By+Jesse+Emspak
1997年,美國宇航局發(fā)射“卡西尼”號宇宙飛船,經(jīng)過七年的飛行,“卡西尼”號到達(dá)了預(yù)定軌道,開始圍繞土星旋轉(zhuǎn)。此后13年間,“卡西尼”源源不斷地發(fā)回許多關(guān)于土星的震撼人心的美圖,讓人們對宇宙的認(rèn)識更進(jìn)一步。然而就在2017年9月15日,“卡西尼”燃料即將耗盡,不得不走向生命盡頭,按照預(yù)設(shè)墜毀在土星大氣層。盡管它已經(jīng)不在了,但它將因帶來寶貴的資料而被歷史永遠(yuǎn)銘記。
The first Saturn-dedicated spacecraft, Cassini, orbited the planet for about 13 years. The craft's fiery2) (and lethal3)) plunge through the planet's atmosphere on Friday, Sept. 15, 2017, may be the end for the mighty spacecraft. But its discoveries about the ringed planet4) will live on, at least here on Earth.
Some of those findings were more than enlightening—they were downright5) odd. Here's a look at the weirder side of the Cassini mission.
Hyperion6) Is Static7).
Saturn's moon Hyperion is an irregularly shaped rock that orbits Saturn some 1.48 million km above the planet's cloud tops. In one of Cassini's flybys in 2005, the probe found itself in a beam of charged particles emanating8) from that moon. It turned out that Hyperion was charged with static electricity, so much so that Cassini could detect the charge, according to NASA.
Static electricity is an important phenomenon on Earth's moon, due to the combination of dryness (there's no water) and exposure to charged particles from the sun. Cassini's detection of Hyperion's "particle beam" was the first time the phenomenon had been seen on a moon of another planet in our solar system. And it offered insights9) into how scientists could design spacecraft to survive in harsh, electrically charged, environments in the future, researchers said.
Birth of a Moon
Saturn has 62 moons, from giants like Titan, which is larger than the planet Mercury, to 400-meter-wide moonlets. But how often do you see a moon being born? Cassini might have caught such an event in 2014. NASA released images of the edge of Saturn's A ring10) , one of the bright and wide outer regions. Cassini got pictures of an arc that was 20 percent brighter than its surroundings, about 1,200 km long and 10 km wide.
The mission scientists also saw what looked like unusual irregularities11) on the edge of the ring: small bulges12) caused by the gravitational pull of something nearby. The arc and protuberances13) on the ring could have been a small moon accreting14) from bits of icy material, a replay of the birth process of Saturn's larger moons, researchers said. NASA said there was no expectation that the object, which they named Peggy, would get bigger—it's less than a mile across—and it may even fall apart. But seeing it illuminates much of the process of moon-building, scientists said.
“卡西尼”號是第一艘專門探測土星的宇宙飛船,它繞著土星轉(zhuǎn)了大概有13年。在2017年9月15日星期五,“卡西尼”墜入了土星的大氣層,其焚毀或許是這艘了不起的宇宙飛船生命的結(jié)束。但它有關(guān)土星這個帶有行星環(huán)的行星的發(fā)現(xiàn)會繼續(xù)留存,至少在我們地球這里會這樣。
“卡西尼”號的一些發(fā)現(xiàn)可絕不只是具有啟發(fā)性,而是非常的怪異。下面就讓我們來看看“卡西尼”土星探測任務(wù)中那些更為奇特的發(fā)現(xiàn)吧。
土衛(wèi)七帶靜電
