于1976年介紹X線下采用封堵器閉合ASD的方法并成功應(yīng)用于臨床以來(lái),由于無(wú)手術(shù)切口和無(wú)體外循環(huán)損傷等優(yōu)點(diǎn),經(jīng)皮介入封堵術(shù)已成為繼發(fā)孔ASD的重要治療方式[5-9],經(jīng)典X線下經(jīng)皮ASD封堵術(shù)是創(chuàng)傷小且美觀的ASD的治療方法[10-11],但存在X線放射性損傷[12],尤其是兒童患者,手術(shù)者有穿鉛衣防護(hù)。近年來(lái)開展起來(lái)的經(jīng)食道超聲引導(dǎo)下(TEE)房間隔缺損封堵術(shù),該手術(shù)方式超聲圖像更清晰(相對(duì)于經(jīng)胸超聲心動(dòng)圖),但其需要全身麻醉,食道超聲有可能損傷食管,造成食道出血、狹窄等并發(fā)癥。
經(jīng)胸超聲心動(dòng)圖無(wú)需全身麻醉,無(wú)需食管插管,局麻下手術(shù),完全無(wú)創(chuàng)。對(duì)于大部分患者,經(jīng)胸超聲心動(dòng)圖能夠全程實(shí)時(shí)監(jiān)測(cè)封堵器在心房?jī)?nèi)釋放的全過程,觀察封堵器位置是否合適、釋放是否充分、是否有殘余分流、房室瓣是否受影響等所有信息。如患者肺氣腫、桶狀胸等問題,經(jīng)胸超聲心動(dòng)圖聲像較經(jīng)食道超聲差,對(duì)心內(nèi)結(jié)構(gòu)、缺損大小、房缺邊緣大小數(shù)據(jù)采集較差,故此時(shí)需改為經(jīng)食道超聲引導(dǎo)下或者X線透視下行房間隔缺損封堵術(shù)。本組病例尚無(wú)改為經(jīng)食道超聲封堵。在本組病例中,術(shù)后患者恢復(fù)快,并發(fā)癥少,平均住院日較開胸手術(shù)患者明顯短,患者更愿意接受此種手術(shù)方式,相對(duì)于X線引導(dǎo)和經(jīng)食管超聲引導(dǎo)房缺封堵術(shù),經(jīng)胸超聲心動(dòng)圖引導(dǎo)下經(jīng)皮房缺封堵術(shù)適應(yīng)證范圍小。適應(yīng)證包括:直徑≥5 mm且右心容量負(fù)荷增加的中央型ASD;缺損邊緣至上、下腔靜脈、冠狀靜脈竇及肺靜脈的距離≥5 mm,至房室瓣≥7 mm;房間隔的直徑大于所選封堵傘左房側(cè)的直徑。手術(shù)的成功還有技術(shù)熟練的超聲科醫(yī)生有密切關(guān)系,外科醫(yī)師需與超聲科醫(yī)師密切配合。
經(jīng)胸超聲心動(dòng)圖引導(dǎo)下經(jīng)皮房間隔缺損封堵術(shù)具有創(chuàng)傷小、恢復(fù)快、安全等優(yōu)點(diǎn),便于推廣,可行性強(qiáng),是目前創(chuàng)傷最小的ASD治療手段,對(duì)于特定適應(yīng)證的ASD患者是非常理想的選擇。
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(收稿日期:2017-05-11)endprint