牛麗霞+鄭繪霞+梁建芳+肖虹
【摘要】 目的:研究Flavopiridol對(duì)胃腸道間質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞GIST882增殖、侵襲、凋亡及細(xì)胞周期的影響。方法:體外培養(yǎng)GIST882細(xì)胞至指數(shù)增長(zhǎng)期,采用不同濃度的Flavopiridol對(duì)其進(jìn)行干預(yù),MTT法檢測(cè)細(xì)胞增殖活性,Transwell小室實(shí)驗(yàn)檢測(cè)細(xì)胞侵襲能力,流式細(xì)胞術(shù)檢測(cè)凋亡及周期比例,western-blot檢測(cè)CDK1,CDK2及caspase3蛋白的表達(dá)。結(jié)果:Flavopiridol呈濃度和時(shí)間依賴性抑制GIST882細(xì)胞增殖;Flavopiridol作用后GIST882細(xì)胞穿膜數(shù)量減少,侵襲能力降低,細(xì)胞凋亡率及G0/G1期比例增加,CDK1及CDK2蛋白的表達(dá)逐漸降低,caspase-3蛋白的表達(dá)逐漸增高。結(jié)論:Flavopiridol可抑制GIST882細(xì)胞增殖、降低侵襲力、阻滯細(xì)胞周期并誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡,其抗腫瘤效應(yīng)可能成為胃腸道間質(zhì)瘤新的治療途徑。
【關(guān)鍵詞】 胃腸道間質(zhì)瘤; Flavopiridol; 增殖; 凋亡; 侵襲; 細(xì)胞周期
【Abstract】 Objective:To investigate the effect of Flavopiridol on the proliferation,invasion,apoptosis and cell cycle of gastrointestinal stromal tumors(GIST) cells GIST882.Method:GIST882 was cultured in vitro,flavopiridol was administered at different concentrations,MTT assay was used to detect cell proliferation,transwell chamber assay was used to detect cell invasion,flow cytometry was used to detect apoptosis and cell cycle,the expression of CDK1,CDK2 and caspase3 protein was detected by western-blot.Result:Flavopiridol inhibited the growth of GIST882 cells in a concentration-dependent and time-dependent way.Flavopiridol can reduce the ability of invasion,the apoptosis rate and G0/G1 phase ratio of GIST882 cells were increased after Flavopiridol treatment,the expression of CDK1 and CDK2 protein were decreased and caspase-3 protein was increased after Flavopiridol treatment.Conclusion:Flavopiridol can inhibit the proliferation of GIST882 cells,decrease the invasion capacities,block the cell cycle and induce apoptosis,the antitumor effect of Flavopiridol may be applicable on the treatment of gastrointestinal stromal tumors.
【Key words】 Gastrointestinal stromal tumor; Flavopiridol; Proliferation; Apoptosis; Invasion; Cell cycle
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-4985.2017.20.007
胃腸道間質(zhì)瘤(Gastrointestinal stromal tumor,GIST)是一種特殊起源的間葉源性腫瘤,對(duì)常規(guī)放化療不敏感,臨床主要以外科治療為主[1-2]。以甲磺酸伊馬替尼(imatinib)為代表的靶向藥物是一類酪氨酸激酶抑制劑,可作用于c-kit或PDGFRα,抑制腫瘤生長(zhǎng),改善患者預(yù)后[3-4]。然而,伊馬替尼的耐藥問題使其應(yīng)用受限,部分患者不能從中獲益[5]。Flavopiridol是一種黃酮類抗癌新藥,主要通過抑制細(xì)胞周期依賴性蛋白激酶的活性發(fā)揮腫瘤抑制作用[6-7],據(jù)報(bào)道Flavopiridol可抑制c-kit mRNA表達(dá),下調(diào)c-kit啟動(dòng)子活性,通過酪氨酸殘基自身磷酸化作用抑制或減弱c-kit轉(zhuǎn)錄,可能成為治療GIST的另一個(gè)選擇[8-9]。本研究以GIST882細(xì)胞為研究對(duì)象,觀察Flavopiridol對(duì)細(xì)胞增殖、侵襲、凋亡及相關(guān)蛋白表達(dá)的影響,為胃腸道間質(zhì)瘤的研究提供新的思路,現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。
1 材料與方法