土星的衛(wèi)星土衛(wèi)七是塊形狀不規(guī)則的巖石星體,在距離土星云層上方大約148萬公里的軌道上環(huán)繞土星運(yùn)行?!翱ㄎ髂帷碧栐啻温愤^土衛(wèi)七,在2005年的一次擦肩而過中,“卡西尼”號探測到自己處在由土衛(wèi)七放射出的帶電粒子束中。原來,土衛(wèi)七帶有靜電,而且電量還不小,竟能讓“卡西尼”號檢測到,美國宇航局如是說。
靜電現(xiàn)象是地球的衛(wèi)星月球上的一個重要現(xiàn)象,這是由于月球環(huán)境干燥(那里沒有水)且暴露在來自太陽的帶電粒子中而形成的。“卡西尼”號探測到了土衛(wèi)七上的“帶電粒子束”,這是我們首次在太陽系內(nèi)另一顆行星的衛(wèi)星上發(fā)現(xiàn)這種現(xiàn)象。研究人員說,這讓科學(xué)家們深刻地認(rèn)識到將來應(yīng)如何設(shè)計宇宙飛船,以便使其能經(jīng)受得起嚴(yán)酷的帶電環(huán)境。
衛(wèi)星的形成
土星有62個衛(wèi)星,既有類似土衛(wèi)六泰坦星(它比水星還大)這樣的大家伙,還有不少直徑400米的小衛(wèi)星。但是你多久才有機(jī)會看到一次衛(wèi)星的形成呢?也許2014年“卡西尼”號就捕捉到了這一幕,當(dāng)時美國宇航局發(fā)布了一組土星A環(huán)邊緣的照片。A環(huán)是土星環(huán)外層其中一個明亮、寬闊的環(huán)?!翱ㄎ髂帷碧柵臄z到了一段亮度比周圍環(huán)境高出20%的弧形的照片,這段弧形約有1200公里長,10公里寬。
參與該探測任務(wù)的科學(xué)家們還在A環(huán)邊緣發(fā)現(xiàn)了一些看起來非同尋常的不規(guī)則體——那是在周圍什么物體的引力拖拽作用下形成的許多小突起。研究人員說,該環(huán)上的這段弧形和那些突起有可能是由冰物質(zhì)碎片依附累積而形成的一個小衛(wèi)星,這再現(xiàn)了土星的那些更大衛(wèi)星的形成過程。美國宇航局的工作人員說,預(yù)計這個被他們命名為“佩吉”的星體并不會增大(它的直徑不超過1英里),甚至還可能會瓦解。不過科學(xué)家們說,看到它讓人們了解了衛(wèi)星形成過程的許多過程。
1. methane [?mi?θe?n] n. 甲烷;沼氣
2. fiery [?fa??ri] adj. 熊熊燃燒的
3. lethal [?li?θl] adj. 致命的
4. ringed planet: 帶有行星環(huán)的行星,這里指土星。
5. downright [?da?nra?t] adv. (強(qiáng)調(diào)令人不快或負(fù)面的事或行為)徹頭徹尾地,十足地,完全地
6. hyperion: 土衛(wèi)七
7. static [?st?t?k] adj. 帶有靜電,發(fā)射的
8. emanate [?em?ne?t] vi. 散發(fā),發(fā)射
9. insight [??nsa?t] n. 洞悉;深入了解;深刻見解
10. Saturn's A ring: 土星的行星環(huán)十分寬闊,結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜,很像密紋唱片上那一圈圈的螺旋紋路??茖W(xué)家把土星環(huán)分為了幾個部分,其中最明亮、最寬闊的是A環(huán)和B環(huán)(A環(huán)位于外層)。光環(huán)的各部分之間有明顯的裂縫,最大的裂縫是A環(huán)和B環(huán)間的裂縫,這一裂縫是由天文學(xué)家喬萬尼·卡西尼(Giovanni Cassini)于1657年發(fā)現(xiàn)的。
11. irregularity [??reɡj??l?r?ti] n. 不規(guī)則
12. bulge [b?ld?] n. 突起;疙瘩
13. protuberance [pr??tju?b?r?ns] n. 突起物
14. accrete [?'kri:t] vi. 共生,依附
土星A環(huán)上的小凸起
土星環(huán)分區(qū)
Discovery
探索之旅
Hexagonal18) Jet Stream
Perhaps one of the weirdest things about Saturn is the planet's hexagon. It looks almost artificial—a set of jet streams around Saturn's north pole that takes on the shape of a hexagon and is unlike anything on Earth.
The hexagon is about 32,000 km wide and reaches some 100 km into the planet's atmosphere. Planetary scientists have tried various models to explain how one might get such a neat geometric shape.
There are several proposed explanations for the hexagon. In 2015, Raúl Morales-Juberías at the New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology led a team that ran computer simulations of Saturn's atmosphere. The researchers found that a jet stream moving around Saturn's pole at more than 320 km/h will eventually meander19) into a hexagonalshape, suggesting such a jet stream is the culprit20).
Titan Has Water, Too—It's Just Really Salty
Titan gets a lot of press for its methane lakes and hydrocarbon15) snow. But it's also an ocean world of sorts16): Cassini data showed that Titan has a very salty subsurface ocean filled with water not unlike17) that in the Dead Sea on Earth.