1.1 實(shí)驗(yàn)材料 Flavopiridol,噻唑藍(lán)MTT粉及碘化丙啶PI由美國(guó)Sigma提供;DMEM高糖培養(yǎng)基、胰酶、胎牛血清及hanks平衡鹽溶液由美國(guó)Thermo提供;青鏈霉素雙抗液及PBS液由武漢博士德提供;細(xì)胞凋亡檢測(cè)試劑盒由美國(guó)beckman提供;CDK1,CDK2及caspase-3一抗由美國(guó)santa-cruz提供。
1.2 細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)及藥物干預(yù) 人GIST882細(xì)胞由華中科技大學(xué)同濟(jì)醫(yī)學(xué)院王國(guó)平教授惠贈(zèng)。常規(guī)復(fù)蘇后采用含10%胎牛血清的DMEM高糖培養(yǎng)基培養(yǎng),孵箱溫度37 ℃,飽和濕度,每天更換培養(yǎng)基一次,待細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)至指數(shù)增長(zhǎng)期時(shí)胰酶消化傳代。實(shí)驗(yàn)分為五組,F(xiàn)lavopiridol濃度依次為0 nmol/L(對(duì)照組),10、100、500及1000 nmol/L組。endprint
1.3 MTT實(shí)驗(yàn) 將GIST882細(xì)胞胰酶消化懸浮,計(jì)數(shù)調(diào)整細(xì)胞密度為1×104,均勻接種于96孔板內(nèi),待細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)至指數(shù)增長(zhǎng)期時(shí)更換含有不同濃度Flavopiridol的培養(yǎng)液,每組藥物設(shè)立6個(gè)重復(fù)孔。分別于加藥后12、24、36、48、72 h進(jìn)行MTT檢測(cè):加入20 μL MTT(0.5%)繼續(xù)培養(yǎng)4 h,棄去液體,加入150 μL DMSO,水平搖床輕搖5 min,上酶標(biāo)儀檢測(cè)490 nm波長(zhǎng)下的吸光度值(A)。計(jì)算細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)抑制率:抑制率(%)=1-藥物孔A/對(duì)照孔A×100%。
1.4 侵襲實(shí)驗(yàn) 將GIST882細(xì)胞懸浮后接種于transwell小室上層,細(xì)胞密度1×104,上層血清濃度為10%,含不同濃度的Flavopiridol。下層血清濃度為20%。置于孵箱培養(yǎng)24 h后去除上層的細(xì)胞,中性福爾馬林固定,蘇木素染色。觀察細(xì)胞穿膜情況,顯微鏡下隨機(jī)計(jì)數(shù)10個(gè)200倍視野細(xì)胞數(shù)量,取平均值。
1.5 細(xì)胞凋亡及周期檢測(cè) 計(jì)數(shù)并調(diào)整GIST882細(xì)胞密度為1×104個(gè)/mL,接種到6孔板中,細(xì)胞至指數(shù)增長(zhǎng)期時(shí)加入不同濃度的Flavopiridol,24 h時(shí)檢測(cè)細(xì)胞凋亡比例:按照Annexin-V-FITC細(xì)胞凋亡檢測(cè)試劑盒步驟進(jìn)行,上流式細(xì)胞儀檢測(cè),數(shù)據(jù)采用儀器自帶CELLquest軟件進(jìn)行分析;細(xì)胞周期采用PI標(biāo)記法檢測(cè),冷卻的PBS液及70%乙醇處理細(xì)胞,加入PI及RNaseA,上機(jī)檢測(cè),CELLquest軟件進(jìn)行分析。
1.6 western-blot實(shí)驗(yàn) 不同濃度Flavopiridol作用后72 h,胰酶消化后收集各組GIST882細(xì)胞,提取細(xì)胞總蛋白,標(biāo)準(zhǔn)曲線法檢測(cè)蛋白濃度。10%聚丙烯酰胺SDS凝膠電泳,濕轉(zhuǎn)法轉(zhuǎn)膜至硝酸纖維素膜,蛋白干粉封閉,分別滴加一抗(CDK1∶CDK2濃度1∶600;caspase-3:β-actin濃度1∶800),4 ℃過夜孵育,滴加二抗(濃度1∶3000),化學(xué)發(fā)光成像顯影,目的蛋白的相對(duì)表達(dá)量以其灰度值與內(nèi)參的灰度值比值表示。
1.7 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理 采用SPSS 18.0軟件對(duì)所得數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,計(jì)量資料用(x±s)表示,多組資料比較采用one-way-ANOVA,兩兩比較采用t檢驗(yàn),檢驗(yàn)水準(zhǔn)α=0.05,P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 MTT實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果 由吸光度值計(jì)算所得的細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)抑制曲線可以看出,F(xiàn)lavopiridol對(duì)GIST882細(xì)胞的增殖具有抑制作用,隨著濃度的增加和時(shí)間的延長(zhǎng),抑制率逐漸增高。其中500 nmol/L自48 h開始抑制率大于50%,1000 nmol/L自24 h開始抑制率大于50%,即有效抑制濃度,見圖1。
2.2 侵襲實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果 經(jīng)Flavopiridol作用24 h后,對(duì)照組,10、100、500及1000 nmol/L組細(xì)胞通過半透膜的平均數(shù)目依次為(28.4±5.2)、(26.1±6.9)、(19.6±5.8)、(13.5±7.7)、(9.6±4.2)個(gè)。其中,100、500及1000 nmol/L組與對(duì)照組比較,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),見圖2。
2.3 細(xì)胞凋亡及周期檢測(cè)結(jié)果 不同濃度的Flavopiridol作用24 h時(shí),GIST882細(xì)胞凋亡比例增高,其中100、500及1000 nmol/L組與對(duì)照組相比差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);細(xì)胞周期檢測(cè)結(jié)果表明:G0/G1期細(xì)胞比例增高,S期細(xì)胞比例下降,其中500、1000 nmol/L組與對(duì)照組比較,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),見表1和圖3。
2.4 western-blot實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果 Western-blot結(jié)果顯示,經(jīng)Flavopiridol作用后,GIST882細(xì)胞CDK1及CDK2蛋白的表達(dá)逐漸降低,caspase-3蛋白的表達(dá)逐漸增高,見圖4。與對(duì)照組相比,CDK1及caspase-3自500 nmol/L組起差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),CDK2自100 nmol/L組起差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),見圖5。
3 討論
GIST是一類具有獨(dú)立起源的間葉源性腫瘤,即使很小的腫瘤也具有潛在惡性[10],臨床及病理以危險(xiǎn)度進(jìn)行分級(jí),所有GIST都具有復(fù)發(fā)和轉(zhuǎn)移的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[11]。目前,GIST的治療以手術(shù)輔以靶向治療為主,2002年,伊馬替尼正式于美國(guó)上市,作為治療GIST的一線方案用藥,伊馬替尼極大地改善了無法進(jìn)行外科治療、手術(shù)復(fù)發(fā)以及轉(zhuǎn)移性GIST患者[12-13]。伊馬替尼臨床治療中原發(fā)及繼發(fā)耐藥問題是其應(yīng)用受限的主要原因,Antonescu等[14]的研究顯示,約10%的患者存在原發(fā)耐藥,且隨著治療的進(jìn)行,約50%的患者對(duì)伊馬替尼產(chǎn)生耐藥性。目前,對(duì)于伊馬替尼的耐藥問題臨床尚無較好的對(duì)策。
生理狀態(tài)下的細(xì)胞增殖受細(xì)胞周期調(diào)控機(jī)制的嚴(yán)格控制,腫瘤發(fā)展過程中,細(xì)胞周期監(jiān)控失調(diào),導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞進(jìn)入失控性生長(zhǎng)狀態(tài)[15-16]。Flavopiridol的作用靶點(diǎn)主要是細(xì)胞周期蛋白依賴激酶(Cyclin-dependent kinase,CDK),通過抑制CDKs活性,導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞周期發(fā)生阻滯,進(jìn)而抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞的增殖[17]。目前,F(xiàn)lavopiridol已進(jìn)入臨床Ⅱ期實(shí)驗(yàn)階段,對(duì)肝細(xì)胞癌、卵巢上皮性癌、白血病等多種腫瘤具有較為顯著的療效[18-20]。
本研究MTT結(jié)果顯示,F(xiàn)lavopiridol可抑制GIST882細(xì)胞的增殖活性,細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)曲線提示該作用具有濃度和時(shí)間依賴性,500 nmol/L濃度48 h以及1000 nmol/L 24 h時(shí),生長(zhǎng)抑制了大于50%,達(dá)到有效抑制濃度。經(jīng)Flavopiridol作用后,GIST882細(xì)胞穿過transwell半透膜的數(shù)目減少,說明腫瘤細(xì)胞的侵襲能力降低。誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡是抗腫瘤藥物發(fā)揮作用的重要機(jī)制,caspase-3蛋白是細(xì)胞凋亡的重要執(zhí)行因子,是caspase介導(dǎo)的凋亡途徑中的關(guān)鍵效應(yīng)水解酶,活化的caspase-3可使參與細(xì)胞增殖、周期調(diào)控、DNA損傷修復(fù)等蛋白激酶失活,誘發(fā)細(xì)胞凋亡。本研究結(jié)果顯示Flavopiridol作用后GIST882細(xì)胞凋亡比例增高,caspase-3的表達(dá)上調(diào),提示Flavopiridol可能通過凋亡途徑發(fā)揮增殖抑制作用。細(xì)胞周期分析顯示:Flavopiridol可使GIST882細(xì)胞阻滯于G0/G1期,導(dǎo)致S期細(xì)胞含量相對(duì)下降,并伴隨著CDK1及CDK2蛋白的表達(dá)下調(diào)。endprint
綜上所述,本研究結(jié)果證實(shí)Flavopiridol在體外對(duì)GIST882細(xì)胞具有一定的抗腫瘤效應(yīng),為GIST的研究提供了新的思路和實(shí)驗(yàn)依據(jù)。相信隨著臨床實(shí)驗(yàn)的進(jìn)一步開展,以Flavopiridol為代表的CDKs抑制劑將會(huì)給GIST患者帶來新的曙光。
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