泰坦星構(gòu)造圖
泰坦星上也有水,
但真的很咸
土衛(wèi)六泰坦星因為其上有許多甲烷湖和碳?xì)浠衔锏难┒幻襟w大量報道,但它也勉強(qiáng)稱得上是個海洋的世界?!翱ㄎ髂帷碧柼綔y到的數(shù)據(jù)表明,泰坦星上有含鹽量很高的地下海,里邊的水和地球死海里的水雖說不一樣,但也很類似。
六邊形風(fēng)暴
也許土星上最不可思議的景象之一就是它的六邊形風(fēng)暴,看起來簡直是人造的一般——一組大氣急流圍繞著土星北極流動,形狀呈六邊形,全然不同于地球上的任何情形。
這個六邊形風(fēng)暴大約有3.2萬公里寬,深入土星大氣層約100公里左右的地方。行星科學(xué)家們業(yè)已嘗試建立了各種各樣的模型,想要解釋如此巧妙的幾何形狀是如何才能產(chǎn)生的。
人們提出了一些假設(shè)來解釋六邊形產(chǎn)生的原因。2015年新墨西哥礦業(yè)及科技學(xué)院的勞爾·莫拉萊斯·朱伯瑞斯帶領(lǐng)一個團(tuán)隊用計算機(jī)模擬了土星大氣層。他們研究發(fā)現(xiàn),土星北極周圍以大于320公里的時速流動的大氣急流最終蜿蜒形成六邊形的風(fēng)暴,這表明這樣的急流本身才是始作俑者。
土衛(wèi)六泰坦星
15. hydrocarbon [?ha?dr??kɑ?b?n] n. 碳?xì)浠衔?/p>
16. of sorts: 算是;勉強(qiáng)稱得上
17. not unlike: 相似的,用于表達(dá)A與B有其相似之處,但本質(zhì)上是不同的。
18. hexagonal [heks??ɡ?nl] adj. 六角形的;六邊形的
19. meander [mi??nd?(r)] vi. (河流、道路)蜿蜒而行,迂回曲折
20. culprit [?k?lpr?t] n. 引起問題(或不利情勢)的事物
21. Voyager: “旅行者”號,共有“旅行者”1號、“旅行者”2號兩個,是美國于1977年相繼發(fā)射的兩個宇宙飛船,用于探索外太空。兩者都曾從土星附近飛過,發(fā)回關(guān)于土星的一些數(shù)據(jù)。
22. drizzle [?dr?zl] n. 毛毛雨
23. bounty [?ba?nti] n. 大量提供的東西;慷慨的贈予
Lightning on Another Planet
On Aug. 17, 2009, Cassini made the first movie of lightning on Saturn. This was the first time the phenomenon had ever been captured in video on another planet. Andrew Ingersoll, a Cassini imaging science subsystem team member at the California Institute of Technology, noted in a press release that the storms that make the lightning are at least as powerful on Saturn as they are on Earth, though they happen less often on the ringed planet.
Unlike Earthly thunderstorms, though, Saturnian lightning storms can last months rather than hours, Ingersoll said. The initial images of lightning were taken at night, but two years later, Cassini caught images of lightning on Saturn's dayside.
Titan's Weird Weather
In the early days of Cassini's mission, in 2006, the Huygens probe aboard the Cassini craft found evidence of methane drizzles on Titan. At the time, little was known about Titan's surface; we knew from Voyager21) data only that the atmosphere was about 1.5 times the pressure of Earth's and was made largely of nitrogen with a small amount of methane and hydrogen.
Cassini gave us the first direct look at the methane lakes at the moon's poles. Huygens beamed back a picture of the weather at the surface and found that the weather forecast on Titan was pretty straightforward: a 100-percent chance of methane drizzles22) every day and temperatures of about minus 184 degrees Celsius.
"Cassini may be gone, but its scientific bounty23) will keep us occupied for many years," said Linda Spilker, a Cassini project scientist. “We've only scratched the surface of what we can learn from the mountain of data it has sent back over its lifetime."
“或許‘卡西尼號已經(jīng)消失了,但它帶來的大量科學(xué)饋贈將會讓我們埋頭研究好幾年,”“卡西尼”號項目的一位科學(xué)家琳達(dá)·斯皮爾克說道,“從‘卡西尼號畢生傳來的海量數(shù)據(jù)中,我們可以獲得許多,現(xiàn)在我們只不過剛了解到一些皮毛罷了。”
另一個行星上的閃電
2009年8月17日,“卡西尼”號首次拍攝到了土星上的閃電視頻。這是該現(xiàn)象首次在另一行星上被以視頻的形式拍攝到。來自加州理工學(xué)院的安德魯·英格索爾是“卡西尼”成像科學(xué)子系統(tǒng)工作組的成員,他在一次新聞發(fā)布會中指出,引發(fā)土星閃電的暴風(fēng)雨強(qiáng)度至少和地球上的差不多,盡管閃電在土星這個帶有行星環(huán)的星球上發(fā)生得沒那么頻繁。
不過,和地球上的雷雨不同,土星上電閃雷鳴的暴風(fēng)雨可以持續(xù)數(shù)月,而不是幾小時,英格索爾說?!翱ㄎ髂帷碧柕谝淮问窃谕砩吓臄z到閃電圖像的,但是兩年之后它在白天也抓拍到了土星的閃電圖像。
泰坦星上的怪天氣
2006年“卡西尼”任務(wù)剛開始進(jìn)行的那段日子,“卡西尼”號飛船攜帶的“惠更斯”探測器就發(fā)現(xiàn)了證據(jù),表明泰坦星上下著甲烷毛毛雨。當(dāng)時我們對泰坦星的表面知之甚少,僅從“旅行者”號飛船的數(shù)據(jù)中得知,泰坦星的大氣壓約是地球氣壓的1.5倍,主要是由氮?dú)饨M成,有少量的甲烷和氫氣。
“卡西尼”號讓我們第一回直觀地看到位于泰坦星兩極上的甲烷湖。“惠更斯”探測器發(fā)回一張?zhí)┨剐堑乇硖鞖馇闆r的照片,發(fā)現(xiàn)那里的天氣預(yù)報要簡單直接得多——那里每天百分之百會下甲烷毛毛雨,氣溫大約是零下184℃。